La evidencia en una investigación forense, exige el desarrollo y la aplicación de un análisis crítico de las imágenes, así como el estudio de su circulación y transformación.
Este trabajo plantea la necesidad de contextualizar el desarrollo histórico de la reconstrucción cráneo-facial, en el marco de las técnicas biométricas y de identificación facial y evaluar las posibilidades y limitaciones, que trae consigo su aplicación forense.
Se propone una puesta en contexto de las aplicaciones más recientes de la antropometría, así como la realización de un análisis de fortalezas, oportunidades, debilidades y amenazas, con el fin de alcanzar claridad, respecto de las condiciones en que resulta pertinente utilizarla y cuáles son profesionales forenses idóneos, a quienes solicitar su aplicación.
Finalmente, se concluye que, con el objeto de sacar el máximo provecho del empleo de la reconstrucción cráneo-facial forense, es necesario tener claros sus límites, contar con un perfil de los profesionales idóneos y moderar las expectativas respecto de sus alcances.
Ratna Chrismiari Purwestri, Petra Palátová, Miroslav Hájek
et al.
Abstract In recent years, there has been growing interest in public valuation for forest ecosystem services in policymaking. This paper investigates the public’s perception of the Czech forest ecosystem services, i.e., provisioning, regulating and cultural services, with associated factors (changes in forest cover, production, and respondents’ characteristics). The performance perception of forest ecosystem services was gathered from a nationwide survey in 2020. The Coordination of Information on the Environment Land Cover information in 2000 and 2018 was used for observation of forest cover changes. Coniferous and non-coniferous (broadleaved) roundwood, mushroom, and bilberry production data from the observed years were acquired from the Czech Statistical Office and the Ministry of Agriculture’s annual nationwide surveys. The Bohemia vs. Moravia study areas were also statistically compared. Predictor analysis of the high score of performance perception from individual and cluster forest ecosystems was also performed to answer the research objectives. The group of forest provisioning services received high scores in public evaluation (from 3.9 to 4.2), followed by regulating services (mean range: 3.7–4.1). The highest score was found in forest as a natural habitat for wild animals and plants (mean: 4.6). However, the lowest value was the esthetic value (mean: 2.3). Both are categorized as forest cultural services. The broadleaved and mixed forest areas in 2018 were significantly higher than in 2000, especially in Bohemia. Meanwhile, the total coniferous forested region in 2018 declined substantially compared to 2000 (p = 0.030), especially in Moravian areas. A significantly higher total production of the coniferous and broadleaved roundwood removals in 2018 than in 2000 was reported, in contrast to a marked decrease in collected mushrooms and bilberries. The high score of performance perception of forests as the wood provisioning service was positively and significantly associated with the changes in broadleaved roundwood removals. Older-age and female respondents were the primary predictors of the studied cluster and individual forest ecosystem services. The findings indicate that the social value of the individual forest provisioning services supports the implementation of multi-species and multi-purpose forests; hence, it encourages the implementation of the current Czech forest policy.
Purpose – This paper aims to conceptualize and empirically illustrate the challenges that financial market regulation presents to politicians and the organization tasked with specifying regulations and supervising their implementation in the interest of users and consumers of financial instruments. It analyses the problem from the viewpoint of the governor's dilemma and the control/competence conflict, the linked problem of the rent-seeking of agents/intermediators and consumers of financial instruments. Political accountability problems are enhanced by the materiality of the technologies used, i.e. algo trading. Design/methodology/approach – The paper theoretically conceptualizes and empirically illustrates the argument. Findings – The paper finds that regulators of digitalized financial markets are faced with considerable problems and depend on private agents when regulating financial transactions. However, the new technological instruments also offer new possibilities for securing compliance. Research limitations/implications – Further research should focus more in-depth on the cooperation between public and private actors in the specification and implementation of regulatory details. It should further investigate the conditions which allow regulators to use RegTech in the surveillance of financial firms. Practical implications – Since financial market transactions are opaque for most users, the creation of more transparency is crucial to hold regulators accountable in their activity of surveillance of financial firms. New algorithm-based technologies may lend important support in doing so. Originality/value – By linking the different analytical perspectives, i.e. the governor's dilemma vis-à-vis the intermediator or agent and the possible rent-seeking of intermediators, under the condition of a highly developed technology of financial transactions as well as the market structure, the paper offers new insights into the limits as well as new opportunities of regulating financial markets allowing for political accountability of regulators and financial firms.
Regulation of industry, trade, and commerce. Occupational law, Economic growth, development, planning
Objective: This report examines how evidence appears according to the issues of traffic accident investigation, and examines the immediacy of the evidence and its meaning. Background: In traffic accidents, there may be trace evidence related to the issue. When the investigator does not make a judgment based on evidence, the truth of the case may be distorted by various mistakes that humans can make, such as confirmation bias and eyewitness illusion. Methods: By investigation process of two traffic accident cases that violated the central line regulation, we examine how evidence was found and its immediacy works. Results: As evidence, we presented a piece of plastic attached to the underside of the vehicle and several photos showing the distribution of vehicle debris at the time of the accident. Evidence that we found can be easily understood by anyone with common sense and has undeniable clarity in figuring out the facts. The evidence found could immediately overturn the police’s investigation results and be accepted as primary evidence by law enforcement agencies. Conclusion: Every incident has a judicial problem, and there can be one or more pieces of evidence for resolving it, which can manifest itself in many different ways. When evidence with immediacy is found, the case can be resolved easily and clearly. The field of forensic science can help find such evidence.
Keterlibatan korban dalam suatu peristiwa kecelakaan harus menjadi sebuah kajian dalam upaya menekan angka kecelakaan tersebut. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif analitis. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan Yuridis Normatif yang didukung pendekatan Yuridis Empiris.
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Peran korban dalam terjadinya kecelakaan lalulintas di Kota Padang adalah adanya korban yang kurang konsentrasi dan menyalip serta menyeberang tiba tiba. Korban yang kurang konsetrasi sehingga tidak memperhatikan rambu atau peringatan yang ada di jalan. Kondisi kelelahan/ mengantuk membuat korban lengah dalam mengendarai kendaraannya. Peranan korban sangatlah berpengaruh dalam terjadinya kecelakaan baik secara sadar maupun tidak sadar sehingga menjadikannya sebagai korban. Upaya yang dilakukan Satlantas Polresta Padang dalam menanggulangi kecelakaan lalulintas berdasarkan analisis peran korban adalah dengan meningkatkan sistem kerja penanganan kecelakaan lalu lintas sehingga bisa bekerja dengan optimal. Pembinaan masyarakat di bidang lalu lintas. Mengadakan program kegiatan Penegakan Hukum bukan berorientasi mencari kesalahan dari pengguna jalan tetapi lebih berorientasi pada perlindungan, pengayoman dan pelayanan pengguana jalan yang melanggar itu sendiri. Upaya-upaya tersebut bahwa pada dasarnya kecelakan terjadi karena kurangnya kesadaran masyarakat untuk menjaga keselamatannya sendiri dalam berkendara.
Hugo Rodríguez Almada, Frances Borches Duhalde, Victoria Iglesias Salaverría
Humanitarian Forensic Action (HFA) is considered a new field of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Sciences where the forensic science is applied to different humanitarian activities. In Uruguay, the HFA has been developed based on international documents and developed some methodologies appropriate to the particular features of the country. The Department of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences has devised and maintained several lines of action in response to demands from public institutions and other requests from victims, families, prosecutors and courts. In every instance, humanitarian forensic work contributes to the education and training of young forensic professionals.
Criminal law and procedure, Public aspects of medicine
Au Canada, la pandémie de COVID-19 a forcé la fermeture sans précédent des tribunaux. La solution du gouvernement ontarien a été de mener les procédures judiciaires virtuellement. Longtemps présentée comme un moyen d’élargir l’accès à la justice, certains craignent que l’utilisation des technologies audiovisuelles ne réduise en fait l’accès à la justice à certains égards. Cette recherche s’intéresse à la migration vers un environnement virtuel pendant la pandémie et à ses impacts sur l’accès à la justice, conçu ici comme la capacité des justiciables à accéder aux tribunaux et à leurs avocats. La recherche repose sur des méthodes ethnographiques dans les tribunaux criminels de l’Ontario qui combinent observations et entrevues auprès de juges et d’avocats. Les résultats révèlent que bien que le passage en mode virtuel ait pu contribuer à un meilleur accès aux tribunaux pour une majorité de justiciables, il a aussi pu compliquer l’accès pour les justiciables vivant en région éloignée, ceux qui ne sont pas représentés par un avocat ou ceux qui sont incarcérés. L’article aborde ces enjeux avant de discuter de l’avenir de ces technologies dans les tribunaux dans une ère post-pandémie.
The aim of the research is to address the problem of regulation and implementation of criminal responsibility for illegal migration organisation and to determine, on this basis, the course of action to enhance Article 3221 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation containing the corpus delicti and its application in practice. The problem is the absence of the necessary coherence of Article 3221 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation with the international law provisions aimed at illegal migration organisation countering. Alongside this challenge, there is another one: of inadequate legal certainty of this criminal legal norm disposition, which complicates its uniform interpretation and further practical application in allowing for competition with the articles of the Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation, establishing liability for related criminal acts. The general dialectical method of enquiry, general scientific and specific scientific methods, including the comparative legal method, the method of statistical analysis and the method of legal modelling are used in this article to address the issue. As a result of the conducted research, the authors conclude that the existing approach to improving the legislative framework and practice of countering the organisation of illegal migration in the Russian Federation needs to be changed. More specifically, given the need to harmonise Russian and international legislation in this field, the authors propose to complement the mental element of the corpus delicti of the irregular migration organisation with an indication of the mandatory aim in the form of the perpetrator's desire to obtain, directly or indirectly, financial or other material benefit. As a result, this criminal law prohibition will be aligned with the provisions of Paragraph 1 and Article 6 (2)(c) of the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air. Furthermore, this research substantiates the need to specify the disposition of Article 3221 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in terms of the content of actions that comprise the illegal migration organisation actus reus and to mark which specific types of migration legislation violations constitute the crime, as well as to explicitly indicate that this criminal law norm shall be applied, if the act is not covered by Art. 322, Art. 3222 or Art. 3223 of the RF Criminal Code. Based on administrative and criminal legislation analysis, the authors argue for the deletion of criminal liability for a single violation of migration legislation, including for organizing a foreign citizen's or a stateless person's irregular migration committed by a person who is not subject to an administrative penalty for a misdemeanor in the migration field. Thus, the authors underline the need of systematic cross-sectoral changes in the current migration legislation.
This paper analyses different types of coil systems to produce volumes of uniform magnetic field. The square spiral coils are easier to implement than the circular ones. In this paper, a new analytical calculation for magnetic flux density of the spiral coils is presented, which is simpler than the greenhouse method. This paper presents a comparative study of the magnetic field distribution for circular and square coils. The magnetic flux density is obtained using the Biot- Savart’s law, furthermore a detailed analysis is performed in order to obtain simple mathematical expressions that relate the area, with uniform magnetic field, to the length of the different coils and number turns of the coils. Two adaptations of the Biot- Savart’s law are developed in this paper which offer a means of calculating the flux density given the position of interest, the coil geometry, and the amount current passing through the coil. The calculation of the magnetic flux density using analytical formulas and finite element simulations are compared. Finally, a cube volume of uniform magnetic field in each coil is calculated. In this paper magnetic flux densities are determined for different currents at various locations for circular coil as well as square coil. Computational models are constructed and simulated using ANSYSS Maxwell software in order to validate the calculated results of the magnetic field distribution of each geometry considering similar parameters.
The article deals with the nature and versatile application of the functional method, a tool used in comparative law to examine institutions of the law across jurisdictions. The approach has played a role in projects to render laws uniform and contributed to the modernisation of the German Civil Code. Although the functional method is regarded as the most fundamental technique in comparative law, neither Ernst Rabel nor well-known adherents such as Konrad Zweigert and Hein Kötz expressed any precise strategy for functional comparative research. The reader is guided through the essential assumptions and the approach of the functional method, on which legal comparativists show the greatest consensus with regard to the following steps: creating country-specific reports, putting the social problem in words (tertium comparationis), and finally conducting a critical valuation of the results found. The paper then presents an overview of the functional method’s practical application, criticisms of it, and modified approaches, culminating in a proposal related to the basic assumptions behind the method.
Serial litigants are a well-known phenomenon. This article deals with this phenomenon on two different levels using Israel as a test-case. First, we analyze the impact they have on the judicial system as a whole, and the institutional responses the judicial system uses in order to deal with serial litigants as well as the impact (both positive and negative) such serial litigants have on other litigants. Second, we analyze the personal motives of serial litigants and identify their common denominators, as well as what differentiates them. In this regard the article offers a unique approach by presenting the perspective of serial litigants and the human dimension behind their claims. We then show that serial litigants do not constitute a monolithic group, and suggest that courts have to take the differences between them into account. We further propose the formulation of systemic tools that take into account both the negative and the positive aspects of serial litigants in order to strike a proper balance between the optimal allocation of resources, and the right of access to justice.
The Brazilian Public Administration is a repeat player and, often, predatory and strategic player. The behavior of the Public Administration is oriented towards the litigation and contributes to the increase in the congestion rate of the Judiciary, limiting access to justice. In this article, it was reflected whether a more adequate choice architecture could make the Public Administration start to show a more consensual and less litigious behavior. It was found that an architecture of choices appropriate to the greater promotion of access to Justice must create an administrative consensus by default, implemented based on an online dispute resolution system that presents an architecture of choices that makes the standard choice of individuals who wish to resolve a conflict with the Public Administration is self-composition.
Public law, Regulation of industry, trade, and commerce. Occupational law
Recent research has provided broad accounts of what high institutional quality is; bureaucrats should be impartial and recruited on merit, public power should not be used for private gain, there should be rule of law, and property rights should be secure. Many scholars argue the reason why, in spite of this knowledge, recent institutional reforms have had limited success is that improvements are not in the interest of incumbent elites. Constraining elites is, therefore, crucial for institutional improvements. In this article, I argue that economic diversification functions as one such constraint on elite behavior, affecting their ability to form collusive coalitions. When the economy is concentrated to a few sectors, elite interests are more uniform making it easier for them to organize. However, as the economy becomes more diverse, collusion becomes harder and elites must settle for impartial institutions more often. I test the theory using cross-national time series data covering the last 25 years; the results corroborate the theory, as the economy of a country becomes more diverse, institutions become more impartial.
The recent legal changes pertaining to the institution of the Constitutional Tribunal arouse many controversies. This paper presents a sociological and legal study conducted to collect and examine the opinions regarding the above held by Polish lawyers who because of their profession and experience are in a position to confront directly the legal practice with the changing legal system that is directly responsible for the level of protection of individual rights and the exercise of individual fundamental rights. From the point of view of rationality and functionality of the operations of the Constitutional Tribunal an opinion formulated by jurists who due to their background have greater legal awareness seemed invaluable. After all it will be their opinion which will decide about the future of the judiciary in Poland. The results of the current transformations being implemented in constitutional judiciary as well as at the level of common courts have consequences for all the citizens. The aim of the questions asked in the survey was to fi nd how lawyers in Poland saw the situation with the Constitutional Tribunal today as well as what the though it its regime and functioning could be like in the future. Questions also concerned the current and actual legal status of the Tribunal and the lawyers’ reactions to the changes being implemented or about to me made, and if possible the possible ways of ending the current Constitutional Tribunal crisis.
Elísio Augusto Velloso Bastos, Caroline Figueiredo Lima
A dinâmica política dos países latino-americanos, é extremamente complexa. Tal desenvoltura deve-se à ampla gama de povos e culturas que compartilham do mesmo ambiente humano, trocando experiências e modos de vida diversificados. Os povos originários principalmente, encontram na Bolívia um momento de forte impacto de políticas públicas oriundas do novo momento constitucional que o país enfrenta desde a promulgação de sua mais recente Constituição (2009). Assim, a partir de uma metodologia hipotético-dedutiva, análise bibliográfica e constitucional desse Estado, o presente estudo dedica-se a apontar os marcos do constitucionalismo latino-americano com foco específico sobre o Estado Plurinacional da Bolívia. Os resultados apontam essencialmente para um protagonismo crescente desses indivíduos tradicionais, por intermédio de políticas públicas de incentivo à participação política e assistência jurídica representativa de sua cultura e cosmovisão.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, International relations
In this study Tax System and Rates in the Republic of Kosovo and Their Comparison with the Balkan Countries. During the research, we have noticed that changes in tax rates, expansion of the taxable base, and creation of conditions for economic development which have constantly been changing in Kosovo and Balkan countries. Although the tax system in Kosovo is new, it is competitive not only in the region but even beyond it. In the new fiscal package of 2015, tax rates had changed. Personal Income
Taxes have reduced some of the revenues, corporate taxation up to 10%, insurance companies 7% to 5%; VAT is applied with two tax rates 18% and 8%. Balkan states have significant differences in tax rates, but not in tax systems. In some taxes, high rates have already been set, while in some countries there are lower rates. It is characteristic and interesting that the tax systems of these countries have been constantly reformed, reducing tax rates and redefining the tax base.
El presente escrito analiza la compleja relación entre la autodeterminación de las Comunidades Autónomas españolas y el Gobierno central, en el marco de un principio de colaboración que resulta al final ser un límite para las partes en distintos ámbitos y en especial en materia tributaria. En análisis de realiza a la luz de la propia Carta política y de los pronunciamientos del tribunal constitucional.
Rad razmatra savremene tokove kritičke teorije međunarodnih odnosa koja analizom globalnih odnosa moći skreće pažnju na različitu sposobnost aktera da utiču na sopstvene političke i ekonomske okolnosti. Autorka prikazuje kako je tekla evolucija kritičke teorije u proučavanju međunarodnih odnosa – od radikalno kritičkih stanovišta njenog utemeljivača Roberta Koksa, pa do naglašeno normativnog usmerenja Jirgena Habermasa. Dovodeći u pitanje „neminovnost” postojećeg svetskog poretka, na kojoj insistiraju realisti, kao i prihvatljivost dominantnih obrazaca i praksi ispoljavanja moći u svetskoj politici, predstavnici ovog teorijskog usmerenja nude alternativne vizije uređenja globalnih odnosa. Rad predstavlja analitička oruđa razvijena u okviru kritičke teorije uz čiju pomoć se mogu identifikovati uloga i značaj, kako ideja (teorija), tako i praksi (političke akcije) u stvaranju i održanju struktura svetskog poretka. Autorka zaključuje da je kritička teorija uprkos brojnim kritikama relevantna za izučavanje međunarodnih odnosa, jer na dijametralno suprotan način u odnosu na tradicionalne škole mišljenja u međunarodnim odnosima pristupa fenomenu moći. Njen doprinos disciplini međunarodnih odnosa ogleda se u otvaranju (i politizaciji) pitanja koja predstavnici tradicionalnih teorijskih struja uzimaju kao datost ili im iz različitih razloga ne pridaju dovoljnu važnost.
International relations, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence