Hasil untuk "Forestry"

Xin Zhang, Xurui Wen, Wendi Xu et al.

To elucidate the molecular mechanisms that underlie jujube (<i>Ziziphus jujuba</i>) flavor synthesis, we integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses on the ‘Lingwuchangzao’ cultivar across seven developmental stages. Our multi-omics approach detected 750 metabolites, categorized into 11 primary and 35 secondary classes, with K-means clustering revealing significant stage-specific variations in sugars, alcohols, and organic acids. KEGG enrichment analysis identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in key metabolic pathways, including carbohydrate metabolism and plant hormone signal transduction, showing dynamic changes during development. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) further pinpointed gene networks related to starch/sucrose and carbon metabolism, and eight novel genes linked to starch and fatty acid metabolism. Notably, the white ripening stage (BS) emerged as the critical phase for flavor compound accumulation, offering new molecular insights and targets for quality improvement.

Boris Rantaša, Aleš Poljanec

S. Walker, T. Pearson, Sandra A. Brown

This sourcebook is designed to be a guide for developing and implementing land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) projects for the BioCarbon Fund of the World Bank that meet the requirements for the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol. Only project types and carbon pools that are eligible for credit under the CDM during the first commitment period (2008-2012) are covered. With its user-friendly format, the sourcebook introduces readers to the CDM processes and requirements, and provides methods and procedures to produce accurate and precise estimates of changes in carbon stocks. The sourcebook is not designed as a primer on field measurement tech-niques, although guidance is given. The sourcebook is intended as an addition to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) good practice guidance on land use, land-use change and forestry (2003), providing additional explanation, clarification and enhanced methodologies. It is designed to be used alongside the good practice guidance.

Tahir Abbas KHAN, Hadiqa HASSAN, Haocheng WANG et al.

Drought stress poses a significant challenge to agriculture sustainability across the globe. Drought stress negatively affects the plant growth and productivity and the intensity of this serious abiotic stress is continuously increasing which is a serious threat across the globe. Different measures are being used to mitigate the adverse impacts of drought stress. Among these measures, the application of exogenous osmolytes and growth hormones is considered an important way to mitigate the adverse impacts of drought. Recently, jasmonic acid (JA) has emerged as an excellent growth hormone to improve drought tolerance owing to its involvement in different plant physiological and biochemical processes. Jasmonic acid improves membrane stability plant water relations, nutrient uptake, osmolyte accumulation, and antioxidant activities that can counter the toxic effects of drought. It also contributes to signaling pathways, i.e., genes network, stress-responsive proteins, signaling intermediates, and enzymes that protect the plants from the toxic effects of drought. Further, JA also protects and maintains the integrity of plant cells by up-regulating the antioxidant defense system and increasing osmolyte accumulation. In this review, we have documented the protective role of JA under drought stress. The various mechanisms of JA in inducing drought tolerance are discussed and different research gaps are also identified. This review will help the readers to learn more about the role of JA to mitigate the toxic effects of drought and it will provide new knowledge to develop the drought tolerance in plants.

Zheng Yong, Qi Yexiong, Qi Xiaoling et al.

The helmet shell material featuring a gradient in bending is urgently required for the next-generation integrated helmet system. However, achieving a bending gradient design for orthogonal woven composites on a 3D shell surface is a significant challenge. Here, nonorthogonal woven composites at 30°, 45°, and 60° were fabricated, and their bending properties are discussed. Furthermore, their bending properties are compared to those of plain off-axis woven composites, which indicates that the bending linearity trend of nonorthogonal woven composites is evident. Notably, the bending strength of the 30° and 60° nonorthogonal woven composites is 66.9 and 67.4% higher, respectively, than that of the plain off-axis woven composites, and the bending modulus is 169.8 and 196.9% higher, respectively. Finally, a finite element analysis of the bending properties of nonorthogonal woven composites was conducted, and a stress analysis of the inner layers was also conducted. This work paves the way for designing gradient materials for helmet shells.

Mary I. Williams, R. K. Dumroese

LI Yexin, LYU Gang, WANG Daohan et al.

【Objective】 Restoring coal mining waste dumps is a way to alleviate their detrimental impact on environment. In this paper, we present the results of an experimental study on distribution and stability of soil aggregates in a reclaimed coal mining overburden dump. 【Method】 The experiment was carried out at a reclaimed coal mine dump site in a grassland region in northern China. We measured the development of fissures from Zone I (GF) to Zone three (GFIII) in the fissure zone. The composition and distribution soil aggregates in these zones were determined using dry-wet sieve method. Aggregate stability and its relationship with the fissures was analyzed. 【Result】 The content of the >0.25 mm air-dried aggregates over the fissure zones was 23.02%~42.70%, and content of the >0.25 mm water-stable soil aggregates was 16.9%~29.52%. There was no significant difference between air-dried aggregates and water-stable aggregates. The content of the >0.25 mm water-stable soil aggregates in the 0~60 cm soil layer in GF, GFⅡ and GF Ⅲ was 25.26%, 26.57%, 23.62%, respectively, while the percentage of aggregate destruction in the three fissure zones was 20.77%~36.17%, 20.52%~25.00%, and 26.58%~40.56%, respectively. The percentage of aggregate destruction in 0~10, 10~20, 20~30, 30~40, 40~50, and 50~60 cm soil layers was 28.81%, 29.96%, 26.19%, 23.50%, 24.91%, and 29.38%, respectively. The fractal dimension of air-dried and water-stable soil aggregates was 2.847~2.919 and 2.898~2.942, respectively. Small aggregates and fine particles are the dominant aggregates. The mean mass diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) of the air-dried aggregates in three fissure zones were 1.11, 1.05, 1.28 mm, and 0.45, 0.44, 0.49 mm, respectively. The MWD and GMD of water-stable soil aggregates in the three fissure zones were 0.67, 0.73, 0.72 mm, and 0.36, 0.38, 0.37 mm, respectively. Soil in GFⅡ had good structure and aggregate stability. Most of water-stable soil aggregates in the fissure zones were unstable due to the formation and development of fissures. 【Conclusion】 The formation and development of fissures in the reclaimed coal mining overburden dump reduced the stability of soil aggregates, thereby resulting in aggregate segmentation. The larger and wider the fissures were, the less stable the soil aggregates were.

Wuxiong Weng, Changyu Wang, Guixuan Zhu et al.

This study is aimed at the special working conditions of seeding on sloping land, combining advanced precision seeding technology and the structure of rotary hole filling corn precision metering device seed rowers at home and abroad, and studying soil entry characteristics, the characteristics of soil particles and the seed transport pattern in the puncture process, in order to improve the seed dispersal qualified index and reduce the coefficient of variation in the process of seeding. The simulation test of the cavity-tying device was carried out using the MBD–DEM coupling method, and it can be seen that the rocker bending angle is 120° when the force is the largest; at this time the rocker and the soil force is the largest, indicating the best effect on soil particle separation and the fastest movement speed. The single-factor test determined that the operating speed of the seed rower ranged from 0.8 to 1.2 m/s, the spring preload force of the seed rower ranged from 5.5 to 25 N, and the operating slope angle of the seed rower ranged from 8° to 16°. The optimal structure and parameter characteristics of the rotary hole filling corn precision metering device were determined with a multi-factor test, and it was proven that the rotary hole filling corn precision metering device has better performance and a higher seed rowing quality, with the qualified index reaching 96.2%. This study can provide a reference for the research of corn precision seeders, enrich the form of corn precision seeders, and effectively improve the level of corn mechanized seeding.

A. Wilson

Electronic-nose (e-nose) instruments, derived from numerous types of aroma-sensor technologies, have been developed for a diversity of applications in the broad fields of agriculture and forestry. Recent advances in e-nose technologies within the plant sciences, including improvements in gas-sensor designs, innovations in data analysis and pattern-recognition algorithms, and progress in material science and systems integration methods, have led to significant benefits to both industries. Electronic noses have been used in a variety of commercial agricultural-related industries, including the agricultural sectors of agronomy, biochemical processing, botany, cell culture, plant cultivar selections, environmental monitoring, horticulture, pesticide detection, plant physiology and pathology. Applications in forestry include uses in chemotaxonomy, log tracking, wood and paper processing, forest management, forest health protection, and waste management. These aroma-detection applications have improved plant-based product attributes, quality, uniformity, and consistency in ways that have increased the efficiency and effectiveness of production and manufacturing processes. This paper provides a comprehensive review and summary of a broad range of electronic-nose technologies and applications, developed specifically for the agriculture and forestry industries over the past thirty years, which have offered solutions that have greatly improved worldwide agricultural and agroforestry production systems.

Yasin Karatepe, Mevlüt Türk, Emre Bıçakçı

This study was carried out in Kovada lake national park in Isparta in 2018-2020 to determine the forage values of common grazeable bush species. Ten species including bush, shrub-shaped tree and shrub species (Phillyrea latifolia, Spartium junceum, Juniperus oxycedrus, Quercus coccifera, Quercus infectoria, Coronilla emerus, Colutea melanocalyx, Fraxinus excelsior, Paliurus spina-christi ve Crataegus monogyna) were used in the study. Leaf samples were taken from these species in all seasons. In this study, dry matter (DM) ratio, crude protein (CP) ratio, NDF, ADF, total digestible nutrients (TDN), relative feed value (RFV) and tannin ratios of each species were determined.According to the results of the analysis of variance, the difference between seasons and bush species was found to be statistically significant in all the examined characteristics.According to the two-year averages, when the seasons are compared, the highest crude protein ratio, TDN and RFV were obtained in the spring, while they decreased as the seasons progressed, and the lowest values were obtained in the winter. The lowest dry matter ratios, ADF and NDF values were obtained in the spring and increased in parallel with the progress of the seasons. The lowest tannin ratios were obtained in spring and summer, while the highest values were determined in winter.When the species were compared, the lowest dry matter and NDF ratio were found in C. melanocalyx, ADF ratio in P. spina-christi, and tannin ratio in P. latifolia, S. junceum, C. emerus, C. melanocalyx and F. excelsior. The highest crude protein ratio was determined in C. emerus, TDN P. spina-christi and RFV C. melanocalyx species.Consequently, it has been seen that the bush, shrub-shaped tree and shrub species in the maquis have an important potential as high quality feed for ruminant animals in the critical period in semi-arid and arid regions.

M. Maltamo, E. Næsset, J. Vauhkonen

LIN Shan, YUAN Hong-mei, WANG Dong et al.

YBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ(YBCO) bulk material prepared by high temperature solid state reaction was milled and dispersed through ultrasonic process in ethanol to prepare nanoscale YBCO/ethanol sol. Then it was mixed with aniline or O-phenylenediamine and the organic/YBCO hybrid materials were obtained after concentration and being dried in vacuum. The influence of the organic on YBCO’s chemical composition, phase, elemental valence and magnetic properties was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), X-ray diffraction(XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM). The results show that the infrared absorption of YBCO is not affected by the aniline or O-phenylenediamine within 0.05%-5%(mass fraction, the same below), however the intensity of the XRD peaks is significantly increased. The interaction between the N atom in aniline or O-phenylenediamine and the Y atom in YBCO is stronger compared with N-Ba or N-Cu. The superconducting transition temperature <i>T</i>_c and magnetization <i>M</i> of YBCO are significantly affected by the content of N element in the hybrid materials. When the content of N element exceeds 1%, <i>T</i>_c is significantly decreased and <i>M</i>_min is increased accordingly.

Darragh Hare, Darragh Hare, Darragh Hare et al.

In Scotland, large deer populations are associated with negative ecological and socioeconomic impacts, such as damage to peatlands and forests, agricultural and commercial forestry losses, Lyme disease transmission, and road accidents. Increasing the annual deer cull might help address these negative impacts, but could be ethically controversial. A stratified sample of adults living in Scotland (n = 1,002) responded to our online questionnaire measuring perceptions of deer management, including the acceptability of increasing the deer cull if doing so would help achieve a variety of ecological and social objectives. Overall, respondents indicated that it would be acceptable to increase the deer cull if doing so would serve public interests by reducing negative impacts of deer, with deer welfare, environmental conservation, and public health and safety being the most relevant ethical considerations. Although rural and urban respondents reported significantly different experiences and perceptions of deer, their values (i.e., attitudes, beliefs, and policy preferences) regarding deer management were very similar. Understanding values of the general public, beyond vocal interest groups, can help inform decisions on contentious wildlife management issues.

E. Encyclopedia

T. Lundmark, J. Bergh, P. Hofer et al.

In Sweden, where forests cover more than 60% of the land area, silviculture and the use of forest products by industry and society play crucial roles in the national carbon balance. A scientific challenge is to understand how different forest management and wood use strategies can best contribute to climate change mitigation benefits. This study uses a set of models to analyze the effects of different forest management and wood use strategies in Sweden on carbon dioxide emissions and removals through 2105. If the present Swedish forest use strategy is continued, the long-term climate change mitigation benefit will correspond to more than 60 million tons of avoided or reduced emissions of carbon dioxide annually, compared to a scenario with similar consumption patterns in society but where non-renewable products are used instead of forest-based products. On average about 470 kg of carbon dioxide emissions are avoided for each cubic meter of biomass harvested, after accounting for carbon stock changes, substitution effects and all emissions related to forest management and industrial processes. Due to Sweden’s large export share of forest-based products, the climate change mitigation effect of Swedish forestry is larger abroad than within the country. The study also shows that silvicultural methods to increase forest biomass production can further reduce net carbon dioxide emissions by an additional 40 million tons of per year. Forestry’s contribution to climate change mitigation could be significantly increased if management of the boreal forest were oriented towards increased biomass production and if more wood were used to substitute fossil fuels and energy-intensive materials.

Kristen Lyons, Peter Westoby

M. Holopainen, M. Vastaranta, J. Hyyppä

During the past decade in forest mapping and monitoring applications, the ability to acquire spatially accurate, 3D remote-sensing information by means of laser scanning, digital stereo imagery and radar imagery has been a major turning point. These 3D data sets that use single- or multi-temporal point clouds enable a wide range of applications when combined with other geoinformation and logging machine-measured data. New technologies enable precision forestry, which can be defined as a method to accurately determine characteristics of forests and treatments at stand, sub-stand or individual tree level. In precision forestry, even individual tree-level assessments can be used for simulation and optimization models of the forest management decision support system. At the moment, the forest industry in Finland is looking forward to next generation’s forest inventory techniques to improve the current wood procurement practices. Our vision is that in the future, the data solution for detailed forest management and wood procurement will be to use multi-source and -sensor information. In this communication, we review our recent findings and describe our future vision in precision forestry research in Finland.

Lijing Ji, Qiusheng Li, Yajiao Wang et al.

To clarify the changes in field populations of Fusarium head blight (FHB) pathogens over a decade, <i>Fusarium</i> species and trichothecene genotypes associated with FHB on wheat were monitored in Hebei province during the periods 2005&#8722;2006 and 2013&#8722;2016. <i>Fusarium</i> species determination was carried out by morphological identification, species-specific amplification and partial translation elongation factor (TEF-1&#945;) gene sequencing. Trichothecene genotype prediction was carried out by primers 3CON/3NA/3D15A/3D3 or Tri13F/Tri13R, Tri303F/Tri303R and Tri315F/Tri315R. A total of 778 purified <i>Fusarium</i> isolates were recovered from 42 sampling sites in 17 counties during the period 2005&#8722;2006 and 1002 <i>Fusarium</i> isolates were recovered from 122 sampling sites in 65 counties during the period 2013&#8722;2016. <i>F. graminearum</i> was the predominant pathogen recovered during the periods 2005&#8722;2006 and 2013&#8722;2016. However, the pathogen composition differed slightly between the two periods. In 2005&#8722;2006, 752 out of 778 (96.7%) of the isolates belonged to <i>F. graminearum</i>. Two were identified as <i>F. culmorum</i>. Five other <i>Fusarium</i> species were also recovered, <i>F. equiseti</i>, <i>F. verticillioides</i>, <i>F. proliferatum</i>, <i>F. subglutinans</i> and <i>F. chlamydosporum</i>, with lower recoveries of 0.4%, 0.8%, 0.8%, 0.1% and 1.0%, respectively. Trichothecene genotype prediction showed that all the 752 <i>F. graminearum</i> isolates were of the 15-ADON genotype. Five <i>Fusarium</i> species were recovered from samples collected over the period 2013&#8722;2016. <i>F. graminearum</i> was again the predominant pathogen with an isolation frequency of 97.6%. <i>F. pseudograminearum</i>, <i>F. asiaticum</i>, <i>F. culmorum</i> and <i>F. negundis</i> were also isolated at a recovery of 1.4%, 0.7%, 0.2% and 0.1%, respectively. For the 2013&#8722;2016 isolates, 971 of the 978 <i>F. graminearum</i> strains were 15-ADON whereas seven isolates were of the 3-ADON type. All seven <i>F. asiaticum</i> isolates were of the NIV type and fourteen <i>F. pseudograminearum</i> isolates were classified as 3-ADON. <i>F. pseudograminearum</i> was first isolated from FHB in Hebei in 2013. Although the recovery of <i>F. pseudograminearum</i> is still low, it represents a small shift in the pathogen composition and trichothecene genotypes associated with FHB in Hebei province. As Fusarium crown rot of wheat caused by <i>F. pseudograminearum</i> is an increasing problem in Hebei province, it is appropriate to monitor the role of <i>F. pseudograminearum</i> in FHB in the future.

Carsten Schusser, M. Krott, Mbolo C. Yufanyi Movuh et al.

Kyle Eyvindson, Rami Saad, Ljusk Ola Eriksson

Aim of study: To examine methods of incorporating risk and uncertainty to stand level forest decisions. Area of study: A case study examines a small forest holding from Jönköping, Sweden. Material and methods: We incorporate empirically estimated uncertainty into the simulation through a Monte Carlo approach when simulating the forest stands for the next 100 years. For the iterations of the Monte Carlo approach, errors were incorporated into the input data which was simulated according to the Heureka decision support system. Both the Value at Risk and the Conditional Value at Risk of the net present value are evaluated for each simulated stand. Main results: Visual representation of the errors can be used to highlight which decision would be most beneficial dependent on the decision maker’s opinion of the forest inventory results. At a stand level, risk preferences can be rather easily incorporated into the current forest decision support software. Research highlights: Forest management operates under uncertainty and risk. Methods are available to describe this risk in an understandable fashion for the decision maker.