Hasil untuk "Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology"

Fengze Sun, Egemen Tanin, Shanika Karunasekera et al.

Recent advances in urban region representation learning have enabled a wide range of applications in urban analytics, yet existing methods remain limited in their capabilities to generalize across cities and analytic tasks. We aim to generalize urban representation learning beyond city- and task-specific settings, towards a foundation-style model for urban analytics. To this end, we propose UrbanVerse, a model for cross-city urban representation learning and cross-task urban analytics. For cross-city generalization, UrbanVerse focuses on features local to the target regions and structural features of the nearby regions rather than the entire city. We model regions as nodes on a graph, which enables a random walk-based procedure to form "sequences of regions" that reflect both local and neighborhood structural features for urban region representation learning. For cross-task generalization, we propose a cross-task learning module named HCondDiffCT. This module integrates region-conditioned prior knowledge and task-conditioned semantics into the diffusion process to jointly model multiple downstream urban prediction tasks. HCondDiffCT is generic. It can also be integrated with existing urban representation learning models to enhance their downstream task effectiveness. Experiments on real-world datasets show that UrbanVerse consistently outperforms state-of-the-art methods across six tasks under cross-city settings, achieving up to 35.89% improvements in prediction accuracy.

Federico Benassi, A. De Falco

Residential segregation refers to the spatial separation between two or more social groups in urban areas. Originating from scholars of the Chicago School, this topic has since consolidated over time within the fields of urban and sociological studies. In the European context, the growing social disparities and levels of segregation experienced by cities in recent years have renewed interest in the study of the spatial distribution of groups and urban inequalities at both macro and local levels. While not inherently negative, segregation can lead to the formation of urban areas with distinct social compositions and unequal distribution of resources and services. These factors can shape the opportunity/constraint structure of individuals, perpetuating and transmitting social inequalities. Therefore, based on their social position, population groups can experience varying access to urban resources. Some benefit from a range of services like mobility, health, and education, while others face challenges in accessing resources and opportunities, with consequences in terms of exclusion and social cohesion. Building on these premises, this work aimed to delve into urban inequalities by combining residential segregation analysis with spatial accessibility analysis to gain a more comprehensive understanding of how and to what extent the social composition of urban areas intersects with differentiated access to urban resources. To achieve this goal, the study relied on quantitative and spatial methods of analysis applied to the Italian municipality of Naples.

Paweł Churski

Przedstawiamy Państwu nr 74 czasopisma „Rozwój Regionalny i Polityka Regionalna” przygotowywanego przez Wydział Geografii Społeczno-Ekonomicznej i Gospodarki Przestrzennej Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. Stanowi on zbiór dwunastu artykułów opracowanych przez autorów z ośrodków naukowych z całej Polski w formule varia. W tym tomie autorzy poruszają problematykę polityki regionalnej, współpracy metropolitalnej, zróżnicowań przestrzennych rozwoju, w tym znaczenia zależności od ścieżki w procesach rozwoju regionalnego, wpływu uwarunkowań kulturowych na procesy rozwojowe, wyzwań programowania i wrażania przemian rewitalizacyjnych, charakteru przestrzeni publicznej oraz znaczenia dostępu do infrastruktury cyfrowej na obszarach wiejskich.

Chiara Amato, Mario Cerasoli

The article explores the revitalization of Italy's "inner areas" - —fragile territories facing challenges such as depopulation, abandonment, and a lack of essential services, primarily due to limited mobility. The enhancement of secondary and disused railways is proposed as a tool for territorial rebalancing, to be achieved through multilevel governance that integrates spatial planning, interinstitutional cooperation, and the strategic allocation of financial and economic resources. This approach aims to move beyond sectoral perspectives on infrastructure networks.  The Axis Contract is introduced as an integrated framework linking urban planning and mobility, centered on the right to mobility and the empowerment of local communities.  The article is structured into three parts: the first examines the relationship between territory, mobility, and infrastructure policies; the second analyzes the French Contrat d’axe model and its applicability in Italy; and the third presents the results of an interdisciplinary study on the reactivation of the Civitavecchia -Capranica - Orte railway line.  The findings confirm that the Axis Contract is an effective tool for integrating urban and mobility planning, addressing accessibility needs, and promoting the sustainable rebalancing of territories.

Garima Rathi, D. Kumar, Akash Rathi

Health Modernity is the scientific knowledge, attitude and practices towards health and its various dimensions. Several studies have described health modernity within the context of various groups of people. However, health modernity among population sub-groups is still scanty. Here, an attempt is made to find out the health modernity among urban women. This cross-sectional study is carried out in Meerut City of Uttar Pradesh state. A total sample of 100 urban women, age between 21-50 years, is selected through purposive sampling method. The data are collected using pre-designed and structured interview schedule and analyzed using simple statistics techniques. The findings of the present study reveal that on different dimensions of health modernity, less than one-fourth of the respondents have high health modernity on physical health dimension, one-third on reproductive health dimension, three-fourth on nutrition & diet dimension, a little less than half of the respondents on family planning dimension, and a little more than one-third on child care dimension. Thus, the current study has found that there is a need to enable such training programs and campaign which can help in improving health modernity of urban women.

Chinnu S Kumar, Pooja Nigam

The port cities of the Indian Peninsula have played a crucial role as urban hubs in trade and commerce for the colonial powers such as Portuguese, Dutch, French and British. As ideas, cultures, and people converged in these urban hubs alongside goods and services, they have been transformed into vernacular melting pots of diverse cultures and ethnic groups, significantly shaping the socioeconomic and cultural fabric of the Indian Peninsula. This study examines the urban morphology of these waterfront spaces. It analyzes their spatial and architectural features in order to understand their impact on the urban fabric of these cities. It thus offers a historical overview of the evolution of Indian colonial port cities, identifying how waterfront public spaces have played a crucial role in defining their character and identity. It employs historical and contemporary analysis to explore the factors that have shaped the physical form and structure of these spaces, including geography, history, culture, and economics. It examines the intricate morphology of Kochi as case study; One of the first cities to be colonized in the Indian subcontinent. It also delves into the challenges and opportunities of research into waterfront public spaces in Indian colonial port cities, highlighting the necessity for interdisciplinary approaches that combine insights from geography, architecture and sociology. In this connect ion, it emphasizes the importance of innovative data collection-analysis techniques to effectively apprehend the complex and dynamic nature of these spaces. Finally, the case study demonstrates that the colonial influences on Kochi's urban morphology reflects a harmonious blend of both indigenous and colonial characteristics. It therefore concludes that the morphology of waterfront public spaces in India is characterized by a unique blend of indigenous and colonial influences.

Yan Cao, Xuan-Hui Xie

The city functions as a medium formed by its public, with the life experiences and identity dissemination of young creative groups serving as a manifestation of urban soft power. This study, grounded in the theoretical development of communication studies and the practice of visual translation, constructs a triadic theoretical framework of “spatial-cognitive-semiotic” dimensions. Integrating sociological empirical research with digital visual technologies employs visual translation to interpret and present social research on urban rental housing. This study proposes and implements an action pathway consisting of the following steps: language-mediated in-depth interviews, media-assisted information expression and storage, data modeling of emotions and attitudes, computer vision-driven symbolic decoding and semantic translation, and visual re-dissemination of research findings. By leveraging digital tools, this study seeks to enhance media communication efficiency and facilitate social interaction among heterogeneous individuals, reinforcing the emotional connection between young people and urban spaces while fostering the deep integration of communication practices and social governance.

Giada Casarin, J. MacLeavy, D. Manley

The concept of urban living is evolving, and there is a growing interest in creating smaller, more connected, and hyperlocal neighbourhoods, where everything people need is within a 15-minute walk or bike ride. This paper challenges the concept of the ‘15-minute city’ as a panacea for urban ills, by exploring the history of utopian urban planning and regeneration aimed at creating sustainable, inclusive and vibrant communities by desegregating disadvantaged groups. Specifically, we examine social mixing policies, which are recurring top-down interventions that pathologise concentrated urban disadvantage. We trace the evolution of these policies in Europe from the Garden City movement to post-war social housing redevelopment to the current 15-minute city, which we consider to be social mix by stealth. While such policies can reduce the degree of concentrated disadvantage in the short term, they tend to be ineffective in the long term, as deprived neighbourhoods often remain so despite attempts to make them more diverse. The paper argues that the 15-minute city would be implemented through de facto social mix actions at the neighbourhood level, which are insufficient to address the deeper structural issues that perpetuate spatial inequality and deprivation. We propose that longitudinal and comparative analyses, combined with ‘right to the city’ perspectives, should be considered in future research and policymaking to understand – and more importantly address – why urban renewal initiatives that aim for equitable outcomes at the neighbourhood scale ultimately fail to deliver.

Federica Bianchi, Rossella Moscarelli

The conquest of new public spaces is one of the main options in processes of urban regeneration. It seems essential in contemporary cities, since our life occurs more and more indoors and in private contexts, reducing the role of public and outdoor activities. Among cultural-based urban regeneration projects that operate within those spaces waiting for an improvement of the existing public functions, schools can play a particularly prominent role, as well spread and symbolic institutions with an educational mission for young people. From this perspective, the paper discusses how school squares, namely the urban areas close to the entrance of schools, can be designed and regenerated to produce a real public space where the city meets the school and vice versa. The paper presents a methodology to classify different typologies of school squares, based on an extensive analysis on over 600 school squares, located in the provinces of Milan, Turin and Varese. On the basis of such classification, some guidelines are discussed in order to propose a strategy to redesign these symbolic spaces and to conquer them as public areas.

A.N. Barakbayev, T.T. Mussabayev, S.E. Mamedov et al.

The authors investigated urban planning challenges in Astana by examining design documents, conducting a field survey of the territory, and conducting a sociological survey. Based on the analysis of the data obtained, four distinct groups of problems have been identified: those related to urban planning, which are linked to the growth of the urban population and the development of transportation infrastructure; those resulting from deviations from regulations and the use of unreasonably standardized coefficients in local design; those related to scientific and technical issues, which arise from the optimization of construction and installation work and lead to uncomfortable conditions; and environmental problems that arise from the reduction of green spaces. All identified problems affect the level of social comfort in the living environment. An analysis of the emergence of these problems reveals a weakness in urban design. In a detailed planning project, architectural schematicity and instability lead to the fact that individual infill developments can edit primary urban planning decisions according to the number of floors, configuration of the residential complex, functional affiliation of the site, development of transport schemes, etc. Consequently, recommendations have been put forth to forego infill development and instead prioritize neighborhood development and the necessity of establishing local planning authorities.

I. Gareeva, A.F. Garnaga, E. Kazakova

The article presents the concept of the formation of health-preserving spots in suburban areas as new forms of recreational environment for health-preservation, communication and leisure, providing the example of a project in the city of Khabarovsk. The project aims to create a unique recreational area in a sharply continental climate and a city of an average population. The project expands the health-preserving opportunities of the urban population to restore health and relax all year round. The purpose of the study is to identify the needs and analyze the possibilities of using the available recreational spots of suburban areas of the city to create particular zones for recreation, sports and leisure. The theoretical foundation of the research is the works by K. Lorenz, E. Toffler and others. [Lorenz, 1998; Toffler, 2002]. The authors hypothesize the relationship of health-preserving opportunities with the formation of special comfortable spots. The paper uses sociological studies about health preserving traditions of city population conducted by a group of researchers of the N. A. Semashko Research Institute and our own research (two focus groups among residents of the city of Khabarovsk). The results of the interview showed that residents of Khabarovsk consider the idea of creating well-maintained special zones in the suburbs, where it is possible to spend free time with health benefits, attractive. The interdisciplinary approach allows us to view the issue from the city-sociological and architectural angles. The article discusses the need to develop a concept for the use of health-preserving spots and the creation of special conditions to address the issue. The authors propose specific organizational ways to build health-preserving spots in suburban areas.

DO Cao Phuc

The article mentions the migration factor associated with the movement of labor in Ho Chi Minh City, specifically the number of workers by urban and rural areas by economic sector and enterprise sector. There have been both positive and negative impacts, especially on immigrant workers. Research methods of dialectical materialism, historical materialism along with the approach of historical science were used. In addition, data collection methods and data analysis methods combined with sociological approaches are also applied. The research results reconstruct the overall migration process in Ho Chi Minh City and its impacts. Simultaneously, the article offers a number of recommendations to improve policies for this group with the purpose of advising the government to promote migrant workers in the coming years

Pratham Singla, Ayush Singh, Adesh Gupta et al.

Urban planning faces a critical challenge in balancing city-wide infrastructure needs with localized demographic preferences, particularly in rapidly developing regions. Although existing approaches typically focus on top-down optimization or bottom-up community planning, only some frameworks successfully integrate both perspectives. Our methodology employs a two-tier approach: First, a deterministic solver optimizes basic infrastructure requirements in the city region. Second, four specialized planning agents, each representing distinct sub-regions, propose demographic-specific modifications to a master planner. The master planner then evaluates and integrates these suggestions to ensure cohesive urban development. We validate our framework using a newly created dataset comprising detailed region and sub-region maps from three developing cities in India, focusing on areas undergoing rapid urbanization. The results demonstrate that this hybrid approach enables more nuanced urban development while maintaining overall city functionality.

Liu He, Daniel Aliaga

The generation of large-scale urban layouts has garnered substantial interest across various disciplines. Prior methods have utilized procedural generation requiring manual rule coding or deep learning needing abundant data. However, prior approaches have not considered the context-sensitive nature of urban layout generation. Our approach addresses this gap by leveraging a canonical graph representation for the entire city, which facilitates scalability and captures the multi-layer semantics inherent in urban layouts. We introduce a novel graph-based masked autoencoder (GMAE) for city-scale urban layout generation. The method encodes attributed buildings, city blocks, communities and cities into a unified graph structure, enabling self-supervised masked training for graph autoencoder. Additionally, we employ scheduled iterative sampling for 2.5D layout generation, prioritizing the generation of important city blocks and buildings. Our approach achieves good realism, semantic consistency, and correctness across the heterogeneous urban styles in 330 US cities. Codes and datasets are released at https://github.com/Arking1995/COHO.

Yecheng Zhang, Tangqi Tu, Ying long

Due to rapid urbanization over the past 20 years, many newly developed areas have lagged in socio-economic maturity, creating an imbalance with older cities and leading to the rise of "ghost cities." However, due to the complexity of socio-economic factors, no global studies have measured this phenomenon. We propose a unified framework based on urban vitality theory and multi-source data, validated by various data sources. We derived 8841 natural cities globally with an area over 5 square kiloxmeters and divided each into new urban areas (developed after 2005) and old urban areas (developed before 2005). Urban vitality was gauged using the density of road networks, points of interest (POIs), and population density with 1 km resolution across morphological, functional, and social dimensions. By comparing urban vitality in new and old urban areas, we quantify the ghost cities index (GCI) globally using the theory of urban vitality for the first time. The results reveal that the vitality of new urban areas is 7.69% that of old ones. The top 5% (442) of cities were designated as ghost cities, a finding mirrored by news media and other research. This study sheds light on strategies for sustainable global urbanization, crucial for the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals.

Chenyi Cai, Biao Li, Qiyan Zhang et al.

Urban morphology, examining city spatial configurations, links urban design to sustainability. Morphology metrics play a fundamental role in performance-driven computational urban design (CUD) which integrates urban form generation, performance evaluation and optimization. However, a critical gap remains between performance evaluation and complex urban form generation, caused by the disconnection between morphology metrics and urban form, particularly in metric-to-form workflows. It prevents the application of optimized metrics to generate improved urban form with enhanced urban performance. Formulating morphology metrics that not only effectively characterize complex urban forms but also enable the reconstruction of diverse forms is of significant importance. This paper highlights the importance of establishing a bi-directional mapping between morphology metrics and complex urban form to enable the integration of urban form generation with performance evaluation. We present an approach that can 1) formulate morphology metrics to both characterize urban forms and in reverse, retrieve diverse similar 3D urban forms, and 2) evaluate the effectiveness of morphology metrics in representing 3D urban form characteristics of blocks by comparison. We demonstrate the methodology with 3D urban models of New York City, covering 14,248 blocks. We use neural networks and information retrieval for morphology metric encoding, urban form clustering and morphology metric evaluation. We identified an effective set of morphology metrics for characterizing block-scale urban forms through comparison. The proposed methodology tightly couples complex urban forms with morphology metrics, hence it can enable a seamless and bidirectional relationship between urban form generation and optimization in performance-driven urban design towards sustainable urban design and planning.

Jess Reia, Luã Cruz

Resumo A agenda de cidades inteligentes vem se consolidando no Brasil a partir de relações de poder assimétricas entre atores estatais e não estatais, sendo atravessada por conflitos de interesses entre empresas, governos e comunidades em nível transnacional, regional e local. Da Nova Agenda Urbana assinada em Quito, em 2016, aos novos “planos diretores” encabeçados por consultorias privadas nos municípios brasileiros, abordagens corporativas de inteligência no espaço urbano têm salientado a racionalidade neoliberal por trás do conceito e seus desdobramentos. Aqui, apresenta-se um olhar crítico dessa agenda desde o Sul Global, articulando o alcance do poder corporativo, a garantia de direitos (à cidade e digitais) e a resistência exercida a partir de colaborações locais e internacionais.

Khalid Sameer Baqer, Nisreen Razaq Ibraheem Joboury

Alienation is a broad concept, conveying a bunch of cognitive issues, such as Language, Philosophy, Sociology, and Psychology in addition to Architecture as well. Society is affected by a group of factors, reflected by various phenomena giving rise to making a change in society in all different aspects. There exist various concepts, such as estrangement, weirdness, and place, which must be distinguished from alienation in all its forms and categories. These are spatial alienation, social alienation, and psychological alienation. In this respect, spatial alienation means the break of continuity of Man from the place he/she belongs to due to the defragmentation in the urban fabric it can affect its architectural components. In addition, it created some sort of discrepancy and mess between the physical components of the city and its worn-out urban voids. Consequently, this creates a weakness in the social and functional interaction, as well as a divergence of the urban landscape of the urban fabric of the port cities from the cultural and civilized legacy and the identity of the place as well. This research entails concepts relating to alienation, study, and analysis of the urban form of the port cities. AL-Ashar city has been chosen to be the model of the study sample. The research has come to findings that there exists alienation between urban voids and the physical elements within the urban fabric leading to weakness in the continuity and affiliation to the identity of the place and the city’s architectural heritage. Thus, the research includes two axes: first, the theoretical concepts, while the second is the field study followed by a descriptive approach, then we introduce the outcomes, the most important conclusions, and recommendations.

N. Bakaeva, N. Romanov

Today, in the field of urban planning, the problem of preserving the recreational potential of natural territories, in particular the territories of historical and cultural landscapes, and the creation of urban public spaces in symbiosis with the natural environment in these territories is becoming increasingly important. In the theory and practice of urban planning, there is no scientifically based approach to the restoration and ecological reconstruction of the territory of historical and cultural landscapes from the standpoint of their sustainable development, as a result of which the territory of protected meadows in Suzdal has been in an environmentally unfavorable state for a long time with signs of degradation of landscape components. The purpose of the planned ecological reconstruction of urban landscapes in the city of Suzdal is to ensure a dynamic balance between the natural and urbanized environment. One of the ways to achieve such a balance, as well as to preserve the environment and improve the well-being of the local population, can be the development of eco-tourism as a tool to solve the problem of congestion in the central part of the historical settlement due to the seasonal influx of tourists. In order to reduce the anthropogenic load on the historical environment of the city, improve the welfare of the population, get acquainted with the local culture and the natural environment, it is important to separate tourist flows in different directions in green spaces along the river along organized ecological trails. During the socio-diagnostic research of the territory of historical and cultural landscapes, the dynamics of the transformation of the territory of landscapes were established and an assessment of the ecological state of the reserched territory was carried out, revealing, at the same time, the possibility of their restoration. The conducted sociological survey determined the attitude of residents and tourists of the city of Suzdal to this problem as an interested social group of the population.

Xiaoxin Zhang, Martin Brandt, Xiaoye Tong et al.

Trees play a crucial role in urban environments, offering various ecosystem services that contribute to public health and human well-being. China has initiated a range of urban greening policies over the past decades, however, monitoring their impact on urban tree dynamics at a national scale has proven challenging. In this study, we deployed nano-satellites to quantify urban tree coverage in all major Chinese cities larger than 50 km2 in 2010 and 2019. Our findings indicate that approximately 6000 km2 (11%) of urban areas were covered by trees in 2019, and 76% of these cities experienced an increase in tree cover compared to 2010. Notably, the increase in tree cover in mega-cities such as Beijing, and Shanghai was approximately twice as large as in most other cities (7.69% vs 3.94%). The study employs a data-driven approach towards assessing urban tree cover changes in relation to greening policies, showing clear signs of tree cover increases but also suggesting an uneven implementation primarily benefiting a few mega-cities.