Hasil untuk "Economic history and conditions"

K. Bales

A. Ajanovic, R. Haas

Abstract Hydrogen and fuel cell vehicles are often discussed as crucial elements in the decarbonisation of the transport systems. However, in spite of the fact that hydrogen and fuel cell vehicles have a long history, they are still seen only as a long-term mobility option. The major objective of this paper is to analyse key barriers to the increasing use of hydrogen and fuel cell vehicles. A special focus is put on their economic performance, because this will be most crucial for their future deployment. Mobility costs are calculated based on the total cost of ownership, and future developments are analysed based on technological learning. The major conclusion is that to achieve full benefits of hydrogen and fuel cells in the transport sector, it is necessary to provide stabile, long-term policy framework conditions, as well as to harmonize actions across regions to be able to take advantage of economies of scale.

Andrew Lake, B. Rezaie, S. Beyerlein

Dante Ayaviri Nina, Gabith Quispe Fernández, Alba Isabel Maldonado Núñez et al.

Los sistemas productivos, en el contexto rural, adquieren una importancia desde la perspectiva social y económica; su abordaje como un fenómeno de estudio permite observar e identificar debilidades y oportunidades en el accionar de la actividad productiva local. Así, el sistema productivo del cantón Guano en Ecuador es un conjunto estructurado de actividades agrícolas, pecuarias y, en menor proporción, industrial. La investigación pretende determinar las estrategias de generación de unidades de negocios en la actividad productiva rural del cantón Guano, se apoya en un método de investigación no experimental, de tipo descriptivo, y asume un enfoque cualitativo y cuantitativo. La muestra fue de 244 productores de una población de 21 851. Para la obtención de datos, se aplicó una encuesta con preguntas de tipo dicotómica, estructurada y de escala de Likert. Los resultados reflejan que la organización familiar, la inversión y los incentivos al sector productivo rural son las estrategias que contribuyen de forma significativa en el establecimiento de unidades productivas. En consecuencia, es relevante la importancia de las unidades productivas en el desarrollo rural del cantón Guano.

Nadine Große, Alejandro Uribe, Hanne van den Bosch

We consider Dirac-type operators on manifolds with boundary, and set out to determine all local smooth boundary conditions that give rise to (strongly) regular self-adjoint operators. By combining the general theory of boundary value problems for Dirac operators as in [BB12] and pointwise considerations, for local smooth boundary conditions the question of being self-adjoint resp. regular is fully translated into linear-algebraic language at each boundary point. We analyse these conditions and classify them in low dimensions and ranks. In particular, we classify all local self-adjoint regular boundary conditions for Dirac spinors (four spinor components) in dimensions $3$ and $4$. With the same techniques we can also treat transmission boundary conditions.

Michael Kalkbrener, Natalie Packham

We develop a model for credit rating migration that accounts for the impact of economic state fluctuations on default probabilities. The joint process for the economic state and the rating is modelled as a time-homogeneous Markov chain. While the rating process itself possesses the Markov property only under restrictive conditions, methods from Markov theory can be used to derive the rating process' asymptotic behaviour. We use the mathematical framework to formalise and analyse different rating philosophies, such as point-in-time (PIT) and through-the-cycle (TTC) ratings. Furthermore, we introduce stochastic orders on the bivariate process' transition matrix to establish a consistent notion of "better" and "worse" ratings. Finally, the construction of PIT and TTC ratings is illustrated on a Merton-type firm-value process.

Israel Barrutia Barreto, Rosa Marlene Sánchez Sánchez, Henry Alejandro Silva Marchan

El objetivo del trabajo fue analizar las consecuencias socioeconómicas que han tenido las medidas adoptadas por el gobierno de Perú al decretar la inamovilidad humana y aislamiento debido a la pandemia de covid-19. Para lo cual se obtuvieron datos estadísticos del portal oficial del Banco Central de Reserva del Perú en el periodo marzo – agosto de 2020 referentes a la variación del PIB respecto al mismo periodo del año 2019, exportaciones, importaciones, puestos de trabajo, ingresos e índices de precios, los cuales se analizaron respecto al número de casos de contagiados por covid.19 reportados por el Ministerio de Salud en el mismo periodo. Se analizó desde la perspectiva de estadística secuencial-temporal y se obtuvo que todos los indicadores estudiados tuvieron una fuerte caída al inicio del aislamiento obligatorio (marzo-junio), pero se recuperaron al flexibilizarse las medidas, a excepción de los puestos de empleo, aun cuando los casos de covid-19 no disminuyeron y siguen en aumento sin lograrse el aplanamiento de la curva, siendo esta la única tendencia estadísticamente significativa.

Pascal Petit

Sergey Rashkovskiy

A thermodynamic approach to the description of economic systems and processes is developed. It is shown that there is a deep analogy between the parameters of thermodynamic and economic systems (markets); so each thermodynamic parameter can be associated with a certain economic parameter or indicator. The economic meaning of such primordially thermodynamic concepts as internal energy and temperature has been established. It is shown that many economic laws, which in economic theory are a generalization of the results of observations, or are based on the analysis of the psychology of the behavior of market actors, within the framework of economic thermodynamics can be obtained as the natural and formal results of the theory. In particular, we show that economic thermodynamics allows a natural description of such a phenomenon as inflation. The thermodynamic conditions of market equilibrium stability are derived and analyzed, as well as the Le Chatelier's principle as applied to economic systems.

Galina Sinkevich

A short history of Russian researches in Chinese astronomy in 19-20 centuries

Bene Bence

„Otthon nélkül nem ember az ember.”– Talmud, Jevámot 63a. A tanulmány alapjául szolgáló kutatás a Práter utcai melegedőt látogató hajléktalan emberek városhasználatával foglalkozik. Egy kérdőíves adatfelvétel elemzése alapján rekonstruálom, hogy a válaszadók hol töltötték el a napjukat, merre jártak, mivel közlekedtek, mikor, mit csináltak. A nappali melegedőben felvett kérdőívek a hajléktalan társadalom sokrétűségét mutatják, ennek kutatása és feltérképezése a városi társadalmak megértésének és fejlesztésének egyaránt fontos eleme. A kérdőíveket adatalapú, térképalapú és videóalapú elemzéssel dolgoztam fel. A különböző megjelenítési formák újfajta látásmódok kialakításához járulhatnak hozzá és segíthetnek a hajléktalanság komplexitásának megértésében. A válaszadók mobilitásának morfológiáját vizsgálva lokális, globális és „otthona az út” típusú közlekedőket azonosíthatunk. Emellett csoportosíthatjuk a részvevőket életkoruk, lakhatási formájuk, tömegközlekedési szokásaik és a hajléktalan létben eltöltött idejük szerint. Az egyes csoportok eltérően használják a várost, a város kínálta lehetőségeket; morfológiai viselkedésüket vizsgálva megfigyelhetők ismétlődő, hasonló elemek, amelyek mintázatokká állnak össze. A kutatás egyik eredményének a tömegközlekedésben rejlő potenciál felismerését tekintem. A tömegközlekedést használók aránya a megkérdezett hajléktalan emberek között kifejezetten magas, ezért a tömegközlekedési eszközök az ellátórendszert nem használók elérésének és segítésének egyik helyszínévé válhatnának.  

NIKOLETT VÁGÓ

Idén második alkalommal került sor a Közgazdaságtudományi Kari Napok rendezvénysorozatra a Budapesti Corvinus Egyetemen. A K-kari napok keretében, 2012. április 11-én, Simor András, a Magyar Nemzeti Bank elnöke tartott előadást „Monetáris politika a válság idején” címmel.

Mariano Monge Juárez

Tras la consolidación de la Revolución Pasteuriana en Francia y Europa, en España se desarrolla una intensa política legislativa de vigilancia y prevención de la tuberculosis. La necesidad de mano de obra en pleno avance industrial obliga a las clases dominantes a ejercer el control sobre el cuerpo y la salud de los ciudadanos.  La vacuna BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin), descubierta por los franceses Albert Calmette y Camille Guérin del Instituto Pasteur, en 1921, constituye una herramienta biopolítica decisiva en la lucha contra la infección. Solo tras la proclamación de la II República se produce un cambio de paradigma, más orientado a la educación y prevención.

Galina I. Sinkevich

The history of the development of the concept of complex numbers from the 16th to 19th centuries. The origin and refinement of the geometric and physical meaning of complex numbers, the emergence of vectoral analysis.

Misha van Beek

Economic Scenario Generators (ESGs) simulate economic and financial variables forward in time for risk management and asset allocation purposes. It is often not feasible to calibrate the dynamics of all variables within the ESG to historical data alone. Calibration to forward-information such as future scenarios and return expectations is needed for stress testing and portfolio optimization, but no generally accepted methodology is available. This paper introduces the Conditional Scenario Simulator, which is a framework for consistently calibrating simulations and projections of economic and financial variables both to historical data and forward-looking information. The framework can be viewed as a multi-period, multi-factor generalization of the Black-Litterman model, and can embed a wide array of financial and macroeconomic models. Two practical examples demonstrate this in a frequentist and Bayesian setting.

D. Sol, J. Maspons, Miquel Vall-Llosera et al.

A. Adserà

V. Martini, S. Bernardi, V. Russo et al.

There is an increasing interest toward infectious diseases and mechanisms of immune response of water buffaloes, mainly because of the growing economic impact of this species and of its high-quality milk. However, little is known about the immune system of these animals in physiological conditions. Recently, a wide number of antibodies cross reacting with buffalo antigens has been validated for use in flow cytometry (FC), allowing detailed characterization of the lymphocytic population in this species. The aim of the present study was to describe the lymphocyte subpopulations in a large number of healthy water buffaloes, providing reference intervals (RIs), and to assess whether the composition of blood lymphocyte population significantly varied with age and reproductive history. Our final aim was to lay the ground for future studies evaluating the role of host immune response in water buffaloes. One-hundred-twelve healthy buffaloes from four different herds in the South of Italy were included in the study. All animals had been vaccinated for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Salmonellosis, Colibacillosis and Clostridiosis, and all herds were certified Brucellosis- and Tuberculosis-free. Venous blood collected into EDTA tubes was processed for FC, and the percentage of cells staining positive for the following antibodies was recorded: CD3, CD4, CD8, CD21, TCR-δ-N24, WC1-N2, WC1-N3 and WC1-N4. Absolute concentration of each lymphoid subclass was then calculated, based on automated White Blood Cell (WBC) Count. Reference Intervals were calculated according to official guidelines and are listed in the manuscript. The composition of the lymphocyte population varied with age and reproductive history, with animals <2-years-old and heifers having higher concentration of most of the subclasses. The present study provides RIs for the main lymphocytic subclasses in healthy water buffaloes, highlighting gross differences between young and old animals. Establishment of age-specific RIs is recommended in water buffaloes. The data we present may be useful as a basis for further studies concerning mechanisms of immune response toward infectious agents in water buffaloes.

А. V. Bessonov

Scientific and technical journals are related to editions, which make considerableinfluence on equipment and technology of industrial production development. Under modern conditions, when a production science intensity becomes one of main factors of scientific and technical progress, the need in such editions becomes rather important. Facts of the history of the journal “Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific, Technical and Economic Information” creation and formation shown, as one of most competent industry journals. Its input into forming of the scientific and technical information of domestic ferrous metallurgy system as well as into provision of ties between science and production plants shown. Main purpose of the journal is encouragement of innovation, fundamental and application investigations in the areas of improving ofmetallurgical equipment and technologies, provision of scientists and specialists of plants and organizations of steel industry and adjacent industries, professors, teachers and post-graduators of high schools by proved and reliable information about results of most promising and original investigations in areas of steel industry and metallurgical machine-building, by technical, economic and statistical information about results of domestic and world steel industries, knowledge on publications in the foreign periodic on scientific and technical subjects of the industry. The most important tasks of the journal are as follows: publication on the journal pages results of original scientific investigations and research and technical developments in the area of improving equipment and technology of metallurgical  production in the main stages of domestic and foreign steel industry; summarizing of results of scientific investigations and practical achievements at their implementation at plants of domestic and foreign steel industry; identification and promotion of perspective directions of scientific investigations; forming of atmosphere of open scientific discussion, stimulation of discussions; assistance to propagation of achievements of different scientific schools, publication of information about forthcoming scientific conferences, symposia, seminars and about their results. During the past 75 years from the Bulletin“Ferrous metallurgy” creation time, total 1432 issues of it were published.

Antonella Laino

In every ‘era’ innovations emerge which, due to the specific characteristics that distinguish them, have enormous impacts on the global economic system for a long period of time. Under specific conditions, these "radical" innovations are called general purpose technologies (GPT). The present work investigates the essential characteristics of radical innovations, bringing out the elements that make such innovations disruptive with respect to the current economic paradigm. Then it analyzes the specific characters of the GPT, in order to establish which of the major radical innovations in history can actually be defined as GPT. After having analyzed some of the most important economic models on GPT, we proceed with the analysis of the impact that these innovations have on the process of economic growth, constantly referring to the empirical evidence of the most recent studies