The National Covid Memorial Wall in London, featuring over 240,000 hand-painted red hearts, faces significant conservation challenges due to the rapid fading of the paint. This study evaluates the transition to a better-quality paint and its implications for the wall's long-term preservation. The rapid fading of the initial materials required an unsustainable repainting rate, burdening volunteers. Lifetime simulations based on a collections demography framework suggest that repainting efforts must continue at a rate of some hundreds of hearts per week to maintain a stable percentage of hearts in good condition. This finding highlights the need for a sustainable management strategy that includes regular maintenance or further reduction of the fading rate. Methodologically, this study demonstrates the feasibility of using a collections demography approach, supported by citizen science and social media data, to inform heritage management decisions. An agent-based simulation is used to propagate the multiple uncertainties measured. The methodology provides a robust basis for modeling and decision-making, even in a case like this, where reliance on publicly available images and volunteer-collected data introduces variability. Future studies could improve data within a citizen science framework by inviting public submissions, using on-site calibration charts, and increasing volunteer involvement for longitudinal data collection. This research illustrates the flexibility of the collections demography framework, firstly by showing its applicability to an outdoor monument, which is very different from the published case studies, and secondly by demonstrating how it can work even with low-quality data.
Статтю присвячено актуальним питанням, що пов’язані з диджиталізацією системи обліково-інформаційного забезпечення в умовах сьогодення. Доведено важливість цифрової трансформації у контексті сучасного бізнес-середовища включаючи вплив війни на цей процес. Розглянуто і проаналізовано найпопулярніші програмні рішення та онлайн-сервіси, які зараз використовуються для забезпечення системи обліково-інформаційного забезпечення. Визначено та схарактеризовано основні цифрові технології, які можна впроваджувати у сферу обліку як окремо, так і в кооперації. Продемонстровано ключові перешкоди, які впливають на процес диджиталізації обліку. Наведено перелік основних переваг диджиталізації обліку в умовах війни, що підкреслює її важливість у процесі забезпечення ефективного та безперервного управління діяльністю підприємства.
El término realidad virtual es entendido como un escenario tridimensional simulado por computadora, en el que es posible experimentar el entorno mediante el uso de algún dispositivo electrónico especial. En el campo de la publicidad y la mercadotecnia, la realidad virtual permite a los consumidores simular la experiencia de consumo, lo que facilita la evaluación del producto y puede eliminar la indecisión de compra. Sin embargo, su uso es menos conocido en empresas pequeñas. En este trabajo se prueba un anuncio de realidad virtual y un anuncio tradicional de una panadería de Comala, Colima, México, para medir el efecto en dos grupos de edad: de 18 a 25 años y mayor a 25 años. Los hallazgos muestran que la publicidad de realidad virtual tiene un efecto significativo sobre la publicidad tradicional en la permanencia en la mente de los consumidores jóvenes y en la intención de compartir.
Economic theory. Demography, Social sciences (General)
What are the effects of authoritarian regimes on scholarly research in economics? And how might economic theory survive ideological pressures? The article addresses these questions by focusing on the mathematization of economics over the past century and drawing on the history of Soviet science. Mathematics in the USSR remained internationally competitive and generated many ideas that were taken up and played important roles in economic theory. These same ideas, however, were disregarded or adopted only in piecemeal fashion by Soviet economists, despite the efforts of influential scholars to change the economic research agenda. The article draws this contrast into sharper focus by exploring the work of Soviet mathematicians in optimization, game theory, and probability theory that was used in Western economics. While the intellectual exchange across the Iron Curtain did help advance the formal modeling apparatus, economics could only thrive in an intellectually open environment absent under the Soviet rule.
We demonstrated the analogy between Economics and Gauge Theory of Plasticity and used it to describe the relationship between money supply and inflation at the economic market. The received equations of economical dynamics in phase space are similar to the plasticity equations and economic variables - choice, competition and profit correspond to the state of the market with inflation. We described the meaning of equations and the role of its variables in the stabilization mechanism of the market with inflation. The equation of market equilibrium including the Profit turnover, time changes of competition, capital and choice was discussed in detail.
We give a brief introduction to $τ$-tilting theory [AIR]. In particular, we will see how our theory unifies two different branches of tilting theory, namely, silting theory and cluster tilting theory. We also introduce the history and recent developments.
Objectives
We started a family-based genetic epidemiology study in 2006-11 which recruited ~24,000 adult volunteers from ~7000 families across Scotland with consent for follow-up through medical record linkage and re-contact. In 2022-23 we are recruiting another 20,000, with consent extended to administrative records, with age range now 12+.
Methods
Original volunteers completed a demographic, health and lifestyle questionnaire, provided biological samples, and underwent detailed clinical assessment. The samples, phenotype and genotype data form a resource for research on the genetics of conditions of public health importance. This has become a longitudinal dataset by linkage to routine NHS hospital, maternity, lab test, prescriptions, dentistry, mortality, imaging, cancer screening, GP data records, Covid-19 testing and vaccinations, as well as follow-up questionnaires. The new wave of recruitment is all online and can be done on a smartphone, with DNA from saliva collected by post. Teenagers aged 12-15 can join with parental consent.
Results
GWAS has been done on quantitative traits and biomarkers, with DNA methylation data and proteomics available for most of the cohort. Our “CovidLife” surveys collected data on effects of the pandemic.
Researchers can find prevalent and incident disease cases and controls, to test research hypotheses on a stratified population. They can also do targeted recruitment of participants to new studies, including recall by genotype. We have established and validated E-HR linkage with the NHS Scotland CHI Register,,overcoming technical and governance issues in the process. We contribute to major international consortia, with collaborators from institutions worldwide, both academic and commercial. Recruits are asked to give consent to linkage to other administrative data, and reuse of samples from routine NHS tests for medical research.
Conclusion
We plan to extend the linkage process to include other administrative data from national datasets as and when approvals are obtained. New types of data can also be collected by online questionnaires. The Research Tissue Bank resources are available to academic and commercial researchers through a managed access process.
In the modern economy, digitalization has become one of the key components of the Russian Federation regions socio-economic development. Enterprises of various industries are faced with the need to process large amounts of data, which greatly complicates data management, and therefore the relevance of the analysis of artificial intelligence technologies increases. Training employees for industrial processes is a major challenge in any industry. Effective human resource management requires an accurate assessment and presentation of available competencies, as well as an effective mapping of the required competencies for specific positions. Competences enable the company to achieve high production and economic results. The aim of the study is to develop a structural model of a predictive expert system for managing data on the competencies of a modern manager by combining artificial and human intelligence, which can serve as a decision support tool for managers in real conditions to improve the efficiency of a particular enterprise. The study of the demand for managers and requirements for candidates in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan was conducted on the data of the largest Russian Internet recruitment company HeadHunter. To develop a structural model of the proposed expert system, information from specialized scientific publications published in the Russian and foreign scientific literature of the Web of science and Scopus databases was used. The expert system will allow the manager to find the best options for using employees, predict the development of the enterprise as a whole and its individual divisions, which will significantly increase the key performance indicators of any company.
ILIE (MARIN) NICOLETA, TODERASC STEFAN ALIN, OPREA IULIA ALEXANDRA
Digital transformation represents one of the most current points of interest for the European Union. However,
in agriculture, is digitalization a reality of the present or just a vision for the future? More and more processes are
integrating into modern agriculture as offline and online activities increasingly converge in today's transition to digital
agriculture. As the entire process is continuously developing, real opportunities emerge for all countries. A resilient
agriculture that offers a secure future, based on minimal resources and sustainability, can only be built through a
common concentration of efforts.
Digital technologies have the potential to revolutionize agriculture and help farmers work more precisely,
efficiently, and sustainably. Perspectives created from concrete data can improve decision-making processes and
performance in favor of the environment, making the job itself more attractive to the new generations of farmers. Digital
technologies also provide increased transparency for end consumers throughout the distribution chain.
The digitalization of Romanian agriculture can represent a turning point towards development at its true
capacity, even in the current small-scale context. This paper aims to outline the opportunities and limitations that may
arise on the path towards the digitalization of Romanian agriculture.
Commercial geography. Economic geography, Economics as a science
Mitchell K. Byrne, Sebastien Miellet, Anica McGlinn
et al.
Background Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health concern, with extensive associated health and economic implications. Actions to slow and contain the development of resistance are imperative. Despite the fact that overuse and misuse of antibiotics are highlighted as major contributing factors to this resistance, no sufficiently validated measures aiming to investigate the drivers behind consumer behaviour amongst the general population are available. The objective of this study was to develop and investigate the psychometric properties of an original, novel and multiple-item questionnaire, informed by the Theory of Planned Behaviour, to measure factors contributing to self-reported antibiotic use within the community. Method A three-phase process was employed, including literature review and item generation; expert panel review; and pre-test. Investigation of the questionnaire was subsequently conducted through a cross-sectional, anonymous survey. Orthogonal principal analysis with varimax rotation, cronbach alpha and linear mixed-effects modelling analyses were conducted. A 60 item questionnaire was produced encompassing demographics, social desirability, three constructs of the Theory of Planned Behaviour including: attitudes and beliefs; subjective norm; perceived behavioural control; behaviour; and a covariate – knowledge. Results Three hundred seventy-three participants completed the survey. Eighty participants (21%) were excluded due to social desirability concerns, with data from the remaining 293 participants analysed. Results showed modest but acceptable levels of internal reliability, with high inter-item correlations within each construct. All four variables and the outcome variable of antibiotic use behaviour comprised four items with the exception of social norms, for which there were two items, producing a final 18 item questionnaire. Perceived behavioural control, social norms, the interaction between attitudes and beliefs and knowledge, and the presence of a healthcare worker in the family were all significant predictors of antibiotic use behaviour. All other predictors tested produced a nonsignificant relationship with the outcome variable of self-reported antibiotic use. Conclusion This study successfully developed and validated a novel tool which assesses factors influencing community antibiotic use and misuse. The questionnaire can be used to guide appropriate intervention strategies to reduce antibiotic misuse in the general population. Future research is required to assess the extent to which this tool can guide community-based intervention strategies.
У статті розглянуто особливості укладання та оплати трудових та цивільно-правових договорів. Проведено аналіз трудового і цивільно- правового законодавства в Україні. Наведено категоріальний апарат, в частині розмежування та виокремлення видів договорів, залежно від домовленостей між сторонами та умов їх підписання. Систематизовано та узагальнено основні складові елементи договорів, розкрито їх порівняльну характеристику, що впливає на умови співпраці, особливості відображення в бухгалтерському обліку та звітності, а також отримання оплати праці чи винагороди фізичними особами. Виокремлено їх спільні та відмінні риси. Оцінено нововведення та зміни чинного законодавства з питань регулювання оплати виконаних робіт (наданих послуг) в умовах спеціального правового та податкового режиму «Дія Сіті», запровадженого в Україні для сприяння розвитку ІТ-бізнесу. Розкрито особливості, проблемні питання оформлення та оплати винагороди гіг-спеціалістам за гіг-контрактами, як інструменту оформлення співпраці та виконання певного обсягу робіт (надання послуг) в галузі ІТ-індустрії, та як результату симбіозу трудового та цивільно-правового законодавства.
Dennis Bonatsos, K. E. Karakatsanis, Andriana Martinou
et al.
Shape coexistence in even-even nuclei is observed when the ground state band of a nucleus is accompanied by another K=0 band at similar energy but with radically different structure. We attempt to predict regions of shape coexistence throughout the nuclear chart using the parameter-free proxy-SU(3) symmetry and standard covariant density functional theory. Within the proxy-SU(3) symmetry the interplay of shell model magic numbers, formed by the spin-orbit interaction, and the 3-dimensional isotropic harmonic oscillator magic numbers, leads to the prediction of specific horizontal and vertical stripes on the nuclear chart in which shape coexistence should be possible. Within covariant density functional theory, specific islands on the nuclear chart are found, in which particle-hole excitations leading to shape coexistence are observed. The role played by particle-hole excitations across magic numbers as well as the collapse of magic numbers as deformation sets in is clarified.
These lecture notes accompany a one-semester graduate course on information and learning in economic theory. Topics include common knowledge, Bayesian updating, monotone-likelihood ratio properties, affiliation, the Blackwell order, cost of information, learning and merging of beliefs, model uncertainty, model misspecification, and information design.
Saeed Awadh Bin-Nashwan, Hijattulah Abdul-Jabbar, S. Aziz
et al.
PurposeAlthough Zakah is the cornerstone of the social protection system in Muslim societies, providing relief to those in need and collecting funds from those who have access to money and property, many administrative and legal improvements need to be made to ensure that Zakah funds are managed effectively and efficiently in Muslim states. It is therefore important to recognize why some Muslims are not paying their Zakah through Zakah authorities. The purpose of this paper is to propose a viable and comprehensive research model, derived from an economic and socio-psychological perspective, to provide a richer understanding of Zakah payers’ compliance behaviour.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on extant literature, this study offers a conceptual framework for a better understanding of compliance behaviour by proposing an economic and socio-psychological model based on Fischer’s tax compliance model, which could be applied cautiously in an Islamic setting like Zakah.FindingsThe four main categories of the Fischer model are derived from socio-psychological and economic perspectives, namely, attitude and perception (system fairness, ethics and peer influence); Zakah system structure (Zakah law complexity and law enforcement); non-compliance opportunity (education level, wealth source and occupation); and demographic factors (age and gender). Each has much to offer in understanding Zakah payers’ compliance decisions. To suit the nature of Zakah, the influence of Islamic religiosity and the moderating effect of trust in the Zakah institution are incorporated into the model.Practical implicationsThose Muslim communities that strive to have functional Zakah systems to search for solutions to the perennial problem of low Zakah funding and its damning consequences, are offered a compliance model for systematically assessing Muslims’ compliance behaviour with Zakah provisions. This framework is anticipated to offer invaluable input to policymakers in streaming and strategizing the minimization of losses of Zakah revenue to Zakah authorities.Originality/valueAlthough behavioural models such as the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behaviour have been extensively used in Zakah compliance studies, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is perhaps the first to apply a socio-psychological and economic framework, emerging from tax literature, in the Zakah environment to develop fully understanding of Zakah payers’ compliance decisions.
In today's realities of investment activities, small and medium enterprises are faced with the dilemma of choosing areas of investment of monetary and non-monetary resources. Determining the feasibility of a particular investment is based on the use of appropriate mathematical apparatus and economic-mathematical models. The article considers some of the most important aspects of the use of numerical methods in the mechanism of investment of small and medium enterprises, developed on the basis of research on the development of such economic entities. The logical basis of the proposed methods is a proven division of the term of operation of enterprises into several stages of the life cycle, which differ significantly in the characteristics of incoming and outgoing cash flows. It is proposed to determine the absolute expediency of founding small and medium enterprises by calculating the probabilistic values of profitability of the enterprise based on the calculation of the area of geometric shapes limited by the functions of income and expenses during all stages of the life cycle. It is proved that such calculations are expedient by calculating the indefinite integral and applying the Newton-Leibniz formula.
With regard to the functions that characterize the income and expenses of small and medium enterprises throughout their existence, the article proves that the most optimal in this case is the use of production functions. Among the whole set of existing production functions, we have identified the most optimal for the task Cobb-Douglas production function, CES production function, Linear production function, Leontief production function, adapted to the conditions of the microlevel. To calculate the elementary areas limited by the corresponding production functions, the article examines the relevant existing methods. Studies have been conducted on the possibility of using to calculate the areas limited by the production functions of income and expenses of small and medium enterprises during each stage of the life cycle, the methods of rectangles, trapezoids and parabolas. It is determined that they have limited conditions for use due to the need to divide the time period of operation of enterprises at intervals that do not coincide with the stages of the life cycle. Therefore, studies were continued, as a result of which it was proved that the most optimal method of calculating the elementary areas limited by the target functions of income and expenditure of small and medium enterprises is the Gaussian method with different variations.
This study has two-fold objectives. First, analyze the rural income inequality and its decomposition by employment status and education of the household. Second, analyze the income inequality of districts of Pakistan located at the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Theil Index, a member of the generalized entropy inequality and inequality decomposition technique. Furthermore, the Geographic Information System GIS was used to map the rural income (agricultural and non-agricultural). Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (2012-13), provincial and district representative data set, was used. Results show that the households mainly earned from agriculture and those in which heads had the post-secondary qualification make the largest contributions to rural income inequality. A decomposition of income inequality within and between districts on CPEC routes indicates higher variations. GIS based mapping of rural income depicts districts on routes of CPEC having a
large non-agricultural income.
We present a general logical framework for reasoning about agents' cognitive attitudes of both epistemic type and motivational type. We show that it allows us to express a variety of relevant concepts for qualitative decision theory including the concepts of knowledge, belief, strong belief, conditional belief, desire, conditional desire, strong desire and preference. We also present two extensions of the logic, one by the notion of choice and the other by dynamic operators for belief change and desire change, and we apply the former to the analysis of single-stage games under incomplete information. We provide sound and complete axiomatizations for the basic logic and for its two extensions. The paper is under consideration in Theory and Practice of Logic Programming (TPLP).
Abstract Shared housing, which provides an individual, private room for each tenant and common spaces for all housemates, is an emerging housing option for young adults in many countries. This study explored housing perceptions and preferences and assessed young adults' willingness to pay for shared housing based on Maslow's hierarchy of human needs and Means-End Chain theory. Stated preferences regarding shared housing often refer to its unique attributes, such as security, affordable rent, better quality of living spaces, as well as social relationships with housemates. Based on a survey of 1000 young, single households in Seoul, the study found that respondents expressed greater willingness to pay for shared housing to gain economic, social, and security benefits; however, the trade-off between affordable rent and privacy was an important consideration. Understanding the needs of young, single adults in the context of shared housing is essential to solving the housing challenges currently facing this demographic group.