Hasil untuk "Engineering"

S. Brunton, J. Kutz

S. Thalberg

Wei Gao, Yunbo Zhang, Devarajan Ramanujan et al.

J. Ralph, C. Lapierre, W. Boerjan

Studies on lignin structure and its engineering are inextricably and bidirectionally linked. Perturbations of genes on the lignin biosynthetic pathway may result in striking compositional and structural changes that in turn suggest novel approaches for altering lignin and even 'designing' the polymer to enhance its value or with a view toward its simpler removal from the cell wall polysaccharides. Basic structural studies on various native lignins increasingly refine our knowledge of lignin structure, and examining lignins in different species reveals the extent to which evolution and natural variation have resulted in the incorporation of 'non-traditional' phenolic monomers, including phenolics from beyond the monolignol biosynthetic pathway. As a result, the very definition of lignin continues to be expanded and refined.

A. Corma, H. García, F. X. L. I. Xamena

Marianne Burkhard, Edith Waldstein

This Proceedings volume is dedicated to presenting the results of the EC THERAMIN (Thermal Treatment for Radioactive Waste Minimisation and Hazard Reduction) Project and other recent developments related to thermal treatment of radioactive waste. List of Conference and images are available in this pdf.

Fadi Hage Chehade, Chen Hu, Ke Wang

Answer FIVE questions, taking ANY TWO from Group A, ANY TWO from Group B and ALL from Group C. All parts of a question (a, b, etc) should be answered atone place, Answer should be brief and to-the-point and be supplemented with neat sketches. Unnecessary long answers may result in loss of marks. Any missing data ,or wrong data may be assumed suitably giving proper justification. Figures on the right-hand side margin indicate full marks. 1. (a) What is a Burger vector? Show it by drawing a Burger circuit? What is Frank-Read source? State its importance in plastic deformation. 2+2+2 (b) Distinguish between: (2x2)+ (2x2) (i) Slip and Cross slip (ii) Sessile dislocation and Glissile dislocation. (c) What is Critical Resolved Shear Stress? Derive its formulae. 2+2 (d) Calculate the degree of freedom of ice and water kept in a beaker at 1 atmosphere pressure. 2 2. (a) State Fick's laws of Diffusion. How can it help you m the problems of Case Carburising? Given an activation energy, Q of 142 kJ/mol, for the diffusion of carbon in FCC iron and an initial temperature of 1000 K, find the temperature that will increase the diffusion coefficient by a factor 10. [R =8.314 J/(mol.K)]: Will you use a very high temperature? 2+2+(3+1) (b) What is a Phase? What is the difference between α-iron and ferrite? Define an invariant reaction with an example. 2+2 (c) Differentiate between: (2x2)+ (2x2) (i) Phase Rule and Phase Diagram, (ii) Solvus Line and Solidus Line. 3. (a) Explain Lever Rule with a Tie Line. Find the weight percentage of pro-eutectoid ferrite just above, the eutectoid temperature of a 0 3%C-steel. 2+2 (b) Derive the relationship between True Strain and Engineering Strain. What is Resilience? Why is it important for spring material? 2+(1 +1) (c) Describe Yield Point Phenomenon. Draw the engineering stress-strain diagram of Glass. Why does necking occur during tension test of a ductile material 2+2+2 (d) Justify: 2x3 (i) Zinc is not as ductile as copper (ii) Cold working increases hardness of materials (iii) Steel is a brittle material at sub-zero atmosphere. 4. (a) Suggest one suitable material for each of the following purpose with justifications: 2x5 (i) File Cabinet (ii) WaterTap (iii) Manhole Cover (iv) Garden Chair (v) Glass Cutter.

Chong Wang, Wei Huang, Yu Zhou et al.

Tissue engineering is promising in realizing successful treatments of human body tissue loss that current methods cannot treat well or achieve satisfactory clinical outcomes. In scaffold-based bone tissue engineering, a high performance scaffold underpins the success of a bone tissue engineering strategy and a major direction in the field is to produce bone tissue engineering scaffolds with desirable shape, structural, physical, chemical and biological features for enhanced biological performance and for regenerating complex bone tissues. Three-dimensional (3D) printing can produce customized scaffolds that are highly desirable for bone tissue engineering. The enormous interest in 3D printing and 3D printed objects by the science, engineering and medical communities has led to various developments of the 3D printing technology and wide investigations of 3D printed products in many industries, including biomedical engineering, over the past decade. It is now possible to create novel bone tissue engineering scaffolds with customized shape, architecture, favorable macro-micro structure, wettability, mechanical strength and cellular responses. This article provides a concise review of recent advances in the R & D of 3D printing of bone tissue engineering scaffolds. It also presents our philosophy and research in the designing and fabrication of bone tissue engineering scaffolds through 3D printing.

M. Rahmati, D. Mills, A. Urbanska et al.

Abstract Tissue engineering makes use of the principles of medicine, biology and engineering and integrates them into the design of biological substitutes to restore, maintain and improve the functions of tissue. To fabricate a functional tissue, the engineered structures have to be able to mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM), provide the tissue with oxygen and nutrient circulation as well as remove metabolic wastes in the period of tissue regeneration. Continued efforts have been made in order to fabricate advanced functional three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering. Electrospinning has been recognized and served as one of the most useful techniques based on the resemblance between electrospun fibers and the native tissues. Over the past few decades, a bewildering variety of nanofibrous scaffolds have been developed for various biomedical applications, such as tissue regeneration and therapeutic agent delivery. The present review aims to provide with researchers an in-depth understanding of the promising role and the practical region of applicability of electrospinning in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine by highlighting the outcomes of the most recent studies performed in this field. We address the current strategies used for improving the physicochemical interactions between the cells and the nanofibrous surface. We also discuss the progress and challenges associated with the use of electrospinning for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.

B. Nuseibeh, S. Easterbrook

A. Ang, W. Tang

J. Pedelacq, S. Cabantous, T. Tran et al.

J. Bendat, A. Piersol

A. Yerokhin, X. Nie, A. Leyland et al.

M. Gen, Runwei Cheng

P. Roache

R. Barnes, E. Kreyszig

S. R. S. Kalpakjian

A. V. Lamsweerde

Yiyu Wang, Zhengke Wang, Yan Dong

Collagen is commonly used as a regenerative biomaterial due to its excellent biocompatibility and wide distribution in tissues. Different kinds of hybridization or cross-links are favored to offer improvements to satisfy various needs of biomedical applications. Previous reviews have been made to introduce the sources and structures of collagen. In addition, biological and mechanical properties of collagen-based biomaterials, their modification and application forms, and their interactions with host tissues are pinpointed. However, there is still no review about collagen-based biomaterials for tissue engineering. Therefore, we aim to summarize and discuss the progress of collagen-based materials for tissue regeneration applications in this review. We focus on the utilization of collagen-based biomaterials for bones, cartilages, skin, dental, neuron, cornea, and urological applications and hope these experiences and outcomes can provide inspiration and practical techniques for the future development of collagen-based biomaterials in related application fields. Moreover, future improving directions and challenges for collagen-based biomaterials are proposed as well.