Hasil untuk "History of Northern Europe. Scandinavia"

Yanqian Ding, Chris Metherell, Richard A. Ennos et al.

ABSTRACT Background The flora of Northern Europe has a complex glacial history, with species recolonising via different migration routes. However, traditional genetic markers have often struggled to resolve subtle population structure arising from closely located or cryptic refugia. Aims This study investigated the phylogeography of the widespread plant species Euphrasia micrantha in Scotland, using genome skimming to detect complex patterns of recolonisation. Methods We recovered complete plastid genomes and partial nuclear ribosomal DNA arrays for 145 individuals of E. micrantha and sympatric species. Phylogeographic histories are inferred from comparative phylogenetics and haplotype diversity measures. Results We identified a plastid haplotype group unique to E. micrantha, and present only in northern Scotland, while two other genetic clusters were intermixed with co-occurring species. Within the unique plastid lineage, we detected subtle east–west genetic divergence. Conclusions E. micrantha recolonised Scotland from multiple distinct refugia, potentially including cryptic northern refugia. The genetic distinctiveness of northern Scottish E. micrantha suggests a cryptic lineage, and/or this species’ distinct ecology and mating system maintain population differences. Genome skimming is likely to be useful in many other phylogeographic studies requiring dense population sampling.

Erik Skovbjerg Rasmussen, Karen Dybkjær, Jørgen Christian Toft et al.

The Neogene of the Danish North Sea is more than 1200 m thick. Despite being penetrated by numerous wells, formal lithostratigraphic subdivision of this succession has previously been restricted to the lowermost part. This monograph presents a comprehensive lithostratigraphy of the offshore Neogene of Denmark, in part extending recognised onshore units into the offshore realm. The mainly Lower Miocene deltaic deposits are referred to the Ribe Group, which is subdivided into six formations: the Klintinghoved, Bastrup, Arnum, Odderup, Dany (new) and Nora (new) Formations. The lowermost Miocene Vejle Fjord and Billund Formations known from the onshore lithostratigraphy are absent in the offshore wells. The dominantly fully marine Middle and Upper Miocene sediments are referred to the Måde Group, subdivided into the Hodde, Ørnhøj, Gram, Marbæk and Luna (new) Formations; the Luna Formation includes the Lille John Member (new). The Pliocene deltaic deposits are referred to the Eridanos Group (new), which is subdivided into the Vagn (new), Emma (new) and Elin (new) Formations.The depositional history of the Neogene of the Danish North Sea sector is presented based on a detailed reconstruction of subsurface morphology by the mapping of stratigraphical surfaces dated by biostratigraphy. During the Early Miocene, deposition in the Danish North Sea was dominated by progradation from Scandinavia; large deltas built out into the Danish onshore area from the north and north-east. West of the main deltas, muddy contourites periodically accumulated on the slope, accentuating shelf progradation. The Middle and Late Miocene period was mostly characterised by fully marine conditions and deposition of mud. By the end of the Miocene, progradation of delta systems from Scandinavia into the North Sea resumed, and the shoreline reached the westernmost part of the Danish North Sea sector. During the Pliocene, new source areas in central and eastern Europe, such as the Carpathian Mountains, were activated and a huge delta system, the so-called Eridanos Delta, began to fill the North Sea Basin from the east and the south-east. Due to increased subsidence of the basin associated with the loading of sediments of the Eridanos Delta, the northern systems were flooded. Although the Danish North Sea thus mainly received sediments from central Europe during the Pliocene, progradation from Scandinavia resumed at the end of the Pliocene.

Stefan Kulk, Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius

In this chapter we discuss the relation between privacy and freedom of expression in Europe. In principle, the two rights have equal weight in Europe - which right prevails depends on the circumstances of a case. We use the Google Spain judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union, sometimes called the 'right to be forgotten' judgment, to illustrate the difficulties when balancing the two rights. The court decided in Google Spain that people have, under certain conditions, the right to have search results for their name delisted. We discuss how Google and Data Protection Authorities deal with such delisting requests in practice. Delisting requests illustrate that balancing privacy and freedom of expression interests will always remain difficult.

Gjergji Kasneci, Urs Gasser, Thomas F. Hofmann et al.

Europe is at a make-or-break moment in the global AI race, squeezed between the massive venture capital and tech giants in the US and China's scale-oriented, top-down drive. At this tipping point, where the convergence of AI with complementary and synergistic technologies, like quantum computing, biotech, VR/AR, 5G/6G, robotics, advanced materials, and high-performance computing, could upend geopolitical balances, Europe needs to rethink its AI-related strategy. On the heels of the AI Action Summit 2025 in Paris, we present a sharp, doable strategy that builds upon Europe's strengths and closes gaps.

Jukka Ruohonen, Paul Timmers

A new Digital Europe Programme (DEP), a funding instrument for development and innovation, was established in the European Union (EU) in 2021. The paper makes an empirical inquiry into the projects funded through the DEP. According to the results, the projects align well with the DEP's strategic focus on cyber security, artificial intelligence, high-performance computing, innovation hubs, small- and medium-sized enterprises, and education. Most of the projects have received an equal amount of national and EU funding. Although national origins of participating organizations do not explain the amounts of funding granted, there is a rather strong tendency for national organizations to primarily collaborate with other national organizations. Finally, information about the technological domains addressed and the economic sectors involved provides decent explanatory power for statistically explaining the funding amounts granted. With these results and the accompanying discussion, the paper contributes to the timely debate about innovation, technology development, and industrial policy in Europe.

Edita Osmanović

Morten Hammerborg

Hilde Gunn Slottemo

Rundt forrige århundreskifte hadde borgerskapets kvinner stor betydning når det gjaldt å bygge opp ulike lokale velferdstiltak. Slik var det også i de to kommunene Mo og Nord-Rana i Nordland. Driftige kvinner fra det lokale borgerskapet engasjerte seg blant annet i alkoholpolitikken og i oppbygginga av ulike helse- og velferdstilbud for lokalbefolkninga. Ved å sammenligne med lokalsamfunnene Lillestrøm og Skedsmo utenfor Oslo blir særegenheter ved Mo/Nord-Rana tydelige. Studien kan kaste lys over tidligere forskning og dens diskusjoner om hvorvidt det var kommune, veldedige organisasjoner eller stat som hadde størst betydning i den tidlige utviklinga av velferdssamfunnet.

Veronika Horáčková

Himanshu Mavani, Navinder Singh

The way the topic of black-body radiation is presented in standard textbooks (i.e. from Rayleigh-Jeans to Max Planck) does not follow the actual historical timeline of the understanding of the black-body radiation problem. Authors believe that a presentation which follows an actual timeline of the ideas (although not a logical presentation of the field) would be of interest not only from the history of science perspective but also from a pedagogical perspective. Therefore, we attempt a concise history of this very interesting field of science.

Kamran Ali Khan Niazi, Marta Victoria

Agrivoltaics (APV) is the dual use of land by combining agricultural crop production and photovoltaic (PV) systems. In this work, we have analyzed three different APV configurations: static with optimal tilt, vertically-mounted bifacial, and single-axis horizontal tracking. A model is developed to calculate the shadowing losses on the PV panels along with the reduced solar irradiation reaching the area under them for different PV capacity densities. First, we investigate the trade-offs using a location in Denmark as a case study and second, we extrapolate the analysis to the rest of Europe. We find that the vertical and single-axis tracking produce more uniform irradiance on the ground, and a capacity density of around 30 W/m2 is suitable for APV systems. Based on our model and a 100 m-resolution land cover database, we calculate the potential for APV in every NUTS-2 region within the European Union (EU). The potential for APV is enormous as the electricity generated by APV systems could produce 28 times the current electricity demand in Europe. Overall, the potential capacity for APV in Europe is 51 TW, which would result in an electricity yield of 71500 TWh/year.

Jürgen Eder

Booktube is a phenomenon that has existed internationally for some time and is drawing attention to itself through a constantly growing community as well as its originality and changeability. The article suggests integrating this variant of the digital literary public into studies of literature, not least because its effectiveness has been demonstrated above all in a younger reading public. The possibilities and limits of integration into literary practice are discussed, using selected examples from German and English-speaking countries. This is done on the basis of comparison with traditional literary criticism and the empirical description of what Booktube actually constitutes.

Tim Lüthi

Hanne Østhus

Birger Løvlie

Samandrag Det dansk-norske eneveldet (1660–1814) ga kongen full råderett over kirkens liv og ordning. Dette førte til spenninger i forhold til den lutherske bekjennelse, som skilte tydelig mellom åndelig og verdslig makt. Eneveldet ble likevel forsvart av pietistiske teologer, som tilkjente kongen guddommelige forutsetninger for absolutt makt som lovgiver for det religiøse så vel som det borgerlige livet. Eneveldig kongemakt over religionen plasserte geistligheten nær kongen og fjernt fra folket. Prester som Hans Strøm (1726–97) og Andreas Faye (1802–69) framheves som eksempler på at opplysningsinteresserte geistlige så det som sitt kall å føre kirken nærmere folks hverdag. I Grunnloven av 1814 ble statens offentlige religion videreført som et område for kongens makt. I tida fram til 1870 kan det observeres økt arbeid for å styrke geistlighetens forbindelse til folket innenfor statskirkens rammer. Tiltakene handlet både om forbedringer i presteutdannelsen og i teologisk arbeid for en ekklesiologi med basis i den lokale menighet.

Radosław Kotecki, Carsten Selch Jensen, Stephen Bennett

Lars Holden, Svetlana Boudko, Gunnar Thorvaldsen

Sammendrag Historisk befolkningsregister, HBR, er et register over den norske befolkningen fra 1801 frem til Det sentrale folkeregisteret fra 1964. Det lages ved å lenke sammen personforekomster av samme person i folketellinger og kirkebøker og koble sammen nære familiemedlemmer.     Vi viser hvordan algoritmer brukes til å finne lenker og koblinger. Vi har funnet familierelasjoner i alle de nominative folketellingene, også der familiestilling ikke er beskrevet i folketellingen. Alle algoritmene baserer seg på likhet i navn, fødselsår, fødested, yrke, bosted og tilsvarende egenskaper hos familiemedlemmer. I tillegg sjekker vi at alle hendelsene gir et naturlig livsløp. Algoritmene må tilpasses de ulike kildene for å holde feilraten under en teoretisk målsetning på 1 % – noen fasit fins imidlertid ikke. Vi må for eksempel ha strengere kriterier for likhet i store kommuner som Oslo, enn i mindre kommuner og strengere i 1865-folketellingen enn i den mer nøyaktige 1891-folketellingen. Vi har funnet samme person i etterfølgende folketellinger på nasjonalt nivå ved å bruke sjeldne etternavn. Vi har også søkt etter lignende personforekomster i samme kommune og fylke i Digitalarkivet for alle personer i en av de nasjonale folketellingene.     Det er laget maskinelle lenker ved Registeringssentral for historiske data, UiT og Norsk Regnesentral. Ved nettstedet histreg.no er det også mulig å lage manuelle lenker. Vi viser utviklingen av bidragsytere, lenker og koblinger i databasen i den fireårige perioden til registeret.

Gunnar Yttri

Tora Aasland, Geir Sverre Braut

Sammendrag Samvirke er et kjernebegrep i beredskapsarbeidet og redningstjenesten i Norge. Vår hypotese er at grunnlaget for samvirke mellom offentlige og frivillige ressurser i beredskapsarbeid og krisehåndtering blir skapt lokalt, og ikke kommer som en følge av pålegg eller prinsipper gitt av overordnete instanser. Mulige forklaringer på dette kan være at den kunnskapen som samvirket bygger på, finnes i lokal historie og tradisjoner, eller at frivillige er en integrert del av selve lokalsamfunnet. I denne artikkelen presenteres funn fra en undersøkelse av kommuners erfaringer fra samarbeid med frivillige organisasjoner i beredskapsarbeid.     Studien er gitt et kvalitativt design, basert på intervjuer med ledelsen i ni utvalgte kommuner. Gjennom intervjuene har vi ønsket å se nærmere på kommunenes forventninger til samvirket med frivillige organisasjoner, deres egne oppfatninger om sin rolle, bruken av kompetanse hos frivillige ressurser samt erfaringer med og tillit til samvirket.     Lokale samvirkeerfaringer før og nå drøftes i lys av fortidens erfaringer og dagens situasjon for lokalsamfunnene. Arbeidet er forankret i teorier om arbeid og arbeidsfellesskap, først og fremst knyttet til lokalsamfunn og kommunalt ansvar.

Albert Ammerman

One of the last chapters in the long course of human evolution was the shift from hunting and gathering to the production of food or strategies of subsistence based on farming and the herding of animals. In Southwest Asia, the first steps towards the origins of agriculture began some 12,000 years ago and then spread over most regions of Europe during the span of time from about 10,400 years ago (the start of the so-called PPNB on the island of Cyprus) through around 6,000 years ago. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview on the research that we have done on the question of the Neolithic transition in Europe, which began when Luca CavalliSforza, a leading figure in the field of human population genetics, and I began to work in collaboration at the University of Pavia in November of 1970. This draft forms the basis of my paper as part of the Festschrift prepared for the 45th anniversary of Ryszard Grygiel and Peter Bogucki's scientific cooperation.