Roman sports originated as religious and mortuary rituals. Chariot races, potentially the oldest discipline, were held to ensure bountiful harvests, while gladiatorial contests were part of funerary festivals. These games soon grew into spectacles attracting tens of thousands of spectators, not unlike modern sports events. Organising games of such scale and scope required a well-developed infrastructure. For towns, having circuses and arenas meant high prestige, additionally enabling them to fulfil one half of the promise of panem et circenses. The competitors mostly came from the lower classes, including slaves and criminals, but this did not prevent professionalisation. The organisations that trained gladiators and racing teams functioned much like professional sports clubs. This included selling a wide variety of sports-themed memorabilia to spectators and fans, of which there must have been some in Roman Slovenia as well, judging from small finds. They would have been familiar at least with the games of Poetovio and Emona. The latter town probably housed a gladiatorial school as well.
Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
El proceso de las Arginusas, en el que la asamblea ateniense sometió a juicio y condenó a muerte a sus diez generales durante la Guerra del Peloponeso, suele ser considerado un hecho excepcional y hasta una desviación de la democracia radical. Sin
embargo, un repaso por las fuentes arcaicas y la poesía heroica demuestran que este comportamiento tiene firmes raíces en una larga tradición de control popular cuyos orígenes se remontan a los albores de la pólis y cuyas primeras expresiones encontramos en diversos pasajes de la Ilíada y la Odisea.
Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
Cícero teoriza, nos seus tratados maiores sobre a oratória (De Oratore, Orator e Brutus), sobre a questão do recurso ao humor nos discursos, referindo alguns dos oradores que mais se tinham distinguido pelo seu espírito jocoso, enumerando alguns dos processos de provocar o riso entre o auditório, e enfatizando a sua finalidade e utilidade para o orador. Os seus próprios textos (desde a correspondência aos tratados filosóficos, passando pelos discursos judiciais e políticos) manifestam, com maior ou menor intensidade, a sua veia jocosa direccionada para o ataque a adversários políticos, a colegas de profissão e aos autores dos processos movidos contra os seus clientes.
History of the Greco-Roman World, Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
This paper discusses the development of the “Language Profile Test,” a tool for assessing the underlying component skills of reading fluency and comprehension for students aged 11–15 in the context of Greek as L1. The test consists of five subtests: three reading subtests (isolated words, pseudowords, and text), spelling (single-word spelling), comprehension, and vocabulary (cloze test). The paper aims to present the development of the test, which was based on previous research on lexical representations, specialized corpora, word-frequency lists, and cloze tests as a measure of vocabulary assessment and comprehension, reading fluency, and spelling. Special emphasis has been given to the asymmetry in the transparency of Greek orthography between the feedforward (reading) and feedback (spelling) directions that were considered for the test creation. The “Language Profile Test” was tested on a sample of 346 students. Our findings revealed that students fell into three performance categories for each subtest: high, average, and low. This classification can give teachers more insights into students’ challenges regarding the underlying components of reading fluency and comprehension.
This research aims to explore the evolution of terminology related to the spleen and black bile in Romanian, tracing its origins from ancient Hippocratic writings. The study specifically examines the evolution and various connotations of Romanian terms describing the spleen, extending its analysis to encompass its influence on lexicology, medicine, psychology, and literature throughout history. This research navigates the intricate pathways of melancholy, hypochondria, and the literary expressions of the spleen, weaving them together into a coherent narrative. Furthermore, it delves into their linguistic history over the centuries, identifying significant resonances in the evolution of the Romanian language and culture. The evolution of lexical and semantic transformations is closely intertwined with the development of humoral theories, notably black bile, spanning from ancient Greek and Latin times through the Renaissance, Baroque, and Romantic eras. Starting from the theory of black bile and its associated organ, the spleen, to the various derived meanings of melancholy and hypochondria, the Romanian cultural landscape has undergone transformations influenced by these concepts, shaping the terminology as we recognise it today. Through a meticulous exploration of these intricate connections, this study seeks to unveil the historical, cultural, and semantic transformations associated with the term splină and its related semantic fields in Romania.
Galen’s reception in Renaissance literature is usually studied as the reception of Galenic anatomy or humoral physiology, rather than the reception of actual texts that Galen wrote. Revising that orthodoxy, this article analyses fragmentary vernacular translations from Galen’s works by Thomas Elyot, many of which are filtered through intermediary Latin translations by Thomas Linacre. This approach foregrounds the often highly literary nature of Galen’s treatises, as well as the extent to which Elyot responds to Galen with a concern for style as well as content. The results contribute to scholarship on Greek translation in sixteenth-century England, which to date has neglected scientific works. New conclusions are also reached about the scale and nature of Linacre’s early Tudor reception. Ultimately, Elyot’s Galen translations shed new light on the burgeoning status of English as a classically validated language in the sixteenth century, and offer a case study in the value of linking medical humanities with scholarship in translation studies and classical reception.
The issue of this paper is the analysis of infectious disease terms in English and their Serbian equivalents. The author also deals with the influence of the English language on the terminology of infectious diseases in Serbian as a consequence of the contact between these two languages. During the study, professional literature in English, bilingual and monolingual medical and veterinary dictionaries, bilingual collections of papers, abstract books, etymological dictionaries and other works on a similar topic in this area have been used. The analysis is based on 185 English terms and 196 Serbian equivalents for 173 infectious diseases. The processes of the development of terms are established on lexical level and they show great influence of Latin and Greek on both languages. Hybrid loanwords constitute a large section of English corpus, and the most common translation technique is calc. Based on contrastive analysis, the match, mismatch, similarities and differences are found in morphological, syntactic and semantic level. The research shows that a match occurs in over 60% of cases, and that the semantic differences are largely a matter of zero relations. The paper provides the statistical analyses of the research and a series of representative examples in both languages.
. This study aims to identify the challenges in medical translation and the translation procedures applied in translating medical terms in the book Into The Magic Shop . Furthermore, this study also wants to reveal whether the translation of the medical terms is source-language oriented or target-language oriented. This is a descriptive qualitative research based on translation product. The data in this study are medical terms in the book Into The Magic Shop and its two translation versions. The data was collected through content analysis. Several features of medical terms related to translation problems were found in this study. There are Latin and Greek root words, eponyms, acronyms, word compounding, affixation, and the doublet phenomenon. The finding also shows that borrowing and literal translation are the most dominant translation procedures for translating the medical terms. Based on the result, it can be concluded that the medical translation tends to be source-language oriented.
How did new literatures begin in the Middle Ages and what does it mean to ask about such beginnings? These are the questions this volume pursues across the regions and languages of medieval Europe, from Iceland, Scandinavia, and Iberia through Irish, Welsh, English, French, Dutch, Occitan, German, Italian, Czech, and Croatian to Medieval Greek and the East Slavonic of early Rus. Focusing on vernacular scripted cultures and their complicated relationships with the established literary cultures of Latin, Greek, and Church Slavonic, the volume's contributors describe the processes of emergence, consolidation, and institutionalization that make it possible to speak of a literary tradition in any given language. Moreover, by concentrating on beginnings, the volume avoids the pitfalls of viewing earlier phenomena through the lens of later, national developments; the result is a heightened sense of the historical contingency of categories of language, literature, and territory in the space we call 'Europe'.
There has been an increasing interest in classical and late antique studies on the existence of something approximating the modern concept of race in the ancient Greco-Roman world. Scholars of early Christianity have also debated the presence of prejudice based on skin color. The following study seeks to broaden this conversation by including late antique contexts outside of the Roman Empire as well as marginal language communities within the Roman Empire. This paper will demonstrate that anti-Black prejudice—or racism—did indeed exist in the late antique Roman world and that such racism was more pronounced in Roman literature written in Greek and Latin.
La importancia que ha cobrado el ‘giro afectivo’ en los estudios clásicos es indudable, como lo demuestran los múltiples trabajos interdisciplinarios publicados dentro del área en las últimas décadas. Teniendo en cuenta los desafíos y dificultades que siempre implica analizar históricamente la dimensión sentimental, el presente trabajo tiene como intención dar cuenta de los avances que se han producido en los últimos años en el estudio de las emociones en la antigüedad, focalizando sobre todo en la Grecia clásica, a los efectos de ofrecer un amplio panorama teórico que pueda ser de utilidad para quienes opten por adentrarse en este prometedor campo de indagación académica.
Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
Abstract ‘Visual Translation: A Creative Tool for Practising Metacognition and Analysing Agency and Power’ describes the design for a ‘visual translation’ project that I developed to help high school students in an advanced Ancient Greek literature course differentiate between literal and literary translation. This project could potentially be adapted for students at any level of Ancient Greek or Latin language studies, but would likely be particularly apt for the longer passages that are taught in intermediate and advanced language courses.
Kostas Ouranis (1890–1953), a Greek poet and essayist, lesser known abroad, was regarded as one of the first to introduce “travel writing” in Greece. As a correspondent of different newspapers, he travelled to many countries in Europe and abroad and recorded his impressions in travel books, of which the best known is his travelogue on Spain, Sol y sombra (1934). However, the book that is of special interest as regards the Greek perspective of the writer, is Travels in Greece (Ταξίδια στην Ελλάδα, 1949), where Ouranis describes impressions from his travels in his homeland which took place in 1930. In the present paper, basing on the brief chapter on Monemvasia from the above-mentioned book, I will shed some light on the reception of Byzantium in Ouranis’ view, trying to answer, among others, the question whether the writer conveys any specific knowledge of the subject. In my opinion, his view of Byzantine heritage deserves special attention as regards the broad framework of the European approach to the legacy of the Eastern Roman Empire. Firstly, because his impressions on this Byzantine town constitute a vivid example of a clearly Greek perspective in this regard, which is relatively poorly known. Secondly, his deeply personal account on Monemvasia reveals the general attitude of the Greeks to their legacy and as such it may be regarded as a characteristic miniature which, like a lens, focuses their approach to the past.
Ancient history, Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
Este trabajo aborda Menipo o la nigromancia de Luciano de Samósata, un diálogo satírico
sobre la katábasis (descenso al Hades) de Menipo para descubrir el mejor modo de vida humana. Este tema articula dos tradiciones genéricas teniendo en cuenta que, por un lado, la katábasis ha tomado forma en diferentes relatos mitológicos y, por el otro, que la búsqueda del mejor modo de vida es un tema filosófico por excelencia. Puesto que ambas tradiciones históricamente fueron entendidas en tensión, en Nigromancia se presentan dos caminos para resolver dicha aporía. El problema surge de la desautorización que obtuvo el mito para ocuparse de los problemas ‘serios’. Para abordar esta paradoja, se analizan las referencias y
el tratamiento dado a las dos tradiciones. El propósito es revisar la tensión a partir del reconocimiento en la escritura luciánica de una resignificación del mito por su capacidad conceptual en la formación de la sátira. El estudio profundiza sobre la imposibilidad de una visión monológica porque la aporía necesita de ambas tradiciones. De ese modo, Luciano borra los límites de las tradiciones genéricas y produce una respuesta a una pregunta existencial seria con una formulación mítica que la inscribe en un sistema de escritura creativa.
Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
Silazak u podzemlje ili katabaza mitološki je, ali i književni motiv prisutan u
religijama i književnostima mnogih naroda. U proučavanju epske književnosti
katabaza se definira kao priča o silasku žive osobe koja posjeduje određene
kvalitete u podzemni svijet mrtvih s nekim ciljem i njezino vraćanje među
žive. U ovom se radu prikazuju reprezentativni primjeri katabaze u grčkoj,
rimskoj i hrvatskoj novolatinskoj književnosti. Počinje se s grčkom epikom,
odnosno 11. pjevanjem Odiseje i homerskom Himnom Demetri, a nastavlja
se pričama o katabazi Tezeja i Piritoja i Heraklovu silasku u Had po Kerbera.
U rimskoj književnosti, uz najpoznatiju katabazu, Enejinu u 6. pjevanju Eneide,
predstavlja se i Orfejeva katabaza u 10. pjevanju Metamorfoza te Psihina
u Apulejevim Metamorfozama ili Zlatnom magarcu, te se spominje i obrada
toga motiva u Apokolokintozi Seneke Mlađeg. Hrvatski humanistički autor Jakov
Bunić izložio je Heraklovu katabazu u epiliju De raptu Cerberi, pridajući
joj alegorijsko tumačenje u kontekstu kršćanske vjere. Također, u radu se primjenjuje
klasifikacija J. L. Calva Martineza, prema kojoj po razlogu silaska u
podzemlje postoji nekromantska katabaza (npr. Odisejeva), romantična (npr.
Orfejeva) i obijesna (npr. Heraklova) katabaza.
Ancient history, Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
La ϝράτρα per i Chaladrioi e Deucalione fa parte di un gruppo ben definito di documenti elei di epoca arcaico-classica, ovvero i pronunciamenti dell’oracolo di Zeus Olimpio (appunto, ϝρᾶτραι) a beneficio degli Elei e delle comunità a loro soggette o da loro dipendenti (siano esse alleati, perieci o componenti di un eventuale koinon). In questo caso, il dio stabilisce che i Chaladrioi – comunità politica a noi altrimenti ignota – conferiscano la cittadinanza a Deucalione, uno straniero di origine non specificata, e alla sua discendenza e riconoscano loro particolari privilegi (isoprossenia e isodamiurghia), che consentono di ‘pronunciarsi al cospetto di Zeus’ con la medesima autorità di un funzionario olimpico o del damos degli Elei e appaiono pertanto funzionali alla gestione della terra in Pisa che viene loro assegnata, la sola che i Chaladrioi possiedono in Pisa e che deve considerarsi terra pertinente al santuario di Olimpia. Proprio la sua assegnazione a uno straniero e alla sua discendenza, insigniti di particolari privilegi, inducono a ritenere che tale terra sia appunto resa terra del santuario (sacra o meno) da questo pronunciamento di Zeus Olimpio, assegnato a un periodo in cui si hanno le prime attestazioni letterarie certe (Pindaro e Bacchilide) dell’identificazione di Olimpia e Pisa e in cui il santuario di Zeus, subito dopo le guerre persiane, attinge a un nuovo livello di rinomanza panellenica, che viene sottolineato da una serie di importanti interventi edilizi al suo interno (fra cui l’edificazione del primo tempio di Zeus e l’ampliamento nonché spostamento dello stadio, in direzione NE) e che ha sicuramente comportato un considerevole aumento del flusso di visitatori cui offrire spazi di accoglienza.