Hasil untuk "Prehistoric archaeology"

Mark Hudson, Junzo Uchiyama, Claudia Zancan et al.

Maritime networks have been proposed as a mechanism for early agricultural and, by extension, language dispersals in several coastal and island regions. In Island Southeast Asia, such networks have sometimes been discussed as an alternative to the farming/language dispersal hypothesis. However, the relationships between Neolithic maritime networks and maritime economies are poorly known. Here, we summarise published information for three regions where Neolithic maritime networks are thought to have been associated with language dispersals (whether hypothetical or directly attested): the Mediterranean, Island Southeast Asia and Japan. We conclude that while maritime networks played an important role in the Neolithic dispersals considered here, maritime trade and resources did not necessarily represent alternative or opposing economic strategies to agriculture. It was only from the Bronze Age that long-distance trade integrated maritime exchange and resources into a broader economic system. Our review illustrates the complex relations between subsistence, technology and mobility in prehistoric maritime networks and the paper concludes with suggestions for future research.

Jan Turek

This article focuses on the reconsideration of some aspects of the Corded Ware phenomenon in Europe. It highlights the impact of new archaeogenetic data, which challenge traditional views of archaeological cultures as monothetic entities. It critiques interpretations of extensive steppe migrations as simplistic, particularly concerning genetic changes. Additionally, it underscores the importance of sacred landscapes, sacred mountains and natural shrines, in understanding Corded Ware rituals and beliefs. The continuity and transition between the Corded Ware and Bell Beaker periods are explored, with a view that rather than a sharp break, these periods represent evolving cultural and ritual practices, particularly noticeable in their burial customs. The article calls for nuanced interpretations embracing both archaeological and genetic evidence to understand the intricate cultural development of the 3rd millennium BC in Europe. 

Roman M. Reida, Anatoliy V. Heiko, Sapiehin V. Sergiy

The article deals with the ethno-cultural situation in the Dnipro Left Bank Forest-Steppe region during the Hunnic period based on a consideration of material from the sites discovered in this region, primarily burial sites, that contain finds from the last quarter of the 4th – the first half of the 5th century B.C. The sites were divided into three groups: 1) burials of nomads with some elements of Cherniakhiv culture; 2) “syncretic” burials of the Cherniakhiv culture with nomadic elements; 3) sites of Cherniakhiv culture. The existence of these sites is caused by contacts between the nomadic world and the Cherniakhiv population, who may be classified as farmers. These active contacts demonstrate different degrees of incorporation of nomads into the Cherniakhiv environment. The description of the burials that belong to these groups is presented in the article. Among them, burial 124 of the Shyshaky cemetery can be mentioned here. Due to the size of the grave and individual finds, this burial complex stands out among the sites of the Cherniakhiv culture and should be classified as belonging to the burials of princes. Based on archaeological finds, it can be stated that the arrival of the Huns did not cause catastrophic consequences for the population of the Dnipro Left Bank Forest-Steppe region. At that time, it was not a decline, but a development of the culture of the nomads (the Alans) and also the settled population of the Cherniakhiv culture.

Mehdi Mortazavi

Volume 14, Number 1 of the Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies presents a diverse range of research on the archaeological heritage of Iran and the broader region. The volume features contributions from both Iranian and international scholars, reflecting the growing global interest in this field.

Mihailo Radinović, Marija Krečković Gavrilović

Archaeologists commonly use subjective classifications to group ceramic vessels into different classes, but the usefulness of such tools for creating narratives about the past is seldom questioned. After noticing that certain ceramic classes from the Bronze Age necropolis of Mokrin have quite similar shape and size, we decided to undertake a morphometric analysis of vessels from this site. We show that some traditional classes largely overlap in both shape and size, and that the majority of funerary ceramics from Mokrin can be classified into two main morphological classes of vessels: (1) bowls; and (2) one- or two-handled beakers and amphorae. Our results go beyond this study, as they show how quantitative methods can be used in a complementary manner with more traditional tools to gain meaningful knowledge about the past.

Georgi Ivanov, Tanya Hristova, Mihaela Zaneva et al.

This paper discusses the Encrusted Pottery Culture ceramics discovered outside the Danube River strip in northwest Bulgaria. These imports, coming from 15 sites, cover the whole spectrum of the ceramic production: pottery, figurines, small finds, etc. Geographically, they are spread across the entire territory of northwest Bulgaria, reaching a distance of 40 km south of the Danube River. The imports appear in both settlements (dwellings, pits) and cemeteries. Chronologically, these finds date to the second half of the fifteenth–thirteenth century cal. BC period that corresponds to the Orsoya/Baley phase of the Encrusted Pottery Culture. Similar material north of the Danube is discussed as well. While in northwest Bulgaria, the Encrusted Pottery Culture ‘imports’ appear in Gamzigrad–Gramada or Zimnicea–Plovdiv milieu, north of the river they are related to Late Verbicioara sites. The nature of these intensive contacts between the ‘Danubian’ Encrusted Pottery Culture and ‘inland’ communities is also considered.

Stefanos Ligkovanlis

Although it is well established that Hertzian fracture characterizes stone knapping mechanics, its in-depth features on lithic products remain unclear. Observations on a basic component of the Hertzian fracture manifestation, the cone of percussion ‘system’, has previously considered to reveal knappers’ hand preference, yet offering contradictory predicting results within the context of blind tests conducted on experimental lithic products. In this study, basic features of the cone of percussion on stone flakes are re-approached in an effort to determine their exact relation to handedness manifestation during stone knapping. Experimental data analysis suggests that under certain circumstances stone knappers’ hand preference is strongly, but not absolutely, connected with the cone of percussion ‘system’ various geometrics. The pilot implementation of the suggested methodology on lithic artefacts produced by Neanderthals at Kalamakia cave-southern Greece, indicates that right-handers predominate among the flintknappers of the site.

Vassil Nikolov

In the second half of the Early Neolithic (after 5800 BC), the construction of two-story houses began in the Eastern and Central Balkans. For the time being it seems that during the Early Neolithic the two levels of these houses were used almost always residential, and that in the Late Neolithic (after 5500/5400 BC), only the upper floor had residential functions whereas the lower floor was used for economic and production purposes (storage of food or salt production). Some Neolithic houses were “cremated”, i.e., subjected to domithanasia, a voluntary act of intentional burning of the house. There were apparently different reasons for that though most probably they were not structural but possibly were related to the social sphere. The deliberately burnt houses were buried in pits following the pars pro toto principle. The debris in the pits contains remains from different parts of the structure and the installations of the interior. For now, it seems that during the Early Neolithic, the pits were located on the periphery of the settlement, and during the Late Neolithic they were relocated to off-settlement ritual assemblages. In our research thinking, we have no grounds to separate the Neolithic dead from their house-home. Therefore, the “cremated” houses would eventually lead us to their most probably cremated inhabitants. This could be one possible explanation for the large number of “missing” graves in the Balkan Neolithic.

María Pastor-Quiles , Daniel Mateo-Corredor

From traditional archaeology an image of Prehistory has been transmitted where activities and roles are attributed to women or men, frequently influenced by contemporary conceptions. In this paper we analyse the perceptions of History students about a series of statements, presented in a questionnaire based on a Likert rating scale. These statements associate activities with one sex or the other in prehistoric contexts. This research has allowed us to acknowledge the presence of some of these stereotyped visions among the students. The need of incorporating the feminist perspective into historical studies is highlighted, in order to be able to identify these stereotypes that constrain the image we have of prehistoric times. -- Desde la arqueología tradicional se ha generado una imagen de la Prehistoria en la que se atribuyen de forma marcada a mujeres u hombres trabajos y roles, frecuentemente influenciada por concepciones contemporáneas. Con este artículo analizamos la percepción del alumnado del Grado en Historia sobre una serie de afirmaciones, presentadas en un cuestionario con una escala tipo Likert, que relacionan actividades con un sexo u otro en contextos prehistóricos. Esta investigación ha permitido conocer la presencia entre el alumnado de algunas de estas visiones estereotipadas. Se evidencia la necesidad de incorporar la perspectiva feminista a los estudios históricos para tratar de ser conscientes en mayor medida de estos estereotipos que condicionan la imagen que tenemos de la Prehistoria.

Rosario Cebrián Fernández, Ignacio Hortelano Uceda

Entre los materiales recuperados en la excavación del vertedero del anfiteatro de Segobriga se encuentran envases anfóricos de la forma Richborough 527, usados para la exportación del alumbre producido en la isla de Lípari. Su comercio se vincula especialmente a las necesidades del curtido del cuero y de las manufacturas textiles, donde se utilizó como mordiente para fijar el color en los tejidos. Su hallazgo en la ciudad puede relacionarse con la actividad de officinae tinctoriae y officinae coriariae a partir de mediados del siglo I d. C.

Tadeusz Galiński

Próba rekonstrukcji wioski łowców mezolitycznych w Bolkowie nad Jeziorem Krynickim oparta jest na konkretnych źródłach archeologicznych i przyrodniczych, pozyskanych w trakcie wieloletnich, interdyscyplinarnych badań wykopaliskowych. W układzie przestrzennym zabudowy wyraźnie widoczny jest podział na dwie części: 1. zespół zabudowań skupionych na obszarze zwartego występowania wytworów krzemiennych (śmietniska podomowego). Znajdują się tu przede wszystkim budowle mieszkalne, a ponadto różne obiekty o charakterze gospodarczym – półziemianki, paleniska, jamy zasobowe i krzemienice-pracownie; 2. zespół zabudowań i różnych instalacji związanych z wierzeniami, kreacją obrzędów oraz sprawowaniem praktyk o charakterze szamańskim. Obok sanktuarium i związanych z nim obiektów zlokalizowane są tu również szałasy zamieszkiwane przez kolejnych duchowych przywódców i opiekunów „świętego miejsca”

Fernando Lillo Redonet

Este artículo muestra el uso de grafitos y textos epigráficos en el aula de iniciación al Griego Clásico. La experiencia, que une Arqueología y Filología, se ha desarrollado en el segundo curso de Griego del IES San Tomé de Freixeiro (Vigo, Pontevedra). Tras el estudio de los grafitos e inscripciones en fotografía los alumnos realizan estos mismos en diversos materiales como óstracon, barro o pasta de modelar. La selección de grafitos e inscripciones toca los siguientes temas: vida cotidiana, curas milagrosas, magia, deporte, guerra y epigrafía funeraria.

Gunadi Kasnowihardjo

Preliminary research in Lasem, Sluke and Kragan Districts, Rembang Regency, Central Java has been conducted in late 2012. The first problem in this study is to reviewing the Prehistoric Burials Site at North Beach area (PANTURA) of Rembang Regency. The objective is to seek possibility of discovering several prehistoric grave sites along the coast between Kragan and Lasem Districts. By surveying the surface along the coast, was found a few locations that are identified as prehistoric grave site such in the village of Leran, Sluke District and village of Binangun, Lasem District. Based on the survey results followed by excavation to learn more about the grave sites, especially the skeleton that was buried as the main data of this research. The skeleton findings those are typical of the Austronesian culture. This finding is significant data. Even in terms of paleoanthropological study known about tooth modification in some individuals, both of which are found on Binangun and Leran. Modified forms of the teeth look likes jasmine flower buds have never been found anywhere else in Indonesia.

Rosario Cebrián Fernández

Se presenta en este trabajo la continuación del catálogo de marcas sobre tegulas romanas descubiertas en la ciudad romana de Segobriga. Los numerosos hallazgos de la marca TVR ANI prueban que se trata del principal centro productor de la ciudad y que la responsabilidad de la producción de este material de construcción estuvo en manos de la población indígena.

Claudio Albisu Andrade

Se dan a conocer algunas patologías y casos excepcionales analizados entre los restos humanos de los niveles superiores del dolmen de Aizibita. Se plantean estos cinco estudios como aportación para conocer mejor la salud de la población que habitó, durante los comienzos de la metalurgia, en la Cuenca Alta del Ebro.

José María Blázquez Martínez

Se pasa revista a una serie de motivos iconográficos representados en vasos de procedencia tartésica e ibérica, se estudia su significado y se les pone en relación con temas similares del Próximo Oriente.

Isaac Rilova Pérez, Ana Isabel Ortega Martínez

A finales del siglo XVIII, tras la emancipación de la Geografía de las Ciencias Matemáticas y la elevación de la Cartografía a la categoría de disciplina, comienzan a elaborarse mapas en España trazados con precisión y rigor, aunque todavía condicionados por la complementariedad de las fuentes informativas. Tomás López, geógrafo real, remitió un formulario al arzobispado de Burgos para la elaboración del mapa de la diócesis, que fue contestado por don Manuel Francisco de Paula, vicario de la Cuadrilla de Gamonal, quien señala como singularidad más destacable la Cueva Mayor de la Sierra de Atapuerca, a cuya descripción dedica casi la mitad de su exposición, y donde se mezclan al unísono, junto a la admiración y el asombro pertinentes, una gran precisión en la información, aunque todavía aderezada con las más peregrinas fabulaciones y quimeras. At the end of the XVIIIth century, after the emancipation of Geography from the Mathematical Sciences and the rise of Cartography to the category of a discipline, maps started to be drawn up in Spain with precision and accuracy, although still conditioned by complementary information sources. Tomás López, the Royal geographer, sent, to the Archbishopric of Burgos, a form for making a diocese map. This request was answered by don Manuel Francisco de Paula, vicar of the «Cuadrilla de Gamonal», who points out to «Cueva Mayor de la Sierra de Atapuerca» as the most outstanding place in the diocese. Almost one half of his statement was a detail description of it, mixing the relevant admiration and amazement with a great naivety, dressed up with the most bizarre fables and legends.

Eugenio Sanz Pérez, Juan A. Gómez Barrera, R. Fort et al.

El primero de los autores reúne aquí su experiencia, de más de veinte años de estudio y seguimiento de las pinturas rupestres esquemáticas del Monte Valonsadero, con las síntesis —que él mismo traza y los demás autores anotan, corrigen o amplían— de los trabajos de estudio de la alteración de las areniscas que soportan los paneles pintados, de los análisis mineralógicos de sus pinturas y de la conservación y posible medidas para su protección, cuando se aproxima el año 2001, fecha en que este interesante núcleo de arte rupestre cumplirá cincuenta años de su descubrimiento. El interés de los autores está centrado en la necesidad de salvaguardar este tipo de manifestaciones, para lo cual entienden como prioritario el conocimiento de su estado de conservación y la llamada de atención a la Administración a fin de que ésta desarrolle sobre aquéllas cuantas actuaciones sean precisas para cumplir con la inexorable obligación de legarlas, al menos en su situación actual, a la posterioridad. The first one oí the authors assembles his experience of more than twenty-year-old study made of the schematic rock paintings in Monte Valonsadero, together with the syntheses —also made by him and later revised by the other authors— firstly of the studies of the alteration of the sandstone which support the paintings, secondly of the mineralogical analysis of the paint, and finally aiming to the preservation and possible actions for their protection. This article has an especial significance owing to the closeness of the year 2001, date on which the discovery of this interesting cave art nucleus will be fifty years of age. The main interest of tfie authors aims at the necessity of safeguarding tfiis type of paintings and ttiat is why they give priority to the knowledge of the preservation level in which the paintings are and, at the same time, they make a cali on the Authorities attention so that they could make any precise action to fulfil their inexorable duty to leave the paintings, at least as they are nowadays, to posterity.

Mª Amor Beguiristain, Francisco Etxeberría, Lourdes Herrasti

Se publican tres tumbas de una necrópolis inédita de la etapa visigoda (s. VI-VIII d.C), descubierta en Puente la Reina, (Navarra, España). Se describe, junto a otras paleopatologías, el caso más antiguo de lepra identificado en España.

Mónica Solís Delgado

El conjunto de abrigos decorados con pinturas postpaleolíticas que componen Bacinete, pertenecientes al término municipal de Los Barrios, constituye una de las estaciones más importantes de toda la provincia de Cádiz. Por temática y estilo, se sitúa en un contexto postpaleolítico de primeros productores, y se adscribe estilísticamente al horizonte esquemático. The shelters decorated with postpalaeolithic paintings that are found in the village area of Los Barrios and that comprise Bacinete, it is a important station of this kind in the whole of Cádiz province. By its subject and style it is framed in a postpalaeolithic context of first producers and stylistically speaking it ascribes itself to the schematic horizon.