Hasil untuk "Ancient history"

Mark Lipson, Anna Szécsényi-Nagy, Swapan Mallick et al.

Ancient DNA studies have established that Neolithic European populations were descended from Anatolian migrants who received a limited amount of admixture from resident hunter-gatherers. Many open questions remain, however, about the spatial and temporal dynamics of population interactions and admixture during the Neolithic period. Here we investigate the population dynamics of Neolithization across Europe using a high-resolution genome-wide ancient DNA dataset with a total of 180 samples, of which 130 are newly reported here, from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods of Hungary (6000–2900 bc, n = 100), Germany (5500–3000 bc, n = 42) and Spain (5500–2200 bc, n = 38). We find that genetic diversity was shaped predominantly by local processes, with varied sources and proportions of hunter-gatherer ancestry among the three regions and through time. Admixture between groups with different ancestry profiles was pervasive and resulted in observable population transformation across almost all cultural transitions. Our results shed new light on the ways in which gene flow reshaped European populations throughout the Neolithic period and demonstrate the potential of time-series-based sampling and modelling approaches to elucidate multiple dimensions of historical population interactions.

C. Posth, Nathan Nakatsuka, Iosif Lazaridis et al.

Summary We report genome-wide ancient DNA from 49 individuals forming four parallel time transects in Belize, Brazil, the Central Andes, and the Southern Cone, each dating to at least ∼9,000 years ago. The common ancestral population radiated rapidly from just one of the two early branches that contributed to Native Americans today. We document two previously unappreciated streams of gene flow between North and South America. One affected the Central Andes by ∼4,200 years ago, while the other explains an affinity between the oldest North American genome associated with the Clovis culture and the oldest Central and South Americans from Chile, Brazil, and Belize. However, this was not the primary source for later South Americans, as the other ancient individuals derive from lineages without specific affinity to the Clovis-associated genome, suggesting a population replacement that began at least 9,000 years ago and was followed by substantial population continuity in multiple regions.

Weiyi Zhang, Youjun Zhang, Haiji Qiu et al.

Wild teas are valuable genetic resources for studying domestication and breeding. Here we report the assembly of a high-quality chromosome-scale reference genome for an ancient tea tree. The further RNA sequencing of 217 diverse tea accessions clarifies the pedigree of tea cultivars and reveals key contributors in the breeding of Chinese tea. Candidate genes associated with flavonoid biosynthesis are identified by genome-wide association study. Specifically, diverse allelic function of CsANR, CsF3’5’H and CsMYB5 is verified by transient overexpression and enzymatic assays, providing comprehensive insights into the biosynthesis of catechins, the most important bioactive compounds in tea plants. The inconspicuous differentiation between ancient trees and cultivars at both genetic and metabolic levels implies that tea may not have undergone long-term artificial directional selection in terms of flavor-related metabolites. These genomic resources provide evolutionary insight into tea plants and lay the foundation for better understanding the biosynthesis of beneficial natural compounds. Wild teas are considered as valuable resource for studying domestication and breeding. Here, Zhang et al. report genome of wild tea DASZ and transcriptome of 217 accessions, which clarify pedigree of Chinese tea cultivars and show tea may not have undergone long-term artificial directional selection on flavor-related metabolites.

Bibigul Zhiyembay, Lyazat Meirambekova, Gulbakram Zhiyembayeva et al.

Language plays an important role in the development of any state because it evolves in direct contact with people's thinking, history, culture, and worldview. When studying the works of foreign and domestic scientists and classifying the Middle Ages heritage by linguistic features, it can clearly be seen that Turkic written manuscripts in different periods were written in different alphabets, such as runic, Uyghur, Manichaean, Brahma, Arabic, Latin, Armenian, Chagatai, and Cyrillic. Based on the use of Armenian graphics, it has also been established that in the Middle Ages, the heritage of Turkic peoples, including the Qypchaks, was written in a variety of genres and has survived to this day in written manuscripts. The study of Armenian writing in the Qypchak language is especially important in today's Kazakhstani social life. We seek the origins of the Kazakh language and nation in the Qypchak community which emerged in the ancient Turkic period and flourished in the Middle Turkic period. Historical and linguistic works written about the history, language, and culture of the Qypchak community, which ruled the territory from Central Europe to Northern China in the Middle Ages, have demonstrated that the study of the Qypchak people who lived in the Middle Ages is still relevant in modern science. This field studies the history, language, ethnography, culture, and other aspects of the steppe nomadic civilization. Moreover, it aims to thoroughly investigate its aspects, compare the origins and roots of ethnic groups of Qypchak descent to their current condition, and demonstrate traces of historical continuity. The German scientist Adalbert Merx’s work «Türkische Sprichwörter» (Turkish proverbs) written in 1893 and stored in the Bayerische Staats Bibliothek Muenchen library is taken as the object of research. Moreover, the proverbs in the manuscript language are read directly from the Armenian script; the relevance and scientific value of the topic is reported in the given article.

Yunus Aslan

Symbols play a crucial role in various domains, serving as conveyors of meaning through concrete signs with abstract significance. In some periods, it is seen that certain symbols stand out uniquely to that period and some symbols are used repeatedly or transformed throughout history. It is very difficult to reach definite conclusions about the origin of symbols in the history of art. However, the external and internal factors that influence the art, of course, shape the symbols that the work contains, as well as the work. A work of art, which is the product of a collective process is affected by many conditions such as the social environment, economy, material supply, geographical variables, the government, the wishes of the administrator and the artist, the understanding and style of art of the period, religion and sacred elements, the artist’s experience and inner world. The work, which is formed by selection among all these variables is a cornerstone of the general art style. Anatolian Medieval art can be interpreted as the art of societies, not the art of individuals like modern art. In this respect, in Turkish art and symbolism, where the state, religion and social powers come to the fore, these mentioned elements appear as the dominant and guiding power. Should the idea of “abstract symbolic style” be mentioned in Turkish art? Which factors influenced art and style? What is the place of stamps in the transformation of ancient symbols into art? In this study, answers to these questions and problems are sought.

Marc de Manuel, Martin Kuhlwilm, Peter Frandsen et al.

Manolis I. STEFANAKIS, Stella SPANTIDAKI, Ioannis MPARDANIS

<p>The paper discusses the methodology, some preliminary results and scientific problems of the HISTIA research project studying the production, maintenance, and administration of a neglected area of research, namely the sails, rope and any textile equipment needed for the military ships of Rhodes, mainly based on similar studies carried out for the Athenian navy, as well as research on the naval power of Rhodes. By focusing on this previously unstudied field of naval studies, this project, not only aims at breaching a significant research gap, but also establishes a new field of textile archaeology that studies textiles intended for the ships.</p>

Dilyara M. Galiullina

The paper analyses the articles of the famous Tatar historian G. Gubaydullin published in his student years in the magazine “Maktap” (1913). The articles are devoted to the problems of teaching logic and history in Tatar madrasas at the beginning of the twentieth century. The introduction of new secular subjects into the learning process was especially relevant for the national school. Moreover, new teaching methods were developed in the absence of school textbooks in the Tatar language. Gubaydullin, as a future professional historian, understood full well the importance of humanitarian subjects, especially history and logic, in the formation of national identity of young people. In the article “Din madrasalarenda tarikh ukytu” (“Teaching history in religious madrassas”) he discusses the methodological recommendations for teachers and shakirds. The recommendations were important because Tatar educators had no experience in teaching history. Logic was studied in old-fashioned madrasas, but after the 1905 revolution the training programs were changed and there was a demand for a new textbook which would meet the requirements of the era. The historian writes about this issue in the article “Din madrasalarenda mantyk” (“Logic in religious madrassas”). At the beginning of the new century, the Tatar public had heated discussions about the concept of “nation”. G. Gubaydullin expressed his opinion about the preservation of the unity of the Turkic peoples in the article “Iske tel ham millat” (“Old language and nation”). He considered it necessary to introduce a new school subject – the Chagatay language for a better understanding of the ancient Turkic literature. The analysis of these articles gives an idea of the scholar’s views on national pedagogy.

Ana Kruh

Na podlagi obsežnega grobišča iz železne dobe Kobarid prištevamo med pomembnejša slovenska prazgodovinska najdišča in tu domnevamo eno izmed središč starejšeželeznodobne posoške oz. svetolucijske skupine. Grobišče, ki se je širilo na terasah na desnem bregu Soče ob vznožju Gradiča, je bilo odkrito že v začetku osemdesetih let 19. stoletja. Med letoma 1886 in 1904 je arheološka izkopavanja na najdišču vodil Carlo Marchesetti, tedanji direktor tržaškega naravoslovnega muzeja, pozneje so tu raziskovali še arheologi Narodnega muzeja, Goriškega muzeja in Tolminskega muzeja. Do danes je bilo raziskanih več kot 1400 grobov, vendar so ti večinoma še neobjavljeni. V članku predstavljamo preliminarno izsledke arheoloških izkopavanj, ki jih je leta 1979 na območju grobišča izvedla ekipa Goriškega muzeja. Med izkopavanji, ki so potekala v zahtevnih razmerah, sočasno z gradbenimi deli in večji del v za delo neprimernih vremenskih okoliščinah, je bilo odkritih 278 grobov, ki sodijo v čas od konca 9. do 5. st. pr. n. št. Predstavljeni so značilnosti pokopavanja ter značilni grobni pridatki po kronoloških stopnjah.

Richard Leo Enos

This essay introduces and examines the impact of the Second Sophistic in the Near East on the history of rhetoric. Although the overall impact of sophists is apparent as early as the Classical Period of ancient Greece, this work emphasizes the renaissance of sophistic rhetoric during the so-called Second Sophistic, a movement that flourished slightly before and throughout the Roman Empire. The Second Sophistic provided an educational system that proved to be a major force spreading the study and performance of rhetoric throughout the Roman Empire. This essay examines and synthesizes scholarship that employs conventional historical approaches, particularly research that often focuses on individual sophists, in order to establish a grounding (and justification) for concentrating on what is termed here as a “site-perspective.” That is, this essay stresses the importance of the sites of sophistic education and performance, arguing for such an orientation for future research. This essay also advances observations from the author’s own experiences and research at ancient sites in Greece and Turkey, as well as other sources of archaeological and epigraphical research. Such work reveals that artifacts at archaeological sites—epigraphy, statuary now held at museums in Greece and Turkey, and a range of other forms of material rhetoric—provide contextual insights into the nature, influence, and longevity of rhetoric during the Second Sophistic beyond examining the achievements of individual sophists. A site-perspective approach reveals that a symbiotic relationship existed between the educational achievements of the Second Sophistic—in which rhetoric played a major role—and the social and cultural complexities of the Roman Empire. Such observations also reveal the benefits, but also the need, for further fieldwork, archival research, and the development of new methodological procedures to provide a more refined understanding of the impact of the Second Sophistic on the history of rhetoric.

V. Schuenemann, V. Schuenemann, C. Avanzi et al.

Studying ancient DNA allows us to retrace the evolutionary history of human pathogens, such as Mycobacterium leprae, the main causative agent of leprosy. Leprosy is one of the oldest recorded and most stigmatizing diseases in human history. The disease was prevalent in Europe until the 16th century and is still endemic in many countries with over 200,000 new cases reported annually. Previous worldwide studies on modern and European medieval M. leprae genomes revealed that they cluster into several distinct branches of which two were present in medieval Northwestern Europe. In this study, we analyzed 10 new medieval M. leprae genomes including the so far oldest M. leprae genome from one of the earliest known cases of leprosy in the United Kingdom—a skeleton from the Great Chesterford cemetery with a calibrated age of 415–545 C.E. This dataset provides a genetic time transect of M. leprae diversity in Europe over the past 1500 years. We find M. leprae strains from four distinct branches to be present in the Early Medieval Period, and strains from three different branches were detected within a single cemetery from the High Medieval Period. Altogether these findings suggest a higher genetic diversity of M. leprae strains in medieval Europe at various time points than previously assumed. The resulting more complex picture of the past phylogeography of leprosy in Europe impacts current phylogeographical models of M. leprae dissemination. It suggests alternative models for the past spread of leprosy such as a wide spread prevalence of strains from different branches in Eurasia already in Antiquity or maybe even an origin in Western Eurasia. Furthermore, these results highlight how studying ancient M. leprae strains improves understanding the history of leprosy worldwide.

Rezida A. Suleimanova

Introduction. Exploration of family anthroponyms associated with names of social titles and ranks on the basis of factual materials is of special significance, especially when it comes to examine the former in several essential perspectives. Goals. The study primarily aims at considering family names derived from social titles and ranks in historical /etymological and lexical/semantic perspectives. Restoration of some ancient names that have got completely excluded from the historical anthroponymic system is possible through analysis of surnames recorded in historical documents. The article seeks to determine the actual methods of deriving surnames from social titles and ranks, as well as to establish correspondences between historical facts and transformed (at certain stages of social life) concepts that had been once used to denote such titles and ranks further manifested in anthroponyms. Materials and Methods. The work analyzes surnames derived from titles and ranks registered in the scientific two-volume edition ‘Documents and Materials on Bashkir History, 1836– 1842: Formulary Lists of Civil Servants Attached to the Bashkir-Mishar Tatar Host, 1836–1842’. The study employs a number of linguistic methods, such as the descriptive, etymological, comparative, and statistical ones. Results. Thus, the historical and etymological analysis of surnames derived from the onyms хан ~ ҡан ‘khan ~ qan’, бәк ~ бик ‘beg ~ b(e)ik’, бей ‘bey’, батыр ‘ba(gha)tur’, алп, алып ‘alp’, шаҡман ‘shaqman’ makes it possible conclude as to the significance of titles and ranks in the formation of Bashkir anthroponymy. For example, the insight into the onym хан ~ ҡан serving an anthroponymic basis reveals that the institution of khanate had existed in Bashkir society since ancient times, long before the Golden Horde, which resulted in that ҡан (хан) — stemmed family onyms (as well as related phonetic versions of the lexeme) were widespread enough. The paper also shows that surnames containing the title lexeme бик were much more common than those derived from the form бек. Another finding is that quite a share of discovered Bashkir surnames were derived from ranks bestowed to war heroes (батыр, алп, шаҡман, алдар).

Maria Bonghi Jovino

Forthcoming.

Chiara La Marca, Giacomo Eramo, Italo Maria Muntoni et al.

This paper presents the preliminary results of the study of the Early Neolithic pottery production in the Marche region, Italy (VI mill. BC). The main goal of this research is to expand the knowledge of pottery manufacturing processes associated to the typical Central Adriatic Impressed Ware, at present poorly understood. All sites under analysis are located in the piedmont hills of the Apennine Mountains, except one which is on the coast. This study aims to highlight synchronic and diachronic variability in pottery technology, to identify common traits and to investigate the raw materials selection and exploitation strategies. The pottery assemblages are examined by means of an integrated approach which include techno-typological and archaeometric analyses. The environmental factors, the distribution of resources, the technology solutions taken by these early Neolithic communities are considered.

Stanisław Śnieżewski

Consonant Alliteration in Lucan's "Pharsalia", Books I–V In book I M, N alliteration amounts to 24,8%; T, D – 16,5%; S – 10,5%, R – 6,7%. In book II the first place belongs to M, N alliteration – 22,8%; then: T, D – 16,1%; S – 11,8%; M, N, T, D – 5,9%. In book III the predominant allitera­tion is M, N – 19,8%; then: T, D – 15,09%; S – 12,5%; M, N, T, D (TH) – 5,6%. Book IV is atypical, as the number of M, N and T, D alliterations is identical, i. e. 19,1%. S constitutes 11,7%, while M, N, T, D – 6,9%. In Book V the most fre­quent alliteration is M, N – 20,0%, next we have T, D – 19,3%; S – 9,2%; M, N, T, D – 8,2%. Alliteration in books I–V of Lucan`s Pharsalia is mainly used to describe the character and actions of Julius Caesar. The narrator insists on his great energy, his ability to cope with critical situations, his extreme luck and Fortune’s favour during the struggle with the elements. Civil war brings about enormous chaos in the universe. The personified Roma is responsible herself for all the ca­lamities that befall her. Yet alliteration is also used to describe more placid scenes, for example the scenery, such as cities (Iolcos, Brundisium) and rivers (Euphra­tes, Tigris). Sometimes alliteration emphasises certain religious elements, e.g. the sacred grove near Massilia. Alliteration is sporadically used in the account of the exploits of Pompey, Cato and Crassus. It plays an important role in the frequent descriptions of the elements that bring disaster on the army, in particular floods and droughts.

Gabdrafikov I.M.

Objective: To provide a description of Starokalmashevo hillfort and the Starokalmashevo gravestone with an Arabic epitaph found in the mid-20th century in close proximity to the site of ancient settlement. They are here described not only as monuments of the Middle Ages, but also as objects of historical heritage testifying to the continuous process of ethno-culturogenesis in the Western Cis-Urals up to modern times. Research materials: The author considers the issues of medieval history, ethno- and cultural genesis of the Western Cis-Urals in light of the example of the Starokalmashevo hillfort, located on the hill of Kala-tau (Chekmagushevsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan), as well as the Starokalmashevo gravestone. The author provides a complex description of these archaeological and cultural monuments and points out the importance of preserving these objects as an integral part of the local population and the entire Volga-Ural region’s collective historical memory. Research novelty: The author presents new materials, including the stories of community elders about the origin of the above-mentioned archaeological sites. He analyzes the inscriptions on the tombstone, including its new reading, and draws a conclusion about the continuity of the population of this territory for a sustained period.

Clio Der Sarkissian, O. Balanovsky, Guido Brandt et al.

North East Europe harbors a high diversity of cultures and languages, suggesting a complex genetic history. Archaeological, anthropological, and genetic research has revealed a series of influences from Western and Eastern Eurasia in the past. While genetic data from modern-day populations is commonly used to make inferences about their origins and past migrations, ancient DNA provides a powerful test of such hypotheses by giving a snapshot of the past genetic diversity. In order to better understand the dynamics that have shaped the gene pool of North East Europeans, we generated and analyzed 34 mitochondrial genotypes from the skeletal remains of three archaeological sites in northwest Russia. These sites were dated to the Mesolithic and the Early Metal Age (7,500 and 3,500 uncalibrated years Before Present). We applied a suite of population genetic analyses (principal component analysis, genetic distance mapping, haplotype sharing analyses) and compared past demographic models through coalescent simulations using Bayesian Serial SimCoal and Approximate Bayesian Computation. Comparisons of genetic data from ancient and modern-day populations revealed significant changes in the mitochondrial makeup of North East Europeans through time. Mesolithic foragers showed high frequencies and diversity of haplogroups U (U2e, U4, U5a), a pattern observed previously in European hunter-gatherers from Iberia to Scandinavia. In contrast, the presence of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups C, D, and Z in Early Metal Age individuals suggested discontinuity with Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and genetic influx from central/eastern Siberia. We identified remarkable genetic dissimilarities between prehistoric and modern-day North East Europeans/Saami, which suggests an important role of post-Mesolithic migrations from Western Europe and subsequent population replacement/extinctions. This work demonstrates how ancient DNA can improve our understanding of human population movements across Eurasia. It contributes to the description of the spatio-temporal distribution of mitochondrial diversity and will be of significance for future reconstructions of the history of Europeans.

N. Nerlekar, A. Beale, R. Harper

Ghislaine Jay-Robert

Alan K. Bowman, E. Champlin, A. Lintott