Nacionalni saveti nacionalnih manjina ostvaruju značajnu ulogu u očuvanju interesa manjinskih zajednica naročito u etnički heterogenim državama kako bi se izbegla asimilacija pripadnika manjina i, posledično, nacionalna homogenizacija odnosnih država. Čini se da je pomenuti problem posebno izražen u Srbiji koja se našla na meti kritike da su nacionalne manjine koje je nastanjuju u fazi kulturno-jezičke asimilacije. Kako bi se ovi problemi izbegli, potrebno je razviti mehanizme koji omogućavaju pripadnicima manjina da zaštite distinktivne karakteristike nacionalne manjine kojoj pripadaju. Ti mehanizmi se, između ostalog, ogledaju u pravu nacionalnih manjina na neteritorijalnu autonomiju, koje je u Srbiji ostvareno u vidu nacionalnih saveta nacionalnih manjina. Ipak da bi nacionalni saveti mogli da vrše svoju ulogu od krucijalnog značaja je postupak njihovog konstituisanja. Od izbornog modela ovih tela direktno zavisi reprezentativnost i (ne)uspešnost ostvarivanja uloge koja im je dodeljena, te će predmet ovog rada biti upravo analiza postupka izbora nacionalnih saveta.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
The article is devoted to determining the features of the participation of international financial organizations in the law-making activities of Ukraine. It is noted that law-making activity is a special type of activity in which various international organizations can participate, one of which is international financial organizations. The participation of international financial organizations in the law-making activity of Ukraine is carried out within their competence in accordance with the constituent documents. It is noted that the modern practice of international financial organizations indicates that the functions they are assigned during their creation, in the process of modifying the international legal order and with the emergence of new global threats are gradually changing, and the organizations receive new powers, new tasks are set before them. Therefore, at the current stage of active development of international financial organizations, the acts of the latter not only perform the regulatory function of interstate relations of a financial nature, but also influence the creation of financial norms in the national legal systems of member states. The features of the participation of the main international financial organizations in the sphere of law-making activity of Ukraine are highlighted and disclosed. It has been stated that cooperation between law-making entities and international financial organizations is an effective tool for an effective law-making process in Ukraine. The implementation of recommendations of international financial organizations into national legislation contributes to the implementation of reforms and the adoption of necessary regulatory legal acts. The forms of participation of international financial organizations in law-making activities in Ukraine can be both direct (conducting consultations, providing expert opinions on draft laws or existing laws) and indirect (providing financial assistance for the adoption of necessary regulatory legal acts). Thanks to the recommendations of international financial organizations, a significant number of regulatory and legal acts in the field of finance and various branches of legislation have been adopted. Therefore, international financial organizations are an important factor in effective law-making activities in Ukraine.
Este análisis versa sobre la primera sentencia de la Corte Suprema que aplica la reforma Constitucional del artículo 19 N°1, inciso cuarto. que resolviendo apelación de Recurso de Protección, en casusa Rol 105065/2023 caratulada GIRARDI/EMOTIV.INC, se establece un criterio jurisprudencial sobre el uso y la recopilación de información referida a la actividad neurológica. El recurso de proteción es deducido en contra de la empresa internacional Emotiv Inc., por la comercialización de su producto “Insight”. Dispositivo inalámbrico que recaba información sobre la actividad eléctrica del cerebro, obteniendo datos sobre gestos, movimientos, preferencias, tiempos de reacción y actividad cognitiva de quien lo usa. El recurrente denuncia que: “este dispositivo no protege adecuadamente la privacidad de la información cerebral de sus usuarios, vulnerando las garantías constitucionales contenidas en los numerales 1, 4 y 24 del artículo 19 de la Constitución Política de la República”. La empresa recurrida señala en su defensa (…) “que no sólo cumple cabalmente la normativa chilena, sino que además se rige por el Reglamento General de Protección de Datos de la Unión Europea, más estricto que la norma local.
Ethics, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
The article is devoted to clarifying the axiological nature of the principles of law, the significance of the principles of law in the legal system, defining their nature, the system of fundamental values that play the role of guidelines in the formation of law. The principles of law are analyzed using an axiological approach through the understanding of the main legal values: freedom, equality, justice and human dignity. The principles of law must be considered as values, as they express the basic ideas, moral convictions that underlie the legal system. The principles of law are always an important element in the formation and development of society, as they determine the basic rules and standards by which the legal system functions. The understanding of the axiological aspects of the principles of law is generalized, which helps not only in the development and analysis of legal systems, but also in ensuring their social relevance and purpose in the context of a specific society. Several main axiological aspects of the principles of law are highlighted. First, the axiological aspects of the principles of law determine those values that are basic and mandatory for recognition within the framework of the legal system. For example, human rights, justice, freedom, etc. Second, principles of law can reflect certain values through specific legal norms. Third, the principles of law protect various values that are considered important for the stability and development of society. Fourth, the values reflected in the principles of law often interact with the socio-cultural context of society and reflect its characteristics and values and are always related to historical development. Fifth, axiological aspects of the principles of law can reflect modern values and meet the needs and expectations of modern society.
محیطزیست، قربانی خاموش جنگ است که با تخریب و نابودی آن، سیلی از فجایع گریبان انسان و جوامع بشری را میگیرد. پیشرفت علم، این مهم را بیش از پیش برملا و آشکار ساخته و از این رو، بحث حفاظت از محیطزیست در رابطه با مخاصمات مسلحانه، دگربار در رأس دغدغههای طرفداران محیطزیست و نیز اندیشمندان حقوق بینالملل بشردوستانه قرار گرفته است. کمیسیون حقوق بینالملل با رویکرد تدوین و توسعة تدریجی حقوق بینالملل، در 2019 قرائت نخست اصول پیشنویس در خصوص حفاظت از محیطزیست در رابطه با مخاصمات مسلحانه را منتشر و نیز کمیتة بینالمللی صلیب سرخ، رهنمودهای سال 1994 خود را در 2020 بهروزرسانی کرد تا نگاهی دوباره و تازه به مقررات حقوق بینالملل و بهطور خاص، حقوق بشردوستانه در این عرصه شده باشد. این مقاله با رویکردی تطبیقی بر این دو مطالعة مهم تمرکز دارد و در پی پاسخ به این پرسش است که تا چه حد پژوهشهای جدید نهادهای مورد اشاره توانستهاند در تحقق اهداف خود در ایجاد نظام حقوقی حمایتی مؤثرتر برای حفاظت از محیطزیست در زمان مخاصمات مسلحانه موفق عمل کنند. یافتههای مقاله نشان میدهد که نوآوریهای مندرج در اسناد اشارهشده میتوانند از حیث هنجاری موجبات حفاظت بیشتر از طبیعت در مخاصمات مسلحانه را فراهم آورند.
This article analyses the introduction of online court proceedings through the prism of access to justice. It distinguishes between the two major recent developments in terms of justice and court accessibility – ie the institutionalisation of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms and the expansion of online dispute resolution within public courts. Whilst both movements appear to be driven by similar theoretical forces, the practical adoption of fully online judicial proceedings constitutes a step towards a different direction, opening up new opportunities for attenuating the apparently intrinsic efficiency-fairness trade-off. Due to the unique features of digital technology, the emergence of state-provided online courts and tribunals for the resolution of minor civil disputes could significantly improve the efficiency of formal adversarial litigation processes, without the risk of sacrificing proper procedural protections. Overall, this article advocates that the balanced combination offered by online court systems, albeit not a panacea, may be translated into a potential enhancement of both ‘access’ and ‘justice’.
Lucila Godínez Montoya, Esther Figueroa Hernández, Francisco Pérez Soto
El objetivo es determinar si el crecimiento económico del país contribuye a la degradación del medio ambiente, y si paralelo a la actividad económica, la población pobre también incide sobre esta; se busca validar la existencia de una Curva de Kuznets Ambiental (CKA-extendida) para México durante el periodo 2003-2017. Se estiman dos modelos de regresión, uno lineal múltiple y otro polinomial cúbico, mediante el método de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios. Los resultados muestran que, para ambos, existe una relación positiva entre la degradación ambiental y el crecimiento económico, así como con la población pobre. Se recomienda considerar a parte de esta variable socioeconómica, otras como explicativas de la afectación al medio ambiente. La limitante de este tipo de estudios para países en desarrollo como México, es la escasa disponibilidad de estadísticas ambientales y sobre todo expresadas en una serie de tiempo. A pesar de ello, su originalidad radica en la variable utilizada para medir el aspecto ambiental: los costos totales por agotamiento de los recursos naturales y la degradación ambiental. Se concluye la existencia de una CKA-extendida para México.
Library Licensing: A Manual for Busy Librarians strives to help library staff comprehend library licenses for content and materials. It targets university librarians, but librarians who deal with licenses and agreements in other types of libraries will benefit from the information shared in this work. The book, written by two people (including one with a law degree) with experience at academic institutions, is a quick and straightforward read for librarians who may be new to reviewing contracts and provides thoughtful tips to more seasoned library professionals.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
The International Criminal Court (ICC) has provided the right to present victims views in the ICC’s proceeding. The objectives of this article are to identify to which extent the roles of victims in the ICC and to analyze whether victims’ participation would be a violation to the rights of a fair trial of the accused in the ICC or not. This is pure legal research meaning that the materials required in this article are available in libraries, archives and other databases. The article concludes that the victims, in the ICC, are allowed to participate and to seek reparation in accordance with Article 68 (3) of the Rome Statute. In addition, the participation would violate the due process rights of the defendants despite the fact at a particular case; the Appeal Chamber of the ICC decided that there is no such violation as aiming at ending individual impunity.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
The doctrine of the TC on the celebration of the bulls, although it admits the autonomic competence in the matter of culture, protection of the animals and public spectacles like qualifications that qualify to regulate the bullfighting spectacles in Catalonia and Illes Balears, maintains that the prohibition or the regulation of essential aspects thereof, aimed at preventing death or animal suffering, invades the state competence in matters of cultural heritage, prevalent in the context of the non-exclusive concurrence of state and regional competences in culture ex art. 149.2 CE, aimed at preservation of common cultural values, and that authorizes the State to intervene intensively, as the state legislator has already done, to favor a general treatment and a superordinated public action that guarantees the knowledge and survival of the bullfight as we know it modernly.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Laura Cecília Fagundes dos Santos Braz, Helena Maria Fagundes dos Santos Mota Braz, Tagore Trajano de Almeida Silva
The present article highlights the relationship between humans and nonhuman animals, aiming to discuss, indirectly, the secular process of animal reification and, directly, the sacrifice of animals in religious ceremonies of African matrix in face of the prohibitive rule of cruelty to animals of art. 225, §1, VII of CF/88. In this sense, analyzes the recent judgment in the Supreme Federal Court - STF that culminated in the recognition of the constitutionality of said sacrifice, characterizing the issue as one of the most complex and relevant issues for the protection of animal rights in Brazil. Based on the aforementioned constitutional rule, it is intended to critically address the judgment of Extraordinary Appeal no. 494601 and demonstrate that its result reflects the poor maturity of the Supreme Court to discuss the conflict between the right to religious freedom and the right to animal life, both fundamental. The methodology used involved the research technique bibliographic review, consultation to national legislation and specialized doctrine, and analysis of judicial precedents from the Supreme Court with similar theme to the present.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between financial development, openness in financial services trade and economic growth in BRICS countries for the period 1990–2012. Design/methodology/approach – An index for financial development has been constructed using principal component analysis technique by including banking sector development, stock market development, bond market development and insurance sector development. For the robustness of the result, the long-run cointegrating relationship amongst the variables has been analyzed. Findings – Overall financial development has a positive and significant impact on economic growth. To take the full advantage of openness in financial services trade, countries need to put more emphasis on the development of their stock markets, bond markets and the insurance sector. The result shows that openness in financial services trade has a positive impact on economic growth when the stock market, bond market and insurance sector are included in the system. Research limitations/implications – The policy implication of the findings is that policymakers should focus more on developing all four areas of finance to get the full benefit of the financial system on the process of economic growth. Originality/value – The authors have constructed the better indicators of financial development in the case of BRICS economies. Most of the studies in BRICS economies have measured the development of the financial sector as either banking sector development or stock market development. However, the present study includes all four areas of finance (banking sector development, stock market development, insurance sector development and bond market development) into account.
Regulation of industry, trade, and commerce. Occupational law, Economic growth, development, planning
Este artigo trata da construção e utilização da distinção entre <em>crimes contra a humanidade</em> e <em>crimes ordinários</em> para fazer referência a duas “categorias” ou “tipos” de crimes, segundo os entrevistados da pesquisa: os crimes contra a humanidade seriam aqueles que violam diretamente ou de uma maneira especialmente agressiva os direitos humanos e os crimes ordinários ou comuns seriam todos os que não agridem diretamente os direitos humanos. O conteúdo do texto foi extraído de tese de doutorado, realizada no Canadá, na Universidade de Ottawa, cujo tema de pesquisa é a criação legislativa em matéria criminal, especificamente a criação da lei contra a tortura no Brasil (Lei nº 9.455/97). Do ponto de vista empírico, o artigo se concentra na análise das entrevistas realizadas com políticos e militantes de direitos humanos que participaram direta ou indiretamente da produção da lei.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
En breves líneas nos proponemos abordar dos problemas de naturaleza evidentemente práctica, que creemos pasan desapercibidos en la persecución penal de los delitos previstos en la Ley N° 17.0111 , cuando la titular del registro involucrado es una persona jurídica domiciliada en el extranjero.
Contenido: Introducción. La instancia de parte en los delitos marcarios. Consecuencias del incumplimento. Los presupuestos para la aplicación del artículo 83 a mercaderías extranjeras. Conclusiones
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Social sciences (General)
O presente artigo, ao tratar de Regras Gerais do Direito das Obrigações, oferece-nos mais uma fundamentada lição do consagrado Professor Humberto Teodoro Júnior sobre as peculiaridades do Novo Código Civil Brasileiro. O problema das “Obrigações” é crucial no direito pelo que representa como que o núcleo das relações sociais. Acultura jurídica se esmerou no seu tratamento, na própria medida em que a evolução social se concretiza. Verificase essa valoração temática a partir das próprias modalidades que assume. Uma vez atingida a fase de sua concretização comparecem os aspectos da sua transmissão, quando é registrada de modo destacado a presença do crédito com as diversas modalidades e a do terceiro, na relação. A seguir configura-se o pagamento com todas as difíceis e delicadas peculiaridades entre as quais passa a especial importância, na realidade brasileira, a das variações do poder aquisitivo de moeda em face da quitação do débito. Dentre os temas que merecem destaque especial, no presente artigo, cita-se o da onerosidade excessiva, inovado pelos artigos 137 e 478 do Novo Código Civil, afirmando o autor que visam objetivos diferentes, um mantendo o vínculo obrigacional (317), enquanto o outro toma o método da defasagem para resolverse o contrato (art.478). Na lição oferecida “afastou-se” a norma da teoria da base objetiva do negócio, de inspiração alemã, no sentido da teoria da impressão de orientação italiana. Considerando a inflação, o autor toma a disposição do art.317 “um retrocesso em face da jurisprudência que já a vinha contornando pelo mecanismo da correção monetária, sem os embaraços da teoria da imprevisão ou da onerosidade excessiva.
ABSTRACT
The present article, dealing with general rules of the Obligation 's Law, offers to us another excellent lesson of consecrated Professor Humberto Teodoro Júnior on the peculiarities of the New Brazilian Civil Code. 154 Humberto Theodoro Júnior The problem of the “Obligations” is crucial in the Law because it is represented as the nucleus of the social relations. The legal culture has performed with care its treatment as the social evolution occurs. This thematic valuation is verified from the proper modalities it assumes. Once reached the concretion phase appears the aspects of its transmission, when it is registered
in special way the presence of the credit with the diverse modalities and of third, in the relation. Then configurates the payment with all the difficults and delicate peculiarities, including those which passes to a special importance, in the Brazilian reality, of the variations of the purchasing power of currency in face of the payment of the debit. Amongst the subjects that deserve special prominence in the present article, it is cited of the extreme onerously innovated by the articles 137 and 478 of the New Civil Code, affirming the author that they aim at different objectives, keeping the obligatory bond (317), while the other takes the method of the imbalance to resolve the contract (art.478). In the offered lesson “norm was moved away” from the objective base of the business’s theory, of German inspiration, to the direction of the impression’s theory of Italian orientation. Considering the inflation, the author considers the disposal of art.317 “a retrocession in face of the jurisprudence that had already solved that issue with the mechanism of the indexation without the embarrassments of the improvidence or the extreme onerously's theory.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
The article views the bases of activities of organs of prosecutor's office in the budgetary sphere are covered and the questions of the budgetary legislation being out of guiding of organs of prosecutor's office are analyzed. Research of the functional purpose of prosecutor's office by means of determination of a subject, objects of public prosecutor's supervision of performance of the budgetary legislation with establishment of its limits showed existence of objective need for public prosecutor's supervision in the budgetary sphere without violation of principles of the budgetary and public device of Russia.
Economics as a science, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence