Hasil untuk "City population. Including children in cities, immigration"

Álvaro Suárez Vergne, Héctor Cebolla Boado, Michael Lund et al.

Abstract This paper provides a cross-country analysis of anti-Muslim hate crimes in Europe, using ODHIR-OSCE data for 30 countries between 2016 and 2022. We systematically compare the effects of two major shocks highlighted in the literature: radical-right electoral gains and Islamist terrorist attacks. The paper explores two mechanisms through which these shocks may impact hate crimes against Muslim minorities: (1) legitimization, whereby terrorism or radical-right success can normalize hate crimes against Muslims, and (2) containment, whereby the surge of radical right parties in institutions may channel at least part of the hate resulting from societal tensions. Our findings reveal that terrorist attacks increase anti-Muslim hate crimes, and radical right electoral success has an exclusively legitimizing effect on anti-Muslim hate crimes, failing to contain violence. The effect of radical right electoral success is moderated in scenarios with harsher socio-economic conditions, where it seems to absorb other types of grievances and discontent.

Zishan Liu, Zecong Tang, RuoCheng Wu et al.

The automated generation of interactive 3D cities is a critical challenge with broad applications in autonomous driving, virtual reality, and embodied intelligence. While recent advances in generative models and procedural techniques have improved the realism of city generation, existing methods often struggle with high-fidelity asset creation, controllability, and manipulation. In this work, we introduce CityGenAgent, a natural language-driven framework for hierarchical procedural generation of high-quality 3D cities. Our approach decomposes city generation into two interpretable components, Block Program and Building Program. To ensure structural correctness and semantic alignment, we adopt a two-stage learning strategy: (1) Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT). We train BlockGen and BuildingGen to generate valid programs that adhere to schema constraints, including non-self-intersecting polygons and complete fields; (2) Reinforcement Learning (RL). We design Spatial Alignment Reward to enhance spatial reasoning ability and Visual Consistency Reward to bridge the gap between textual descriptions and the visual modality. Benefiting from the programs and the models' generalization, CityGenAgent supports natural language editing and manipulation. Comprehensive evaluations demonstrate superior semantic alignment, visual quality, and controllability compared to existing methods, establishing a robust foundation for scalable 3D city generation.

Xiujuan Li, Roumei Lin, Pan Wen et al.

Background Unintentional injuries are a leading cause of death and disability among children and adolescents worldwide, particularly in economically underdeveloped regions. Guizhou, an impoverished and multi-ethnic region in southwestern China, faces elevated risks due to limited healthcare resources and a high proportion of left-behind children. However, few studies have explored prevention and control needs from the perspective of target populations. Using a qualitative approach, this study adopted a “bottom-up” perspective to investigate the needs of children, caregivers, teachers, and community workers in Guizhou regarding the prevention and control of unintentional injuries among children, aiming to provide a scientific basis for developing precise, culturally adapted intervention strategies. Objective This study aimed to examine the current status and needs of unintentional injury prevention and control interventions for children aged 3–12 in Guizhou Province. Methods Participants were selected using purposive sampling. From July 8 to 22, 2024, semi-structured interviews were conducted with children aged 3–12, their caregivers, teachers, and local social workers in Guiyang, Liping County, and Xingyi City, Guizhou Province. These included 31 focus group discussions with children and 121 in-depth interviews with caregivers, teachers, and community workers. Thematic analysis of the data was performed using NVivo 15 software. Results Data analysis revealed four core themes: existing prevention and control interventions, intervention effectiveness, intervention gaps, and intervention needs. Existing interventions primarily included safety education, joint prevention and control mechanisms, and physical protection measures. While these efforts were reported to improve children’s safety awareness and reduced injury incidents, gaps remained, such as inadequate parental supervision, prominent environmental hazards, insufficient publicity, resource shortages, and poor cross-sector collaboration. Vulnerable groups, including left-behind children living alone and children with disabilities, faced higher risks. Participants expressed diverse intervention needs, including environmental modifications, resource support, enhanced publicity, and innovative prevention strategies. Conclusion The current government-led prevention and control system has achieved certain successes but requires a shift from broad coverage to targeted interventions. Future efforts should strengthen family responsibility, improve multi-sectoral collaboration, and increase resource allocation. Integrating technology and cultural guidance to establish a multi-sectoral prevention network could reduce unintentional injury risk among children and promote health equity.

Ana P. Canedo

Abstract During the past decade, an unprecedented number of Mexicans residing in the U.S. returned to Mexico. This high level of return migration entails great social, cultural, economic, and political challenges for a country that has long struggled to absorb its young and low-skilled workforce—and that is likely to continue receiving returnees as immigration enforcement in the United States intensifies. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with Mexican migrants returning from the United States, this paper examines the key barriers that returnees face to be able to reintegrate successfully. The analysis shows that first-generation migrants or those who migrated to the United States in adulthood and 1.5-generation migrants or those who migrated as minors with their parents have strikingly different reintegration experiences upon return. Findings also point to a fragmented form of embeddedness, in which returnees may reintegrate along one dimension (social, economic, or psychological) but not others. These insights contribute to the literature on return migration by deepening our understanding of the complexities of reintegration in the Mexican context, with the aim of informing more effective policy responses and anticipating future challenges.

Fabio Santos

Abstract This article offers a decolonial reading of Fort Allen, a U.S. military base temporarily repurposed as a detention camp for Haitian refugees in southern Puerto Rico in 1981–82, to interrogate the imperial geographies and archival silences of migration governance in the Caribbean. Drawing on a range of archival materials—including court rulings, newspaper editorials, photographs, private letters, and activist artifacts—it reconstructs the spatial, legal, and political dimensions of Fort Allen as both a site of confinement and a lens into broader U.S. strategies of offshoring and racialized migration control. The article situates Fort Allen within intersecting histories of U.S. empire, Cold War geopolitics, and Caribbean anticolonial resistance, arguing that the camp’s short-lived existence exemplifies a longer history of spatialized legal exceptions and colonial entanglements. It further engages with recent efforts to decenter and decolonize migration studies by foregrounding subaltern memory, contested archives, and the methodological imperative to read across silences, erasures, and fragmentary traces.

Christian S. Czymara, Anastasia Gorodzeisky, Inna Leykin

Abstract This paper examines the long-term impact of past political processes and events on current perceptions of immigration. As a case study, we focus on contemporary public perceptions of migrants by citizens of the Baltic states and ask how historical migration patterns and policies within the former Soviet Union are reflected in these perceptions. Our analysis is based on original survey data collected from nationally representative samples in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Employing structural topic modeling (STM), we analyze over 1,100 responses to an open-ended survey question asking respondents to describe the group that comes to mind when thinking about immigrants in their country. Using STM allows us to identify socially meaningful themes, as highlighted by the respondents, and without bias from any predefined categories. Our findings demonstrate that, while Russia’s invasion of Ukraine featured significantly in the responses, the Soviet political legacy and the related Soviet era migration continue to shape perceptions of migrants in the Baltic States thirty years after their independence. Thus, even in the context of the most salient migration-related events, such as war, past geo-political processes can play a significant role in the formation of current public perceptions of immigration.

Andrea Musso, Diego Rybski, Dirk Helbing et al.

The share of the world population living in cities with more than one million people rose from 11% in 1975 to 24% in 2025 (our estimates). Will this trend towards greater concentration in large cities continue or level off? We introduce two new city population datasets that use consistent city definitions across countries and over time. The first covers the world between 1975 and 2025, using satellite imagery. The second covers the U.S. between 1850 and 2020, using census microdata. We find that urban growth follows a characteristic life cycle. In the early stages of a country's urbanization process, large cities grow faster than smaller ones. At later stages, growth rates equalize across sizes. We use this life cycle to project future population concentration in large cities. Our projections suggest that 38% of the world population will be living in cities with more than one million people by 2100. This estimate is higher than the 33% implied by the well-known theory of proportional growth, but lower than the 42% obtained by extrapolating current trends.

Peiran Zhang, Liang Gao, Fabiano L. Ribeiro et al.

For decades, urban development was studied on two-dimensional maps, largely ignoring the third dimension. However, building height is crucial because it dramatically potentiates the interior space of cities. Here, using a newly released global building height dataset of 2903 cities across 42 countries in 2015, we develop a Cobb-Douglas model to simultaneously examine the relationship between urban population size and both horizontal and vertical urban extents. We find that, contrary to expectations, the residents of most urban systems do not significantly benefit from vertical dimension, with population accommodation being primarily driven by horizontal extent. The associations with country-level external indicators demonstrate that the benefits of horizontal extent are more pronounced in urban systems with more extreme size distribution (most population concentrated in few cities). Moreover, building classification tests confirm the robustness of our findings across all building types. Our findings challenge the intuition that building height and high-rise development significantly contributes to urban population accommodation, calling for targeted policies to improve its efficiency.

Tobias Batik, Guillermo Prieto-Viertel, Jiaqi Liang et al.

Urban form plays a crucial role in shaping transportation patterns, accessibility, energy consumption, and more. Our study examines the relationship between urban form and transportation energy use by developing a parametric model that simulates city structures and their impact on travel distances. We explore various urban morphologies, including sprawling, elongated, compact, and vertically concentrated cities, and consider five urban profiles: "needle," "pyramid," "pancake," "bowl," and "ring." We designed an interactive visualisation and calculator that enables the analysis of these effects, providing insights into the impact of various urban configurations. Our model quantifies the average commuting distances associated with these forms, demonstrating that compact and centrally dense cities minimise the total travel distance in cities.

Dina Gusejnova, Alina Dragolea, Andrea Pető et al.

Abstract This article maps from a critical and comparative perspective how scholars at risk are currently being integrated into the European research infrastructure, as well as in various EU and non-EU Member States. The focus is on three countries ranging from older to newer EU members to one non-EU member state—Hungary, Romania and the United Kingdom—as well as on EU-level organisations. We draw on twelve in-depth interviews conducted with key stakeholders involved in the process of academic migration (non-governmental organisations, EU and national level actors) to identify key issues concerning academics at risk. Finally, we call for a robust EU-level response to an issue that is currently inadequately addressed by national governments, professional associations and NGOs. As we argue, the focus on mobility as a factor supporting research excellence in the regular European research infrastructure can have negative unintended outcomes for scholars at risk. For many of them, rewarding mobility can entail the threat of losing their legal status in temporary places of migration. What is needed is a nuanced approach for scholars at risk in a diverse range of situations, which should involve closer cooperation between international academic bodies and EU policy makers, and complement support for those who need to escape to third countries with the offer of remote work in the country where they are able to obtain a secure residence permit.

Meri Sri Sugita, Halida, Annisa Amalia

This study was conducted to determine: The Influence of Busy Book Media on Number Concept Recognition Ability in 5-6 Year Old Children at TK Islamiyah Pontianak Tenggara. The technique used in this research was a quantitative approach with an experimental research method, specifically using a pre-experimental design known as one group pretest-posttest. The subjects of the study were all children in group B at TK Islamiyah Pontianak Tenggara, totaling 12 children. Sample selection was done using Purposive Sampling technique from the entire population, ensuring that the chosen sample met the predefined criteria to aid the research process. Data collection techniques included test, observation, and documentation processes. Descriptive data analysis was used to determine mean, median, mode, and standard deviation. Prerequisite tests conducted were normality test and hypothesis testing. The pretest results (before using the busy book) had an average score of 5.53, while the posttest results (after using the busy book) showed an average score of 9.20. Based on the significant level of 5% (2.106), the paired sample t-test analysis resulted in a calculated t-value (6.862) that was greater than the critical t-value (2.160), with a significance (2-tailed) of 0.000 < 0.05. This indicates that the null hypothesis (H0) was rejected and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is an influence of using busy book media on the ability to recognize number concepts at TK Islamiyah Pontianak Tenggara.

Parvati Raghuram, Markus Roos Breines, Ashley Gunter

Abstract De-migranticization is becoming a core strategy for overcoming the fetishization of migrants in migration studies. However, this shift in perspectives raises questions about what categories to use instead. This paper contributes to these debates by considering the potential of studying immobility as a tool for de-migranticization. It looks at immobility through the lens of liminality: as a transitory phase, as a transformative stage and as one which enables epistemological subversion. In doing so, it goes beyond other border spanning terms to offer methodological insights into using immobility and liminality to de-migranticize. The paper suggests that these qualities of reading immobility through theories of liminality has implications for when, where and how to study migration. The empirical case draws on 165 semi-structured interviews with distance education students from Zimbabwe, Namibia and Nigeria studying at the University of South Africa (UNISA).

Yixuan Li, Xingjian Ran, Linning Xu et al.

Buildings are primary components of cities, often featuring repeated elements such as windows and doors. Traditional 3D building asset creation is labor-intensive and requires specialized skills to develop design rules. Recent generative models for building creation often overlook these patterns, leading to low visual fidelity and limited scalability. Drawing inspiration from procedural modeling techniques used in the gaming and visual effects industry, our method, Proc-GS, integrates procedural code into the 3D Gaussian Splatting (3D-GS) framework, leveraging their advantages in high-fidelity rendering and efficient asset management from both worlds. By manipulating procedural code, we can streamline this process and generate an infinite variety of buildings. This integration significantly reduces model size by utilizing shared foundational assets, enabling scalable generation with precise control over building assembly. We showcase the potential for expansive cityscape generation while maintaining high rendering fidelity and precise control on both real and synthetic cases.

Ra'Fat Al-Msie'deen

The idea of smart cities (SCs) has gained substantial attention in recent years. The SC paradigm aims to improve citizens' quality of life and protect the city's environment. As we enter the age of next-generation SCs, it is important to explore all relevant aspects of the SC paradigm. In recent years, the advancement of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) has produced a trend of supporting daily objects with smartness, targeting to make human life easier and more comfortable. The paradigm of SCs appears as a response to the purpose of building the city of the future with advanced features. SCs still face many challenges in their implementation, but increasingly more studies regarding SCs are implemented. Nowadays, different cities are employing SC features to enhance services or the residents quality of life. This work provides readers with useful and important information about Amman Smart City.

Maxwell D. Weidmann, Daniel A. Green, G. J. Berry et al.

Introduction In the Northeast US, respiratory viruses such as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which were largely suppressed by COVID-19-related social distancing, made an unprecedented resurgence during 2022, leading to a substantial rise in viral co-infections. However, the relative rates of co-infection with seasonal respiratory viruses over this period have not been assessed. Methods Here we reviewed multiplex respiratory viral PCR data (BioFire FilmArray™ Respiratory Panel v2.1 [RPP]) from patients with respiratory symptoms presenting to our medical center in New York City to assess co-infection rates of respiratory viruses, which were baselined to total rates of infection for each virus. We examined trends in monthly RPP data from adults and children during November 2021 through December 2022 to capture the full seasonal dynamics of respiratory viruses across periods of low and high prevalence. Results Of 50,022 RPPs performed for 34,610 patients, 44% were positive for at least one target, and 67% of these were from children. The overwhelming majority of co-infections (93%) were seen among children, for whom 21% of positive RPPs had two or more viruses detected, as compared to just 4% in adults. Relative to children for whom RPPs were ordered, children with co-infections were younger (3.0 vs 4.5 years) and more likely to be seen in the ED or outpatient settings than inpatient and ICU settings. In children, most viral co-infections were found at significantly reduced rates relative to that expected from the incidence of each virus, especially those involving SARS-CoV-2 and influenza. SARS-CoV-2 positive children had an 85%, 65% and 58% reduced rate of co-infection with influenza, RSV, and Rhino/enteroviruses, respectively, after compensating for the incidence of infection with each virus (p< 0.001). Discussion Our results demonstrate that most respiratory viruses peaked in different months and present in co-infections less than would be expected based on overall rates of infection, suggesting a viral exclusionary effect between most seasonal respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, influenza and RSV. We also demonstrate the significant burden of respiratory viral co-infections among children. Further work is necessary to understand what predisposes certain patients for viral co-infection despite this exclusionary effect.

Federica Infantino

Abstract Building on the case of visa procedures, this article analyses the relationship between border bureaucracies and intermediaries understood as actors, organisations and knowledge that facilitate, shape, and enable human mobility. I take the street-level view to shed light on the interplay of multiple dimensions and logics, which affects how people are mobile. I argue that the analytical lens of interdependency between dimensions and logics that characterize bureaucracies and intermediaries makes sense of migration infrastructuring processes at the street-level. The case of visa policies and practices, which are characterized by the twofold objective of stemming and spurring mobility, is particularly apt to put forward that intermediaries’ socio-economic activities, which bridge borders, by facilitating, shaping, and sustaining mobility, respond not just to the policies and practices that build and reinforce borders but also to those soliciting certain kinds of mobility. The analysis builds on the comparison of ethnographic literature to put forward three empirical situations that exemplify the dynamics of interdependency: Local guides and experts who develop in response to the opacity of bureaucratic procedures and to the distance between visa applicants and state actors; The providers of pieces of documentation, whether counterfeit or ‘real-but-fake’, who respond to the impossibility of complying with bureaucratic requirements and to restrictive border regimes; Authorized administrative agencies, tour operators, travel agencies, and agencies that facilitate the supplying of specific kinds of workforce, who respond to the objective of soliciting the mobility of tourists, businessmen and workers. The street-level view of migration infrastructuring processes connects the micro-perspective of the trajectory of individuals to macro structures such as policies and drivers of international mobility. The investigation of the effectiveness of these actors and activities in obtaining visas, on which further research could systematically focus, shows that they might produce immobility as well. In a nutshell, (im)mobility also results from the interplay between border bureaucracies and mobility intermediaries.

Zhanpeng Huang

Does the national innovation city and smart city pilot policy, as an important institutional design to promote the transformation of old and new dynamics, have an important impact on the digital economy? What are the intrinsic mechanisms? Based on the theoretical analysis of whether smart city and national innovation city policies promote urban digital economy, this paper constructs a multi-temporal double difference model based on a quasi-natural experiment with urban dual pilot policies and systematically investigates the impact of dual pilot policies on the development of digital economy. It is found that both smart cities and national innovation cities can promote the development of digital economy, while there is a synergistic effect between the policies. The mechanism test shows that the smart city construction and national innovation city construction mainly affect the digital economy through talent agglomeration effect, technology agglomeration effect and financial agglomeration effect.

Mahboobe Espeedkar, Davood Manavipour, Alireza Pirkhaefi

The aim of this study was investigate the role of grandparents in the repairing or damaging of attachment security of avoidant insecure attached children. The present study was in terms of purpose applied and in terms of implementation method was qualitative. The research population was educators and children of center of intellectual development of children and adolescents of Tehran city, which from them 8 educators and 100 children were selected as a sample according to the principle of theoretical saturation and with the purposeful sampling method. The educators were subjected to a semi-structured interview and the children answered to the questionnaire of attachment styles classification and researcher-made questionnaire of mental representations of attachment relationships in middle childhood. The data of this study were analyzed by thematic analysis and frequency and frequency percentage methods. The results of thematic analysis showed that for attachment security of avoidant insecure attached children were identified 6 dimensions and 10 components; So that the dimensions were included of form of expression of feelings (with two components of normalization of the event and indifference or doubt), form of physical emotions (with one component of separating the feeling from the event), coherence in expression (with two components of shortness of expression and avoiding accountability), interaction with person (with one component of recklessness along with sensory detachment), form of expression of event (with one component of generalization and brevity) and facing whit the conflict (with three components of avoiding the event or escaping from the situation, open ending/making up and focusing on the consequences of the decision instead of understanding the problem). The results of frequency and frequency percentage indicated the examination of the mentioned 10 components based on 7 narratives including guests, keys, stores, strangers, paintings, bullies and picnics, which showed that grandparents played a small role in repairing or damaging of attachment security of avoidant insecure attached children. Therefore, by providing appropriate and practical training workshops can be improved the role of grandparents in the repairing of attachment security of avoidant insecure attached children.

G. Macassa, A. I. Ribeiro, A. Marttila et al.

Climate change presents an unprecedented public health challenge as it has a great impact on population health outcomes across the global population. The key to addressing these health challenges is adaptation carried out in cities through collaboration between institutions, including public health ones. Through semi-structured interviews (n = 16), this study investigated experiences and perceptions of what public health aspects are considered by urban and public health planners and researchers when planning climate change adaptation in the coastal cities of Söderhamn (Sweden), Porto (Portugal) and Navotas (the Philippines). Results of the thematic analysis indicated that participating stakeholders were aware of the main climate risks threatening their cities (rising water levels and flooding, extreme temperatures, and air pollution). In addition, the interviewees talked about collaboration with other sectors, including the public health sector, in implementing climate change adaptation plans. However, the inclusion of the public health sector as a partner in the process was identified in only two cities, Navotas and Porto. Furthermore, the study found that there were few aspects pertaining to public health (water and sanitation, prevention of heat-related and water-borne diseases, and prevention of the consequences associated with heat waves in vulnerable groups such as children and elderly persons) in the latest climate change adaptation plans posted on each city’s website. Moreover, participants pointed to different difficulties: insufficient financial resources, limited intersectoral collaboration for climate change adaptation, and lack of involvement of the public health sector in the adaptation processes, especially in one of the cities in which climate change adaptation was solely the responsibility of the urban planners. Studies using larger samples of stakeholders in larger cities are needed to better understand why the public health sector is still almost absent in efforts to adapt to climate change.

Linlin Wu, Xiang Guo, Jiechen Liu et al.

ABSTRACT Influenza is a common infectious disease resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality globally. The most effective strategy for preventing influenza is annual vaccination; however, the coverage rate of the influenza vaccine in Shanghai has not been well explored or reported. Therefore, this study aimed to determine coverage with the influenza vaccine and access trends in Shanghai city; data from Shanghai immunization information system was analyzed to estimate vaccination coverage during 2016–2017 through 2020–2021 influenza seasons. Vaccination coverage by age groups, immigration status, and districts was accessed. The influenza vaccination coverage (at least one dose) for 2016/2017 to 2020/2021 influenza seasons was 10.8‰ (95‰ CI: 10.7–10.8), 12.3‰ (95‰ CI: 12.3–12.4), 10.1‰ (95‰ CI: 10.0–10.1), 20.1‰ (95‰ CI: 20.0–20.2) and 50.8‰ (95‰ CI: 50.7–50.8) respectively. Although we found significantly higher vaccination coverage in females, children from 6 months to 17 years, and residents, it is still low in all subgroups of the population in Shanghai. Therefore, taking effective steps to promote influenza vaccination in Shanghai is recommended.