Hasil untuk "American literature"

Raphaëlle Raynaud

Based on the observation that there is a lack of French criticism of Hispano-American fantasy, this article offers an overview of the various trends, before analyzing the genre from an ecocritical angle: what makes it special is perhaps to be found in the complex relationship between the genre’s western-centric codes and the characteristics of South America. The example of Argentina’s Liliana Bodoc’s trilogy La Saga de los Confines will enable us to examine the genre’s compatibility with the environmental and historical issues specific to the region.

Lynette Grivell

One of the characteristics of the Fantastic is its subversive nature when dealing with contemporary social issues and taboo subjects, which is particularly noticeable in narratives written by women. This comparative analysis of short stories by two women writers from Central America —«Manual de hijo muerto» by Claudia Hernández (El Salvador) and «Para elegir la muerte» by María Eugenia Ramos (Honduras)— will discuss how women use narratives of violation of the body as a tool of social and cultural criticism against the authorities and the patriarchy. Framing the discussion within the field of body studies, particularly the works of Margo DeMello (2014), Bryan Turner et al. (2012), and Jean Franco (2013), this study examines how these writers deploy Fantastic narrative techniques to reflect upon the social and political turmoil in Central America during and after their internal conflicts of the 1980s.

Pope J, Finckh A, Silva-Fernández L et al.

Janet Pope,1 Axel Finckh,2 Lucia Silva-Fernández,3 Peter Mandl,4 Haiyun Fan,5 Jose L Rivas,6 Monica Valderrama,6 Maria Montoro6 1Division of Rheumatology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; 2Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; 3Rheumatology Department, A Coruña University Hospital Complex, A Coruña, Spain; 4Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; 5Pfizer Inc, Collegeville, PA, USA; 6Pfizer SLU, Madrid, SpainCorrespondence: Maria Montoro, Pfizer SLU, Madrid, Spain, Email maria.montoro@pfizer.comPurpose: To evaluate the characteristics, efficacy, and retention of tofacitinib monotherapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis using data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and real-world data (RWD).Patients and Methods: Three patient groups receiving tofacitinib 5 mg twice daily (BID) monotherapy were defined for post hoc RCT/long-term extension (LTE) analyses: (1) disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD)-inadequate responder patients from phase 3/3b/4 RCTs; (2) methotrexate-naïve patients from a phase 3 RCT; and (3) index study patients continuing in an LTE study. Outcomes included low disease activity (LDA)/remission rates defined by Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI); Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28-4), erythrocyte sedimentation rate; DAS28-4, C-reactive protein (DAS28-4[CRP]); and rates of/time to discontinuation due to lack of efficacy/adverse events. RWD were identified by non-systematic literature searches of PubMed, Embase, and American College of Rheumatology/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology congress abstracts (2012– 2022).Results: RCT/LTE analyses included 1000/498 patients receiving tofacitinib 5 mg BID monotherapy. Baseline disease activity was high; patients tended to receive concomitant glucocorticoids; most were biologic DMARD-naïve. CDAI LDA rates were 32.2– 62.2% for Groups 1/2 (months 3– 12) and 64.0– 70.7% for Group 3 (months 12– 72). In Groups 1, 2, and 3, 4.0%, 15.6%, and 27.7% of patients, respectively, discontinued tofacitinib monotherapy due to lack of efficacy/adverse events. From 11 RWD publications, 16.6– 66.1% received tofacitinib monotherapy. Consistent with clinical data, tofacitinib monotherapy effectiveness (month 6 CDAI LDA, 30.2%; month 3 DAS28-4[CRP] remission, 53.4%) and persistence were observed in RWD, with retention comparable to tofacitinib combination therapy.Conclusion: Tofacitinib monotherapy demonstrated clinically significant responses/persistence in RCT/LTE analyses, with effectiveness observed and persistence comparable to combination therapy in RWD.Trial Registration: NCT00814307, NCT02187055, NCT01039688, NCT00413699, NCT00661661 (ClinicalTrials.gov).Keywords: autoimmune, JAK inhibitor, clinical practice, long-term, efficacy, retention

Deborah Monize Carmo Maciel, Magno Conceição das Merces, André da Silva dos Santos et al.

Resumo Objetivo Identificar as evidências científicas disponíveis na literatura sobre a associação entre Síndrome de Burnout (SB) e níveis de proteína C-reativa. Métodos Revisão integrativa da literatura de artigos publicados em português, espanhol e inglês, sem limite de data, com diferentes desenhos de estudo, disponíveis eletronicamente nas bases de dados do Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health (PubMed), Scopus, Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information (LILACS), Science Direct e Springer Link. Os artigos selecionados foram analisados de acordo com a Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Resultados Foram analisados 7 artigos. Na maior parte dos estudos, houve associação positiva entre Burnout e níveis elevados de proteína c-reativa, apesar dos resultados gerais serem contraditórios. A maioria dos artigos que atenderam aos critérios de seleção encontrava-se em língua inglesa e indexados na base de dados CINAHL. O continente europeu concentrou a maior parte de produção. Houve predominância de desenho de estudo transversal. Conclusão Apesar da associação positiva entre Burnout e níveis elevados de proteína c-reativa os resultados dessa revisão sugerem a realização de novos estudos mais robustos na tentativa de explicar a relação entre SB e PCR.

Riccardo D’Ambrosi, Srinivas B. S. Kambhampati

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to analyze the trends in publications on ramp lesions of the meniscus in the current literature. We hypothesized that publications on ramp lesions have increased rapidly in recent years due to increased knowledge of both clinical and radiological pathology. Methods A Scopus search performed on 21/01/23 retrieved 171 documents. A similar search strategy was employed to carry out a search for ramp lesions on PubMed with no time filters and only English articles. The articles were downloaded into Excel software, and citations for PubMed articles were determined from the iCite website. Analysis was performed using Excel. Using Orange software, data mining was performed from the titles of all articles. Results There are a total of 126 publications from 2011 to 2022 with a total of 1778 citations in PubMed. Of all publications, 72% were published in the last 3 years, from 2020 to 2022, indicating an exponential increase in interest in this subject in recent years. Similarly, 62% of the citations were aggregated by the years 2017–2020, both years included. When the journals were analyzed according to the number of citations, the American Journal of Sports Medicine (AJSM) topped with 822 citations (46% of all citations) and 25 publications, followed by Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy (KSSTA) with 27 articles and 388 citations (22% of all citations). When analyzed by citations per publication for different types of studies, randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were the most cited, with 32 citations per publication, followed by basic science articles with 31.5. Most of the basic science articles were cadaver studies examining anatomy, technique, and biomechanics. Technical notes were the third most cited at 18.64 per publication. While the USA is the country that leads publications, France is in a significant second position contributing to research on this topic, followed by Germany and Luxembourg. Conclusions Global trend analysis suggests that ramp lesion research has significantly increased and that the number of papers on the topic is steadily increasing. We found that the publications and citations presented a rising trend, the majority of the highly cited papers were contributed by a few centers, and the most cited were randomized clinical trials and basic science studies. The long-term outcomes of conservatively and surgically treated ramp lesions have attracted the most research interest.

Iraj Soleimanjahan, Hiwa Weisi

This study attempts to examine Tom Wolfe’s The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test in the light of the ideas of Michel Foucault, specifically the notions of normalization, institutions, and surveillance that tackle the relationships among power, institutions, and literature. The analysis posits that, in the context of the 1960s, the American government took advantage of all the institutions which were supposed to guarantee the freedom of individuals to curtail their freedom. Seeking to create a normal, ordinary, and homogeneous society, these administrations have employed the police, law, prison, and other overlapping institutions that work in tandem to create circuits of institutions which guarantee to reduce  human beings to simpletons who are docile, meek, and ready to fit in place properly. The normality and ordinariness favored by the authorities are also implemented since the novel starts by depicting free individuals whose identities hinge on their being abnormal while it ends when their movement is shattered, and the protagonist is seen as a simpleton serving the forced labor sentence of the judges of both the government and normality. Freedom emerges as a mirage than truth as there seems to be no outside through which individuals can live outside the domination of controlling apparatuses.

Giacomo Micheletti

My essay examines the connection between translation and tradition in Daniele Benati and Gianni Celati’s work (with a special attention to Celati’s figure). The starting point is a selection of translations originally published in the magazine «Il Semplice» (1995-1997) then collected in their four-handed anthology Storie di solitari americani (2006).

Britney N. Wilson, MBS, Mary Sun, BSE, BA, Alyssa Gwen Ashbaugh, BA et al.

Background: Previous reports have revealed inadequate resident education and textbook representation of dermatological conditions in patients with skin of color (SoC). This suggests that the literature and continuing medical education are important alternative dermatology educational resources to aid in diagnosing and treating patients of color. Objective: This study develops criteria to assess and examine the prevalence of SoC-related publications among top dermatology journals. Methods: We developed the first-ever prespecified criteria that allow for the assessment of diversity in the dermatologic literature. The archives of 52 dermatology journals from January 2018 to October 2020, selected based on Scopus ranking, were analyzed for journal characteristics and content regarding skin and hair of color, diversity and inclusion, and socioeconomic/health care disparities that affect underrepresented populations with SoC. Results: Our study reveals that the average percentage of overall publications relevant to SoC is quite low. The percent of SoC articles ranged from 2.04% to 16.8% with a mean of 16.3%. The top-performing dermatology journals in SoC were, not surprisingly, from countries with populations with SoC; however, the Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, Australasian Journal of Dermatology, and Journal of the American Academy of Dermatol Case Reports were among the top 10. Research and higher-impact journals were among the lowest in SoC rankings, including the Journal of Investigative Dermatology, Experimental Dermatology, and Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, and had <5% of articles on SoC. Conclusion: We believe that the criteria we established could be used by journal editors to include at least 16.8% of SoC-relevant articles in each issue. Increasing SoC content in the dermatological literature, and particularly in high-impact journals, will serve as an invaluable educational resource and aid in promoting excellence in the care of patients with SoC.

Vicente Robalino

En este ensayo se hace un análisis e interpretación de siete cuentos de aparecidos del Ecuador; para ello, el autor parte de la siguiente pregunta: ¿cómo se construye la representación icónico-alegórica de lo sobrenatural en los cuentos seleccionados? Para responder a esta pregunta se analizan los espacios kinésicos y proxémicos de los relatos seleccionados. De estas dos categorías semióticas destaca la imagen icónica, como modeladora de los espacios de lo sobrenatural, unida a los espacios geográficos donde trascurre la acción de estos relatos. De esta relación —espacio natural-espacio geográfico— emergen los efectos fantásticos. Sin embargo, en algunos de estos relatos la presencia dominante de la alegoría-moralizante destruye la percepción de lo fantástico como en “Vico y el duende”, “El enano (duende)” y en gran medida también en “Mariangula”. En cambio, en otros relatos, como “Almita en pena”, se enriquece la imagen icónica de lo sobrenatural con la incorporación del rito y del símbolo.

Seyi Amosun, Faheema Kimmie-Dhansay, Greta Geerts et al.

BackgroundGlobally, the demands on dental educators continue to diversify and expand. Due to their importance and value, mentoring programs have been acknowledged as a means of recruiting, developing, and retaining academics in dental education. ObjectiveThis protocol is for a scoping review that aims to identify the goals of mentoring programs for academic staff in dental faculties and determine how these programs were structured, delivered, and evaluated. MethodsThe review will be performed in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute’s methodology for scoping reviews, which covers both qualitative and quantitative scientific literature as well as grey literature written in English and published between 2000 and 2020. The databases will include PubMed, Ovid, the Educational Resources Information Center database, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, Trove, Web of Science, Openthesis.org, and the website of the American Dental Education Association. A manual search will also be conducted by using the reference lists of included studies to identify additional articles. Working independently, the authors will participate iteratively in literature screening, paper selection, and data extraction. Disagreements between the reviewers will be resolved by discussion until a consensus is reached or after consultation with the research team. Key information that is relevant to the review questions will be extracted from the selected articles and imported into a Microsoft Excel file. The PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) will be used to guide the reporting of this protocol. ResultsThe search for appropriate literature has commenced, and we aim to present the results before the end of the 2021 academic year. ConclusionsThe development of formal mentorship programs for academics in dental education will enhance the retention of academic staff. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)PRR1-10.2196/27239

Elena Mattei

Review of Understanding Abstract Concepts across Modes in Multimodal Discourse. A Cognitive Linguistic Approach, by Elżbieta Górska.

Mark Bonta, María Teresa Pulido-Silva, Teresa Diego-Vargas et al.

Abstract Background This study documents cycad-human relationships in Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras over the last 6000 years. The impetus was acute need for a better understanding of previously undocumented uses of cycads in this region, and the need to improve cycad conservation strategies using ethnobotanical data. We hypothesized that cycads are significant dietary items with no long-term neurological effects, are important to religious practice, and contribute to cultural identity and sense of place, but that traditional knowledge and uses are rapidly eroding. Guiding questions focused on nomenclature, food and toxicity, relationships to palms and maize, land management issues, roles in religious ceremony, and medicinal uses, among others, and contributions of these to preservation of cycads. Methods From 2000 to 2017, the authors conducted 411 semi-structured ethnographic interviews, engaged in participant-observation in Mexican and Honduran communities, and carried out archival research and literature surveys. Results We documented 235 terms and associated uses that 28 ethnic groups have for 57 species in 19 languages across 21 Mexican states and 4 Central American nations. Carbohydrate-rich cycads have been both famine foods and staples for at least six millennia across the region and are still consumed in Mexico and Honduras. Certain parts are eaten without removing toxins, while seed and stem starches are detoxified via several complex processes. Leaves are incorporated into syncretic Roman Catholic-Mesoamerican religious ceremonies such as pilgrimages, Easter Week, and Day of the Dead. Cycads are often perceived as ancestors and protectors of maize, revealing a close relationship between both groups. Certain beliefs and practices give cycads prominent roles in conceptions of sense of place and cultural heritage. Conclusions Cycads are still used as foods in many places. Though they do not appear to cause long-term neurological damage, their health effects are not fully understood. They are often important to religion and contribute to cultural identity and sense of place. However, because most traditional knowledge and uses are rapidly eroding, new community-based biocultural conservation efforts are needed. These should incorporate tradition where possible and seek inspiration from existing successful cases in Honduras and Mexico.

José Ruiz Más

In this paper I endeavour to revise the psychological approach employed by many literary critics to analyse Nathaniel HawthorneKs short story "My Kinsman, Major Molineux". I pay special attention to the relevance of the symbolism of the names of the tools and weapons which the different characters of the story brandish to emphasise their sense of authority, sexual maturity and adulthood in public. The images of these weapons and tools appear to represent Freudian phallic symbols, a fact that contributes to reaffirming the validity of the psychological approach for this story. This present study concentrates on the relationship between the theme of authority and the theme of adulthood, as well as on the analysis of the psychological evolution that the protagonist, Robin, goes through in order to achieve what both Hawthorne and the very protagonist believe sexual maturity and adulthood consist of. I also speculate on the possibility that, consciously or unconsciously, Hawthorne could have had the idea of ridiculing the image of the uncle figure in "My Kinsman, Major Molineux". Some biographers and critics have said that Hawthorne went through the humiliation of being sexually abused by his uncle Robert Manning when he was a young boy. Hawthorne could have used this short story to take his personal revenge. Keywords: American literature, Nathaniel Hawthorne, "My Kinsman, Major Molineux", homosexuality, sexual maturity, father figure, phallic symbols, masculinity. RESUMEN En este artículo se pretende hacer una revisión del enfoque psicológico utilizado por muchos críticos para analizar el cuento "My Kinsman, Major Molineux" de Nathaniel Hawthorne. Se presta especial atención a la importancia del simbolismo de los nombres de las herramientas y armas que empuñan los distintos personajes del cuento para reafirmar públicamente su sentido de autoridad, su madurez sexual y su condición de adulto. Las imágenes que parecen transmitir tales armas y herramientas representan símbolos fálicos, un hecho que contribuye a confirmar la validez del enfoque psicológico para este cuento. El presente estudio se centra en las relaciones existentes entre el tema de la autoridad y el tema de la madurez, así como en el análisis de la evolución que su protagonista, Robin, sufre hasta alcanzar lo que tanto para Hawthorne como para el mismo protagonista constituye la madurez sexual y cronológica. Asimismo se contempla la posibilidad de que a nivel consciente o inconsciente Hawthorne pudiera haber tenido la intención de ridiculizar la figura del tío en "My Kinsman, Major Molineux". Algún biógrafo y crítico ha afirmado que el joven Hawthorne llegó a sufrir la humillación de sufrir abusos sexuales por parte de su tío carnal Robert Manning y que podría haber hecho uso de este cuento para vengarse de la afrenta. Palabras clave: Literatura norteamericana, Nathaniel Hawthorne, "My Kinsman, Major Molineux", homosexualidad, madurez sexual, figura paterna, símbolos fálicos, masculinidad.

SORIN-GEORGE TOMA, PAUL MARINESCU, CĂTĂLIN GRĂDINARU

The roots of the global economy can be found in the 15th century. It started with the expansion of trade and distribution and continued with the development of industry and services. The global economy has changed significantly during the past decades, especially after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. Governments, policymakers, researchers, businessmen, managers or social activists, are highly interested in understanding the way the global economy works today. As the topic of global economy is interdisciplinary and complex it can be studied from different perspectives and levels of analysis. The macro level deals with international organizations and regimes, the meso level emphasizes the role played by countries and companies, and the micro level insists on the literature related to globalization and transnational movements. The aims of the paper are to present the evolution of the world’s ten largest economies by gross domestic product in the period 2015-2016 and to emphasize the economic competition between the USA and China. The research methodology is based on a quantitative method. The results of the paper show that these two powerful economies are the main protagonists in the race for economic supremacy and emphasize the Chinese challenge to the American dominance.

George Veletsianos

Although the open scholarship movement has successfully captured the attention and interest of higher education stakeholders, researchers currently lack an understanding of the degree to which open scholarship is enacted in institutions that lack institutional support for openness. I help fill this gap in the literature by presenting a descriptive case study that illustrates the variety of open and sharing practices enacted by faculty members at a North American university. Open and sharing practices enacted at this institution revolve around publishing manuscripts in open ways, participating on social media, creating and using open educational resources, and engaging with open teaching. This examination finds that certain open practices are favored over others. Results also show that even though faculty members often share scholarly materials online for free, they frequently do so without associated open licenses (i.e. without engaging in open practices). These findings suggest that individual motivators may significantly affect the practice of openness, but that environmental factors (e.g., institutional contexts) and technological elements (e.g., YouTube’s default settings) may also shape open practices in unanticipated ways.

Marialuz Albuja Bayas

Si bien todos los elementos en la naturaleza están ligados unos a otros, tendemos a olvidar que dicha conexión se extiende al arte y a las vivencias que, por medio de él, expresamos. Dentro de tales vínculos, estoy convencida de que no existe uno más evidente que la proximidad entre el mar y las palabras. No soy la primera en notarlo y, por supuesto, no seré la última persona que lo haga.

Kirk Lalwani, Brook L. Nightwalker

Abstract Introduction This narrative problem-based learning module is designed to facilitate group discussion with the integration of clinical knowledge and self-directed learning. It addresses a complex situation involving a child with a suprasellar mass requiring imaging and surgical resection. It also addresses the issue of delayed emergence following neurosurgery, as well as the differential diagnosis of postoperative hyponatremia, which is common in these settings and often presents a diagnostic dilemma. Methods After a case presentation, the instructor guides the group through a series of questions, each of which promotes discussion and reviews the available data on the subject. The module is formatted as one 2-hour session, but it can also be implemented as two 1-hour sessions, depending on time available. The module was developed based on the authors' personal experience with a similar situation and a subsequent literature search on the issues covered in the module. Selected references were added to the bibliography to enhance the learner experience and highlight current evidence to support the management options presented in the discussion. Results This module was developed for use at the 2006 and 2008 American Society of Anesthesiologists Annual Meetings and was presented twice to learners (residents, anesthesiology faculty in academic practices, and private practice anesthesiologists) at each meeting. It was also utilized with pediatric anesthesiology fellows at the primary author's institution. The module received positive feedback from both conference attendees and pediatric anesthesiology fellows. Discussion The module can easily be incorporated into a residency, fellowship, or CME curriculum. Although the module features a pediatric patient, many adult providers care for teenage patients and would be able to actively participate in the discussion and be engaged with the clinical issues.

Glenn Hendler

Sacvan Bercovitch, Myra Jehlen

Analía Isabel Gerbaudo

Este artículo se enmarca en una investigación sobre las intervenciones de los críticos que trabajaron como profesores en la universidad argentina durante la fase inicial de la posdictadura (1984-1986) en las áreas de literatura argentina y teoría literaria. El estudio se centra en sus programas de cátedra —documentos desatendidos tanto por la crítica como por la historia— en diálogo con sus ensayos y entrevistas. Esta presentación gira sobre el programa que en 1984 Beatriz Sarlo arma para la materia “Literatura argentina II” y precisa qué lectura inventa para dicha literatura en relación con la escritura latinoamericana, tanto literaria como crítica.This article is part of a research project about the policies carried out by critics who worked as University teachers in Argentina during the initial stage of the postdictatorial period (1984-1986) in the areas of Argentine Literature and Literary Theory. This project studies their class syllabi—documents which have been overlooked both by criticism and by history—in dialogue with their essays and interviews. This presentation deals with the syllabus which was presented by Beatriz Sarlo in 1984 for her class “Argentine Literature II”, and specifies how she reads that literature in relation with Latin American critical and literary writing.