Hasil untuk "Pharmacy and materia medica"

Meiyu Shao, Xiaoqing Zhang, Jiamei Sun et al.

ABSTRACT Saikosaponin b1 (Ssb1), a natural oleanane‐type triterpenoid saponin, exhibits antifibrosis activity by inhibiting the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), but the specific underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. Here, it is found that Ssb1 could directly bind with the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and effectively inhibit the activation of HSCs. Proteomic techniques and molecular simulation revealed that Ssb1 is mainly bound to the S319 residues of STAT3 in the coiled‐coil domain. Further studies indicated that Ssb1 binding with STAT3 inhibited its transcriptional activity, and regulated glioma‐associated oncogene‐1 (Gli1) expression in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Besides, Ssb1 binding blocked interaction between STAT3 and Gli1, which promoted degradation of Gli1 protein by suppressor of fused homolog (SUFU) and the ubiquitin‐proteasome system. The loss function of Gli1 led to decreased expression of Bcl2 and promoted the apoptosis of activated HSCs. Moreover, STAT3 ablation abolished the Ssb1‐mediated antifibrotic effects. These findings show that STAT3 plays a vital role in Ssb1 treatment of liver fibrosis, and Ssb1 as a STAT3 inhibitor might be a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis.

Kathryn King, Wladyslawa Czuber-Dochan, Trudie Chalder et al.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is treated with medications to induce and maintain remission. However, many people with IBD do not take their prescribed treatment. Identifying factors associated with IBD medication adherence is crucial for supporting effective disease management and maintaining remission. Quantitative and qualitative studies researching IBD medication adherence between 2011 and 2023 were reviewed. In total, 36,589 participants were included in 79 studies. The associated non-adherence factors were contradictory across studies, with rates notably higher (72–79%) when measured via medication refill. Non-adherence was lower in high-quality studies using self-report measures (10.7–28.7%). The frequent modifiable non-adherence risks were a poor understanding of treatment or disease, medication accessibility and an individual’s organisation and planning. Clinical variables relating to non-adherence were the treatment type, drug regime and disease activity. Depression, negative treatment beliefs/mood and anxiety increased the non-adherence likelihood. The non-modifiable factors of limited finance, younger age and female sex were also risks. Side effects were the main reason cited for IBD non-adherence in interviews. A large, contradictory set of literature exists regarding the factors underpinning IBD non-adherence, influenced by the adherence measures used. Simpler medication regimes and improved accessibility would help to improve adherence. IBD education could enhance patient knowledge and beliefs. Reminders and cues might minimise forgetting medication. Modifying risks through an adherence support intervention could improve outcomes.

Ryung Lee, Rahul Kumar, Jainam Shah et al.

Spaceflight-associated dry eye syndrome (SADES) has been reported among astronauts during both International Space Station (ISS) and Space Transportation System (STS) missions. As future missions extend beyond low Earth orbit, the physiological challenges of spaceflight include microgravity, radiation, and environmental stressors, which may further exacerbate the development of ocular surface disease. A deeper understanding of the underlying pathophysiology, along with the exploration of innovative countermeasures, is critical. In this review, we examine nanomedicine as a promising countermeasure for managing ophthalmic conditions in space, with the goal of enhancing visual health and mission readiness for long-duration exploration-class missions.

Seiichi Yamano, Kenji Inoue, Yoichiro Taguchi

Gene therapy has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach across various oral diseases. This review examines current applications and future prospects of gene therapy in dentistry, focusing on five key areas: oral cancer, cancer-related pain, xerostomia (dry mouth), dental caries, and periodontal disease. Recent advances in viral and non-viral vectors have enabled more efficient gene delivery systems, with particular success in cancer pain management through µ-opioid receptor gene transfer and xerostomia treatment using aquaporin-1 gene therapy. For periodontal applications, gene therapy strategies include both immunomodulation and tissue regeneration approaches using growth factors like platelet-derived growth factor and bone morphogenetic proteins. While significant progress has been made, particularly in treating radiation-induced xerostomia and oral cancer pain, challenges remain in vector optimization and delivery methods. Clinical trials, predominantly in Phase I, indicate both the potential and current limitations of gene therapy in oral healthcare. This review synthesizes current evidence and outlines future directions for gene therapy applications in oral medicine and dentistry.

LuckyDonald L Kynshi, Umang Soni, Chithra H Sharma et al.

Shallow undoped Si/SiGe quantum wells are the leading platforms for hosting quantum processors based on spin-qubits. The ohmic contacts to the electron gas in these systems are accomplished by ion-implantation technique since the conventional Au/Sb alloyed contacts present a rough surface consisting of sharp islands and pits. These sharp protrusions cause electrical discharge across the gate-dielectric between the ohmic contacts and the accumulation-gates causing device break-down. A clear understanding of the surface morphology, elemental, compositional and electrical characterization of the alloyed region would enable one to engineer a smoother post alloyed surface. In this work, we find that the rough surface morphology is a cumulative effect of the Au/Si eutectic reaction and the threading dislocations inherent in the heterostructure. The structural, elemental, and chemical-state analysis show that the inverted pyramidal pits are resulting from the enhanced Au/Si eutectic reaction at the threading dislocations stemming from the heterostructure interface, while, the sharp protrusions causing accumulation gate-leakage are gold-rich precipitations. The protrusions are removed using an aqua regia treatment prior to the deposition of the gate-oxide and gate electrode. Exploiting a Hall bar device, we analyse the mobility and carrier concentration of the undoped Si/SiGe consisting of Au/Sb alloyed contacts down to 1.5 K. The measured mobility ~10^5 cm^2/Vs and carrier concentration of ~10^11/cm^2are comparable to the reported values on similar high-mobility heterostructures confirming the efficacy of our modified Au/Sb alloy technique in accomplishing high-efficiency contacts to undoped Si/SiGe heterostructures.

Yan-Cheng Guo and, Tian-Sheuan Chang, Chih-Sheng Lin et al.

Computing-in-memory (CIM) is renowned in deep learning due to its high energy efficiency resulting from highly parallel computing with minimal data movement. However, current SRAM-based CIM designs suffer from long latency for loading weight or feature maps from DRAM for large AI models. Moreover, previous SRAM-based CIM architectures lack end-to-end model inference. To address these issues, this paper proposes CIMR-V, an end-to-end CIM accelerator with RISC-V that incorporates CIM layer fusion, convolution/max pooling pipeline, and weight fusion, resulting in an 85.14\% reduction in latency for the keyword spotting model. Furthermore, the proposed CIM-type instructions facilitate end-to-end AI model inference and full stack flow, effectively synergizing the high energy efficiency of CIM and the high programmability of RISC-V. Implemented using TSMC 28nm technology, the proposed design achieves an energy efficiency of 3707.84 TOPS/W and 26.21 TOPS at 50 MHz.

Hércules H. Santana and, E. V. L. de Mello

Underdoped cuprate superconductors are believed to be strongly correlated with electronic systems with small phase stiffness leading to a large phase fluctuation region is known as the pseudogap state. With increasing doping it is generally agree that they become Fermi liquid, rendering the end of the superconductivity due to the sufficiently large electronic screening. However, this scenario does not stand against a recent experiment\cite{OverJJ2022} that combined magnetic susceptibility and Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (STM) which measured superconducting gaps and amplitudes amid charge inhomogeneity far beyond the critical doping $p_{\rm c} \approx 0.27$. We reproduced these results by calculating the localized superconducting amplitudes that emerge out of charge inhomogeneities, which forms a mesoscopic granular superconductor with an array of Josephson junctions, whose average couplings determine the critical temperature $T_{\rm c}$. The calculations agree with the experiments and both yield that underdoped and overdoped compounds have superconducting long-range order by the same mechanism.

Zenli Cheng, Ashok Kumar Janakiraman, Baskaran Gunasekaran et al.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) in their many formulations have prompted an immense interest in nanomedicine and drug development. Numerous ZnO-NPs bioactive formulations demonstrate remarkable broad applications in deciphering their therapeutic effects and bioimaging. Their unique size, morphology-dependent properties and modifiable surface chemistry have made them promising candidates for translation into novel, alternative nanomedicines. ZnO-NPs demonstrate biocompatibility and are non-toxic with relatively required in-expensive production techniques. This review presents an in-depth comprehension of the synthesis, chemical and biological peculiarities of ZnO-NPs, including their varied manufacturing methods and their impactful applications in biomedicine. The physical, chemical and biological synthesis approaches that are unique for ZnO-NPs synthesis were comprehensively reviewed, followed by their applications in therapeutics (anticancer, antibacterial, drug delivery, skin treatment, antidiabetic and antioxidant), diagnostics (bioimaging and biosensor) and theranostics as well as their health hazards. ZnO-NPs exhibit antibacterial and anticancer activities, primarily through the liberation of zinc ions and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which disrupt the cell membrane. Their anticancer properties are additionally apprised with an escalation in caspase 3/7 along with the modulation of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. ZnO-NPs are reviewed to attenuate hepatocellular carcinoma. Further, this article comprehended various in-vitro and in-vivo therapeutic effects of novel drug formulations of ZnO-NPs. It also delved into two fascinating areas: ZnO-NPs’ performance in comparison with other NPs and the potential of ZnO-NPs heterostructures with 2D nanomaterials. The goal of this review is to inspire further research efforts to meet the growing needs of next-generation nanomedicine.

Dana Dadanbekova, Kairat Zhakipbekov, Almat Kodasbayev et al.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of 2 different therapies of cardiomyopathy (CM) after COVID -19. The focus of the study is fixed dose combination (FDC) of sacubitril/valsartan and standard therapy in Kazakhstan. This is written from the point of view of the health insurance institution. Information for the age, gender, CM therapy, number of hospitalizations, COVID-19 infection, and past cardiovascular surgeries of 237 patients with incidents of CM which required a hospitalization after a COVID-19 infection was collected. Selected patients were divided into two groups: the cost of FDC and standard therapy and the annual cost of their therapy was calculated. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was calculated by dividing the cost of medication therapy by the number of hospitalizations between the two compared groups. Robustness of the results was tested with deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. The study was performed in City cardiology centre of Almaty in Kazakhstan during 2020–2022. Results show that FDC is more costly but more effective, leading to fewer hospitalizations. ICER accounts for €-2,743.08 per hospitalization saved in the group on FDC vs standard of therapy. Sacubitril/valsartan is cost-effective in ambulatory conditions in comparison with standard therapy of cardiomyopathy after COVID-19 leading to savings due to the decrease in the number of hospitalizations.

Iwona Wrześniewska - Wal

This article presents the results of a pilot study to assess the knowledge and attitudes of physicians in training about adult vaccination in pharmacies and the impact of these results on collaboration between the two communities. The Pharmacy Profession Act has changed the role and tasks of the pharmacist. Pharmacists can provide health services. Immunization is the first health service in Poland to be provided as part of pharmaceutical care by pharmacists in pharmacies. An important novelty of the pilot is to show the attitudes of young physicians toward the new competencies of pharmacists in qualifying and performing vaccinations in pharmacies. The pilot presents the point of view of physicians (mean age 33 years) who were undergoing specialty training in 2023. Physicians' knowledge of pharmacy vaccinations that may be fully or partially publicly funded, i.e. COVID-19, influenza, and pneumococcal, was assessed. The results indicate that physicians had the greatest knowledge of pharmacy vaccination against COVID-19 and influenza. In the study group, only 37% of physicians recommend pharmacy vaccination. The larger the city in which the physician works, the more often he or she recommends pharmacy vaccination. However, 63% of physicians surveyed do not recommend pharmacy vaccinations. The pilot identified reasons why young physicians do not recommend pharmacy vaccinations. Respondents most often answered that they do not recommend pharmacy vaccination because patients do not ask for it (31%), patients vaccinate at the health center (26%), physicians and do not cooperate with pharmacies on vaccination (23%). The survey shows that there is an urgent need to include training on adult immunization in the educational programs of all health professions, including physicians, which can be delivered in pharmacies. Pharmacists can support vaccination education. Therefore, collaboration at the local level is essential: community pharmacy - health center or family physician practice. Particular attention should be paid to the contact between physicians and pharmacists in large urban areas where cooperation between the two groups is lacking or limited.

Karnati Sravani, Balaji Vaithialingam, Dheeraj Masapu et al.

Jianxi Huang, Yu-Ting Chien, Qingxin Mu et al.

<b>Background/Objectives:</b> Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death, with breast, liver, and pancreatic cancers significantly contributing to this burden. Traditional treatments face issues including dose-limiting toxicity, drug resistance, and limited efficacy. Combining therapeutic agents can enhance effectiveness and reduce toxicity, but separate administration often leads to inefficiencies due to differing pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. Co-formulating hydrophobic chemotherapeutics such as paclitaxel (PTX) and hydrophilic immunologic agents such as polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly IC) is particularly challenging due to their distinct physicochemical properties. This study presents a novel and efficient approach for the co-delivery of PTX and Poly IC using chitosan-based nanoparticles. <b>Method:</b> Chitosan-PEG (CP) nanoparticles were developed to encapsulate both PTX and Poly IC, overcoming their differing physicochemical properties and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. <b>Results</b>: With an average size of ~100 nm, these nanoparticles facilitate efficient cellular uptake and stability. In vitro results showed that CP-PTX-Poly IC nanoparticles significantly reduced cancer cell viability in breast (4T1), liver (HepG2), and pancreatic (Pan02) cancer types, while also enhancing dendritic cell (DC) maturation. <b>Conclusions</b>: This dual-modal delivery system effectively combines chemotherapy and immunotherapy, offering a promising solution for more effective cancer treatment and improved outcomes.

Danbi Kim, Jiho Park, Changhoon Baek et al.

We report a systematic approach for establishing a complementary relationship between the interference visibility, concurrence, and predictability in the crossing of induced and stimulated coherences of two-mode squeezed coherent states. This is achieved using a double-path interferometer involving two independent four-wave mixing (FWM) atomic samples generated via spontaneous and stimulated FWM processes from a warm atomic ensemble of 87Rb. We demonstrate that the transition from quantum to classical behavior can be characterized by the induced coherence effect, distinguishing between the two-mode squeezed vacuum and coherent states. Moreover, our experimental scheme, employing two FWM atomic ensembles with long-coherent photons, provides valuable insights into the complementarity of which-path information in induced and stimulated coherences.

Kevin D. Phelan, U Thaung Shwe, Fang Zheng

Given the unique expression patterns and revelations of its critical involvement in a host of neurological disorders, the TRPC1/4/5 subgroup has become an intense target of drug development, and some compounds are now in clinical trials. However, little is known about the exact subunit composition of this subfamily of TRPC channels in various native tissues, and whether it has functional and pharmacological implications. In this study, we investigated the effects of two TRPC4 modulators located in the lateral septum, in which a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist-induced plateau potential is mediated by TRPC channels composed of TRPC1 and TRPC4. Lateral septal neurons were recorded intracellularly in brain slices using sharp electrodes. Drugs were applied via bath superfusion. We showed that the plateau potential in mice lacking TRPC1 is modulated by ML204 and La³⁺ in a manner that is like homomeric TRPC4 channels in artificial expression systems. However, the plateau potential that is primarily mediated by heteromeric TRPC1/4 channels in lateral septal neurons in wildtype mice was modulated differently by ML204 and La³⁺. Our data suggest that native homomeric TRPC4 channels and heteromeric TRPC1/4 channels are pharmacologically distinct, and the current drug development strategy regarding TRPC1/4/5 may need to be reevaluated.

Jacob Casey, S. Shanmukharao Samatham, Christopher Burgio et al.

We report on the magnetic and electrical properties of a (Mn$_3$Sn)$_2$ triangular network kagome structured high quality Ho substituted ErMn$_6$Sn$_6$ single-crystal sample by magneto-transport measurements. Er$_{0.5}$Ho$_{0.5}$Mn$_6$Sn$_6$ orders antiferromagnetically at Néel temperature $T_\mathrm{N} \sim$ 350 K followed by a ferrimagnetic (FiM) transition at $T_\mathrm{C} \sim$ 114 K and spin-orientation transition at $T_\mathrm{t} \sim$ 20 K. The field-manifestations of these magnetic phases in the \textit{ab}-basal plane and along the \textit{c}-axis are illustrated through temperature-field \textit{T-H} phase diagrams. In \textit{H}$\parallel$\textit{c}, narrow hysteresis between spin reorientation and field-induced FiM phases below $T_\mathrm{t}$, enhanced/strengthened FiM phase below $T_\mathrm{C}$ and stemming of FiM phase out of strongly coexisting AFM and FiM phases below $T_\mathrm{N}$ through a non-meta-magnetic transition are confirmed to arise from strong R-Mn sublattices interaction. In contrast, \textit{H}$\parallel$\textit{ab}-plane, between $T_\mathrm{N}$ and $T_\mathrm{C}$, individually contributing R-Mn sublattices with weak antiferromagnetic interactions undergo a field-induced spin-flop quasi-metamagnetic transition to FiM state. The temperature dependent electrical resistivity suggests metallic nature with Fermi liquid behavior at low temperatures. Essentially, the current study stimulates interest to investigate the magnetic and electrical properties of mixed rare-earth layered kagome magnetic metals for possible novel and exotic behavior.

Francisco Javier Ferreira Alfaya

Tutu Kalita, Saba Abbasi Dezfouli, Lalit M. Pandey et al.

RNAi (RNA interference)-based technology is emerging as a versatile tool which has been widely utilized in the treatment of various diseases. siRNA can alter gene expression by binding to the target mRNA and thereby inhibiting its translation. This remarkable potential of siRNA makes it a useful candidate, and it has been successively used in the treatment of diseases, including cancer. However, certain properties of siRNA such as its large size and susceptibility to degradation by RNases are major drawbacks of using this technology at the broader scale. To overcome these challenges, there is a requirement for versatile tools for safe and efficient delivery of siRNA to its target site. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have been extensively explored to this end, and this paper reviews different types of LNPs, namely liposomes, solid lipid NPs, nanostructured lipid carriers, and nanoemulsions, to highlight this delivery mode. The materials and methods of preparation of the LNPs have been described here, and pertinent physicochemical properties such as particle size, surface charge, surface modifications, and PEGylation in enhancing the delivery performance (stability and specificity) have been summarized. We have discussed in detail various challenges facing LNPs and various strategies to overcome biological barriers to undertake the safe delivery of siRNA to a target site. We additionally highlighted representative therapeutic applications of LNP formulations with siRNA that may offer unique therapeutic benefits in such wide areas as acute myeloid leukaemia, breast cancer, liver disease, hepatitis B and COVID-19 as recent examples.

Arushi Goel, Niveditha Kalavakonda, Nour Karessli et al.

In this paper, we present the details of Women in Computer Vision Workshop - WiCV 2021, organized alongside the virtual CVPR 2021. It provides a voice to a minority (female) group in the computer vision community and focuses on increasing the visibility of these researchers, both in academia and industry. WiCV believes that such an event can play an important role in lowering the gender imbalance in the field of computer vision. WiCV is organized each year where it provides a)~opportunity for collaboration between researchers from minority groups, b)~mentorship to female junior researchers, c)~financial support to presenters to overcome monetary burden and d)~large and diverse choice of role models, who can serve as examples to younger researchers at the beginning of their careers. In this paper, we present a report on the workshop program, trends over the past years, a summary of statistics regarding presenters, attendees, and sponsorship for the WiCV 2021 workshop.

Kolluru Venkata Kiran, Anupam Gupta, Akhilesh Kumar Verma and et al.

We use the mean-bacterial-velocity model to investigate the \textit{irreversibility} of two-dimensional (2D) \textit{bacterial turbulence} and to compare it with its 2D fluid-turbulence counterpart. We carry out extensive direct numerical simulations of Lagrangian tracer particles that are advected by the velocity field in this model. Our work uncovers an important, qualitative way in which irreversibility in bacterial turbulence is different from its fluid-turbulence counterpart: For large positive (or large but negative) values of the \textit{friction} (or \textit{activity}) parameter, the probability distribution functions of energy increments, along tracer trajectories, or the power are \textit{positively} skewed; so irreversibility in bacterial turbulence can lead, on average, to \textit{particles gaining energy faster than they lose it}, which is the exact opposite of what is observed for tracers in 2D fluid turbulence.

Jamilatur Rohmah, Ida Agustini Saidi, Chylen Setiyo Rini et al.

Turi (Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers.) is a type of plant belonging to the Fabaceae family that is widespread in Indonesian territory and has the potential as a natural free radical scavenger. The study aims to compare the antioxidant activity from white Turi (Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers.) leaf extracts in various extraction solvents. The determination of antioxidant activity was carried out using the DPPH method with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The turi plants used were originated from Mojosari, Mojokerto, East Java, Indonesia. Simplicia turi leaves were macerated in various extraction solvents: ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane for 24 hours. The extraction results are then subjected to phytochemical and antioxidant activity tests. The obtained result shows that the white turi extract has antioxidant activity with strong activity against DPPH radicals; with n-hexane > ethyl acetate extract > ethanol extract. The IC50 values of ethanol, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate extracts of white turi leaves were 33.09 ppm; 26.99 ppm; and 25.33 ppm. Based on these results, the white turi plant (leaves) can be one of the natural sources of antioxidants to prevent diseases caused by free radicals.