Potential tropospheric noise is a critical factor that undermines the effectiveness of deformation monitoring in Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) technologies. In most scenarios, many point targets within the InSAR deformation monitoring area either do not undergo deformation or exhibit only minimal deformation trends. The phases of densely distributed stable points can effectively respond to spatial tropospheric delays, particularly turbulent atmospheric phases. This study proposes a data-driven InSAR atmospheric correction method by exploring how to use these densely stable InSAR time series to model atmospheric phase delays. Our focus is on selecting stable InSAR time series point targets and evaluating the impact of different densities of stable points on atmospheric correction performance. Analysis of 645 interferograms derived from 217 Sentinel-1A SAR images, spanning from 13 June 2017 to 15 November 2024, demonstrates that the proposed method reduces the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) by 70%, 59%, and 69% compared to the terrain-related linear approach, the General Atmospheric Correction Online Service, and common scene stacking methods, respectively. In addition, simulation data and leveling data were used to validate the proposed method. This article does not develop an independent InSAR atmospheric correction method. Instead, the proposed approach starts with the InSAR deformation time series, allowing for easy integration into existing InSAR workflows and widely used atmospheric correction strategies. It can serve as a post-processing tool to improve InSAR time series analysis.
Insight into the non-random distribution patterns of species in different regions is a foundational aim of research in community ecology and biogeography. The nestedness pattern, which investigates changes in species composition and abundance, has been widely used in numerous studies. However, studies on the nestedness of benthic diatoms are extremely rare, and consequently little has been mentioned of their assemblage mechanisms. To fill this gap, based on 168 benthic diatom species from 147 sampling sites in the Thousand Island Lake (TIL) catchment, we calculated their nestedness and niche width with the aim of i) analyzing the nestedness of benthic diatoms communities with different attachment abilities in TIL; ii) calculating niche width differences between nested and idiosyncratic species with different attachment abilities; iii) investigating the differences in alpha and beta diversity between nested and idiosyncratic sites; iv) examining whether environmental variables influencing the nestedness of benthic diatom communities are dependent on attachment ability. The results demonstrated a significant nestedness pattern in the benthic diatom metacommunity, and the sampling sites of low attachment species not only exhibited a nestedness pattern, but also with a lower nestedness value compared to the sampling sites of all species. Nested and idiosyncratic species differed in niche width, whereas differences between nested and idiosyncratic species of low attachment species were smaller. Additionally, significant differences in alpha and beta diversity were observed between nested and idiosyncratic sites. Furthermore, it was revealed that the nestedness of benthic diatom metacommunity in our study area were mostly influenced by local environmental variables. Our study contributes to the understanding of the significant nestedness observed in benthic diatom metacommunity in TIL, highlighting its relevance to biodiversity conservation efforts.
This paper proposes a two blocks and three regions economic geography model that can account for the most salient stylized facts experienced by Eastern European transition economies during the period 1990 2005. In contrast to the existing literature, which has favored technological explanations, trade liberalization is the only driving force. The model correctly predicts that in the first half of the period, trade liberalization led to divergence in GDP per capita, both between the West and the East and within the East. Consistent with the data, in the second half of the period, this process was reversed and convergence became the dominant force.
We develop a general equilibrium geographic framework to characterize the welfare effect of transportation infrastructure investments. We tackle three distinct but conflating challenges: First, we offer an analytical characterization of the routing problem and, in particular, how infrastructure investment between any two connected locations decreases the total trade costs between all pairs of locations. Second, we characterize how this cost reduction affects welfare within a standard general equilibrium geography setup where market inefficiencies arise due to agglomeration and dispersion spillovers. Finally, we show how our framework admits analytical characterizations of traffic congestion, which creates a critical – albeit tractable – feedback loop between trade costs and the general equilibrium economic system. We apply these results to calculate the welfare effects of improving each of the thousands of segments of the U.S. national highway network. We find large but heterogeneous welfare effects, with the largest gains concentrated in metropolitan areas and along important trading corridors.
In recent years, several efforts have been aimed at improving the robustness of vision models to domains and environments unseen during training. An important practical problem pertains to models deployed in a new geography that is under-represented in the training dataset, posing a direct challenge to fair and inclusive computer vision. In this paper, we study the problem of geographic robustness and make three main contributions. First, we introduce a large-scale dataset GeoNet for geographic adaptation containing benchmarks across diverse tasks like scene recognition (GeoPlaces), image classification (GeoImNet) and universal adaptation (GeoUniDA). Second, we investigate the nature of distribution shifts typical to the problem of geographic adaptation and hypothesize that the major source of domain shifts arise from significant variations in scene context (context shift), object design (design shift) and label distribution (prior shift) across geographies. Third, we conduct an extensive evaluation of several state-of-the-art unsupervised domain adaptation algorithms and architectures on GeoNet, showing that they do not suffice for geographical adaptation, and that large-scale pre-training using large vision models also does not lead to geographic robustness. Our dataset is publicly available at https://tarun005.github.io/GeoNet.
Apreendemos a metropolização do espaço enquanto processo socioespacial biopolítico. A partir da análise das remoções ocorridas no Morro da Providência-RJ, no âmbito da Operação Urbana Consorciada da Região Portuária do Rio de Janeiro e do Programa Morar Carioca, objetivamos analisar a espacialidade biopolítica na metrópole contemporânea. Após relacionar o processo de metropolização às relações de poder que inscrevem a biopolítica no espaço, buscamos um diálogo entre Michel Foucault e Henri Lefebvre, em torno dos conceitos de “meio” e “espaço instrumental”. Propomos a tríade analítica inscrição-prescrição-ordenação para examinar os projetos e intervenções urbanas que promovem o “estranhamento espacialmente construído” e a “desumanização espacialmente forjada”, processos espaciais que esvaziam a substância política que constitui o ser social.
Guilherme Pereira Cocato, Douglas Vitto, Ricardo Lopes Fonseca
O presente artigo foi elaborado a partir de observações acerca das práticas de ensino de Geografia no Colégio Estadual Barão do Rio Branco e Colégio Estadual Vicente Rijo, em Londrina/PR, no ano de 2015. No contexto de uma sociedade globalizada, o objetivo é realizar reflexões epistemológicas acerca das influências dos ensinos tradicional e crítico nos ambientes da Geografia escolar, e a relação destas com a Geografia acadêmica. A metodologia de cunho qualitativo consistiu na participação dos pesquisadores na postura de “observador total” durante 11 dias, no ensino fundamental e médio, registrando em caderneta as metodologias e atividades propostas pelos professores. Os resultados foram representados por meio de um mapa conceitual e posteriormente analisados. E, enquanto proposta, esta pesquisa tem como ponto forte o debate sobre possíveis caminhos teórico-metodológicos a serem trilhados nas práticas educacionais geográficas, assim como os desafios para que docentes da área, em formação ou formados, se fortaleçam em sua atuação na rede escolar. A partir do destaque dado a estas questões, almeja-se alcançar uma Geografia plural para além do ambiente acadêmico – também na Geografia escolar – essencialmente por meio de uma formação abrangente e continuada.
Md. Nasif Ahsan, Amina Khatun, Md. Sariful Islam
et al.
Cyclone early warning systems are the primary sources of information that enable people to develop a preparedness strategy to mitigate the hazards of cyclones to lives and livelihoods. In Bangladesh, cyclone early warnings have significantly decreased the number of cyclone related fatalities over the last two decades. Nevertheless, several challenges remain for existing early warning services (EWS), urging for both technical and non-technical improvements in the said services. Given limited financial resources, the economic efficiency assessment of the improvement is highly important. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the willingness to pay (WTP) for improved warning services by considering the at-risk households' trade-off between proposed improved EWS and existing EWS in coastal Bangladesh. Applying systematic random sampling, 490 respondent households were selected from Khulna, Satkhira, and Barguna districts, with whom a choice experiment (CE) was performed. The CE was designed by incorporating impact-based scenarios for improved EWS. As analytical tools, Conditional and Mixed-Logistic regression models were used that derived the WTP for improved EWS attributes. Empirical results show that the WTP of an at-risk household for improved EWS was estimated at Bangladeshi Taka BDT 468 (≈ US$ 5.57) per year, implying respondents were ready to pay for the improvement of the warning attributes, including precise information of the cyclones landfall time with possible impacts, more frequent radio forecasts, and voice messages in the local dialects over mobile phones. A revenue stream for improved EWS was developed, implying investments in EWS would be a no-regrets approach. This study concludes with four policy recommendations on mitigating the existing challenges for improving EWS in Bangladesh. Keywords: Cyclone, Bangladesh, Early warning, Disaster risk, Willingness-to-pay, Choice experiment
Urban areas are becoming increasingly vulnerable to extreme storms and flash floods, which could be more damaging under climate change. This study presented an integrated framework for assessing climate change impact on extreme rainfall and urban drainage systems by incorporating a number of statistical and modelling techniques. Starting from synthetic future climate data generated by the stochastic weather generator, the simple scaling method and the Huff rainfall design were adopted for rainfall disaggregation and rainfall design. After having obtained 3-min level designed rainfall information, the urban hydrological model (i.e., Storm Water Management Model) was used to carry out the runoff analysis. A case study in a tropical city was used to demonstrate the proposed framework. Particularly, the impact of selecting different general circulation models and Huff distributions on future 1-h extreme rainfall and the performance of the urban drainage system were investigated. It was revealed that the proposed framework is flexible and easy to implement in generating temporally high-resolution rainfall data under climate model projections and offers a parsimonious way of assessing urban flood risks considering the uncertainty arising from climate change model projections, downscaling and rainfall design.
River, lake, and water-supply engineering (General), Physical geography
Jesús Rodrigo-Comino, Jesús Barrena-González, Manuel Pulido-Fernández
et al.
Monitoring soil erosion processes and measuring soil and water yields allow supplying key information to achieve land degradation neutrality challenges. Vineyards are one of the most affected agricultural territories by soil erosion due to human and natural factors. However, the spatial variability of soil erosion, the number of sampling points, and plot size necessary to estimate accurate soil erosion rates remains unclear. In this research, we determine how many inter-rows should be surveyed to estimate the soil mobilization rates in the viticulture area of Tierra de Barros (Extremadura, SW Spain) using the Improved Stock Unearthing Method (ISUM). This method uses the graft union of the vines as a passive biomarker of the soil surface level changes since the time of plantation and inter-row measures. ISUM was applied to three inter-row and four rows of vines (5904 sampling points) in order to determine how many surfaces and transects must be surveyed as all the previous surveys were done with only one inter-row. The results showed average values of soil depletion reaching −11.4, −11.8, and −11.5 cm for the inter-rows 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The current soil surface level descended 11.6 cm in 20 years. The inter-rows 1, 2, and 3 with a total area of 302.4 m<sup>2</sup> each one (2016 points) recorded 71.4, 70.8, and 74.0 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. With the maximum number of sampling points (5904), 71.2 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup> were obtained. The spatial variability of the soil erosion was shown to be very small, with no statistically significant differences among inter-rows. This could be due to the effect of the soil profile homogenization as a consequence of the intense tillage. This research shows the potential predictability of ISUM in order to give an overall overview of the soil erosion process for vineyards that follow the same soil management system. We conclude that measuring one inter-row is enough to get an overview of soil erosion processes in vineyards when the vines are under the same intense tillage management and topographical conditions. Moreover, we demonstrated the high erosion rates in a vineyard within the viticultural region of the Tierra de Barros, which could be representative for similar vineyards with similar topographical conditions, soil properties, and a possible non-sustainable soil management system.
Hidayat Ullah, Wanggen Wan, Saqib Ali Haidery
et al.
<b> </b>Green parks are vital public spaces and play a major role in urban living and well-being. Research on the attractiveness of green parks often relies on traditional techniques, such as questionnaires and in-situ surveys, but these methods are typically insignificant in scale, time-consuming, and expensive, with less transferable results and only site-specific outcomes. This article presents an investigative study that uses location-based social network (LBSN) data to collect spatial and temporal patterns of park visits in Shanghai metropolitan city. During the period from July 2016 to June 2017 in Shanghai, China, we analyzed the spatiotemporal behavior of park visitors for 157 green parks and conducted empirical research on the impacts of green spaces on the public’s behavior in Shanghai. Our main findings show (i) the check-in distribution of users in different green spaces; (ii) the seasonal effects on the public’s behavior toward green spaces; (iii) changes in the number of users based on the hour of the day, the intervals of the day (morning, afternoon, evening), and the day of the week; (iv) interesting user behavior variations that depend on temperature effects; and (v) gender-based differences in the number of green park visitors. These results can be used for the purpose of urban city planning for green spaces by accounting for the preferences of visitors.
Olga V. Bondarenko, Olena V. Pakhomova, Vladimir I. Zaselskiy
The article is devoted to the topical issue of the cloud technologies implementation in educational process in general and when studying geography, in particular. The authors offer a selection of online services which can contribute to the effective acquisition of geographical knowledge in higher school. The publication describes such cloud technologies as Gapminder, DESA,Datawrapper.de, Time.Graphics, HP Reveal, MOZAIK education, Settera Online, Click-that-hood, Canva, Paint Instant. It is also made some theoretical generalization of their economic, technical, technological, didactic advantages and disadvantages. Visual examples of application are provided in the article. The authors make notice that in the long run the technologies under study should become a valuable educational tool of creation virtual information and education environments connected into common national, and then global, educational space.
In this paper we have examined the validity of the generalized second law of thermodynamics (GSLT) in an expanding Friedmann Robertson Walker (FRW) universe filled with different variants of Chaplygin gases. Assuming that the universe is a closed system bounded by the cosmological horizon, we first present the general prescription for the rate of change of total entropy on the boundary. In the subsequent part we have analyzed the validity of the generalised second law of thermodynamics on the cosmological apparent horizon and the cosmological event horizon for different Chaplygin gas models of the universe. The analysis is supported with the help of suitable graphs to clarify the status of the GSLT on the cosmological horizons. In the case of the cosmological apparent horizon we have found that some of these models always obey the GSLT, whereas the validity of GSLT on the cosmological event horizon of all these models depend on the choice of free parameters in the respective models.
We consider elliptic surfaces $\mathcal{E}$ over a field $k$ equipped with zero section $O$ and another section $P$ of infinite order. If $k$ has characteristic zero, we show there are only finitely many points where $O$ is tangent to a multiple of $P$. Equivalently, there is a finite list of integers such that if $n$ is not divisible by any of them, then $nP$ is not tangent to $O$. Such tangencies can be interpreted as unlikely intersections. If $k$ has characteristic zero or $p>3$ and $\mathcal{E}$ is very general, then we show there are no tangencies between $O$ and $nP$. We apply these results to square-freeness of elliptic divisibility sequences and to geography of surfaces. In particular, we construct mildly singular surfaces of arbitrary fixed geometric genus with $K$ ample and $K^2$ unbounded.
Introduction and Background: The issue of identity in general and urban identity in particular has a great importance because of the role that play in recognizing individuals, objects, communities and places. In spite of the importance of this issue, urban identity crisis is alarming in recent times. Natural elements, physical and socio-cultural components are three main elements identifying that conditions and characteristics of each of them determining their role in the identity of the city.
Aims: The main purpose of this study is investigate and identify the urban identity component of Sabzevar with emphasis on identifying the mentioned factors by citizens.
Methodology: This research method was of descriptive-analytic type. The data were collected through a document (library) method and a survey (questionnaire) method. The statistical population has been people over 15 years old of Sabzevar, who had been residence in this city for at least 5 years. The research units is Individual and samples are obtained using by Cochran formula a sample of 384 people.
Conclusion: The results show that on the basis relative frequency of recognized elements by the respondents, according to the group of synthetic and physical components with 44.21 percent, natural components with 30.29 percent and the human factor (25.49 percent) to be accounted as the most significant components of identity of Sabzevar city. Also citizens place attachment as one of elements of identity which is more than average level. Another result of this study is that among the 30 physical element of streets, squares and parks named by respondents, with the exception of 2 cases that are located in the city new part, the rest have taken place in old and central mid regions. In addition, these results indicate that there is no significant difference between the knowledge of residences regarding identity elements of physical and built environment of the city