Hasil untuk "Ethics"

M. Strathern

Michael Warner

T. Donaldson, Thomas W. Dunfee

A. Carroll, Ann Buchholtz

F. Feldman, J. Mackie

Amitai Etzioni, Oren Etzioni

Philippa Boyd, Debs Harding

The uptake of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) tools has implications for doctoral research and academic publication practices within both construction management and the wider academic context. Unless these implications are understood, GenAI tools have the potential to disrupt traditional relationships between doctoral researchers and their academic supervisors. Rather than exploring the technical competence and reach of GenAI tools, this study explores the nature of these challenges. GenAI is explored from both supervisor and doctoral perspectives for how its integration into doctoral research processes might shift relationships and affect practice. Informed by structuration theory, the research uses mixed methods to map shifts in agency and structure resulting from the adoption of GenAI tools. Findings highlight that the often-unacknowledged use of GenAI in doctoral research can confer undue agency on the technology that disrupts traditional relationships in an unacknowledged way. The rapid but often unacknowledged uptake of GenAI within doctoral research comes with a lack of consideration of the emotional support ascribed by students to the technology. It is concluded that GenAI tools should be openly incorporated into research and practice in a transparent, integrated approach. Practice relevance This research has relevance to the academic community both within the built environment disciplines and more general pedagogical implications. The identification of concerns over the reach and rapidity of GenAI adoption exposes potential changes to relationships and practices. Academics will be able to understand the shifts in relationships between stakeholders and the possible ramifications. The research exposes an unacknowledged proliferation of GenAI use in doctoral research and its underlying role in providing surrogate emotional support to doctoral students. By giving voice to stakeholders, this research exposes the lack of ethical frameworks around the use of GenAI and the need to consider its open and supported use, and its impact on developing the technical understandings and communication of doctoral researchers. The research uncovers some of the debates, concerns and possibilities that GenAI can bring to doctoral research practice, so that they can be intentionally addressed.

Andrew McNamara, Justin Smith, E. Murphy-Hill

Ethical decisions in software development can substantially impact end-users, organizations, and our environment, as is evidenced by recent ethics scandals in the news. Organizations, like the ACM, publish codes of ethics to guide software-related ethical decisions. In fact, the ACM has recently demonstrated renewed interest in its code of ethics and made updates for the first time since 1992. To better understand how the ACM code of ethics changes software-related decisions, we replicated a prior behavioral ethics study with 63 software engineering students and 105 professional software developers, measuring their responses to 11 ethical vignettes. We found that explicitly instructing participants to consider the ACM code of ethics in their decision making had no observed effect when compared with a control group. Our findings suggest a challenge to the research community: if not a code of ethics, what techniques can improve ethical decision making in software engineering?

Julie Bernhardt, Lorna Paul, Cathal Walsh et al.

Introduction Stroke is the second-leading cause of death and disability globally. Participation in physical activity (PA) is a cornerstone of secondary prevention in stroke care. Given the heterogeneous nature of stroke, PA interventions that are adaptive to individual performance are recommended. Mobile health (mHealth) has been identified as a potential approach to supporting PA poststroke. To this end, we aim to use a Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomised Trial (SMART) design to develop an adaptive, user-informed mHealth intervention to improve PA poststroke.Methods and analysis The components included in the 12-week intervention are based on empirical evidence and behavioural change theory and will include treatments to increase participation in Structured Exercise and Lifestyle or a combination of both. 117 participants will be randomly assigned to one of the two treatment components. At 6 weeks postinitial randomisation, participants will be classified as responders or non-responders based on participants’ change in step count. Non-responders to the initial treatment will be randomly assigned to a different treatment allocation. The primary outcome will be PA (steps/day), feasibility and secondary clinical and cost outcomes will also be included. A SMART design will be used to evaluate the optimum adaptive PA intervention among community-dwelling, ambulatory people poststroke.Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval has been granted by the Health Service Executive Mid-Western Ethics Committee (REC Ref: 026/2022). The findings will be submitted for publication and presented at relevant national and international academic conferencesTrials registration number NCT05606770.

Zhongxuan Liu, Jiayou Shi, Jingyi Xu

Scientific scandals are catalysts for the evolution process of legal governance. The 2018 CRISPR-babies Incident has essentially triggered China's legal reforms of ethics governance in science and technology. This paper explores the institutional deficiency that led to such a scandal, analyzes its long-term implications for legal governance, and presents China's recent legal progress in response to such an issue. The rapid legislative response to the CRISPR-babies Incident is a double-edged sword, while promoting the improvement of the legal system, it can also cause issues like fragmentation of governance, contradictory rules, and conflict of interest. China should integrate departmental norms and upgrade its level of effectiveness. Strengthening legislation is the implementation path, and improving ethical review, supervision and scientific research integrity systems are the crucial means. In addition, it is necessary to bring the coordinating function of the Central Science and Technology Commission into full play and pay more attention to public engagement and international cooperation.

Surojit Sural, Juan Quintero Botero, Oliver Hobert et al.

Summary: The auxin-inducible degron (AID) system is a broadly used tool for spatiotemporal and reversible control of protein depletion in multiple experimental model systems. AID2 technology relies on a synthetic ligand, 5-phenyl-indole-3-acetic acid (5-Ph-IAA), for improved specificity and efficiency of protein degradation. Here, we provide a protocol for cost-effective 5-Ph-IAA synthesis utilizing the Suzuki coupling of 5-chloroindole and phenylboronic acid. We describe steps for evaluating the quality of lab-synthesized 5-Ph-IAA using a C. elegans AID2 tester strain. : Publisher’s note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics.

Zainab Ahmadi, Joar Björk, Hans Gilljam et al.

Background: Home oxygen therapy (HOT) improves survival in patients with hypoxaemic chronic respiratory disease. Most patients evaluated for HOT are former or active smokers. Oxygen accelerates combustion and smoking may increase the risk of burn injuries and fire hazards; therefore, it is considered a contraindication for HOT in many countries. However, there is variability in the practices and policies regarding this matter. This multidisciplinary Swedish taskforce aimed to review the potential benefits and risks of smoking in relation to HOT, including medical, practical, legal and ethical considerations. Methods: The taskforce of the Swedish Respiratory Society comprises 15 members across respiratory medicine, nursing, medical law and ethics. HOT effectiveness and adverse risks related to smoking, as well as practical, legal and ethical considerations, were reviewed, resulting in five general questions and four PICO (population–intervention–comparator–outcome) questions. The strength of each recommendation was rated according to the GRADE (grading of recommendation assessment, development and evaluation) methodology. Results: General questions about the practical, legal and ethical aspects of HOT were discussed and summarised in the document. The PICO questions resulted in recommendations about assessment, management and follow-up of smoking when considering HOT, if HOT should be offered to people that meet the eligibility criteria but who continue to smoke, if a specific length of time of smoking cessation should be considered before assessing eligibility for HOT, and identification of areas for further research. Conclusions: Multiple factors need to be considered in the benefit/risk evaluation of HOT in active smokers. A systematic approach is suggested to guide healthcare professionals in evaluating HOT in relation to smoking.

Dearbhail Bracken-Roche, E. Bell, M. Macdonald et al.

BackgroundThe concept of vulnerability has held a central place in research ethics guidance since its introduction in the United States Belmont Report in 1979. It signals mindfulness for researchers and research ethics boards to the possibility that some participants may be at higher risk of harm or wrong. Despite its important intended purpose and widespread use, there is considerable disagreement in the scholarly literature about the meaning and delineation of vulnerability, stemming from a perceived lack of guidance within research ethics standards. The aim of this study was to assess the concept of vulnerability as it is employed in major national and international research ethics policies and guidelines.MethodsWe conducted an in-depth analysis of 11 (five national and six international) research ethics policies and guidelines, exploring their discussions of the definition, application, normative justification and implications of vulnerability.ResultsFew policies and guidelines explicitly defined vulnerability, instead relying on implicit assumptions and the delineation of vulnerable groups and sources of vulnerability. On the whole, we found considerable richness in the content on vulnerability across policies, but note that this relies heavily on the structure imposed on the data through our analysis.ConclusionsOur results underscore a need for policymakers to revisit the guidance on vulnerability in research ethics, and we propose that a process of stakeholder engagement would well-support this effort.

J. Bryson

The question of whether AI systems such as robots can or should be afforded moral agency or patiency is not one amenable either to discovery or simple reasoning, because we as societies constantly reconstruct our artefacts, including our ethical systems. Consequently, the place of AI systems in society is a matter of normative, not descriptive ethics. Here I start from a functionalist assumption, that ethics is the set of behaviour that maintains a society. This assumption allows me to exploit the theoretical biology of sociality and autonomy to explain our moral intuitions. From this grounding I extend to consider possible ethics for maintaining either human- or of artefact-centred societies. I conclude that while constructing AI systems as either moral agents or patients is possible, neither is desirable. In particular, I argue that we are unlikely to construct a coherent ethics in which it it is ethical to afford AI moral subjectivity. We are therefore obliged not to build AI we are obliged to.

J. Hess, G. Fore

M. Hickok

J. Danaher

Michal J Carrington, A. Chatzidakis, H. Goworek et al.

G. Islam, M. Greenwood

Magali Goirand, E. Austin, R. Clay-Williams