Armed conflicts, as significant human phenomena, profoundly impact populations and reflect a state's capacity to fulfill its responsibilities. These conflicts arise from various causes, necessitating robust predictive models to understand their spatial distribution. This study employs the Bivariate Frequency Ratio (FR) method to spatially predict the occurrence of armed conflicts across the East African States, drawing on 42 political geography-related criteria. The development of the predictive model involved classifying the region into five conflict-prone categories influenced by critical political geography factors. Geospatial datasets, curated in a GIS environment, were sourced from approved online portals. The findings indicate that Burundi exhibits the highest vulnerability to armed conflict, followed closely by Rwanda, Uganda, and Somalia. Ethiopia and South Sudan show a moderate risk, while predictions for Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Mozambique suggest lower likelihoods of conflict. The model's accuracy was validated using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve, demonstrating its effectiveness. Furthermore, the model's applicability extends to other regions, offering a valuable tool for global conflict prediction.
Dinara KADYRBEKOVA, Aza YEVLOYEVA, Albina BEIKITOVA
et al.
The article examines the components contributing to the tourist appeal of cultural sites in the Republic of Kazakhstan,
exploring the intricate relationship between their attractiveness and cultural significance. This is vital for promoting sustainable
tourism, fostering cultural exchange, and preserving shared cultural heritage for future generations. Understanding what makes a
place attractive to tourists is crucial for destination marketing, sustainable tourism planning, and revenue generation. The study was
conducted in the context of the search for ways to popularize cultural heritage in domestic tourism. Fifteen distinct variables were
identified to delineate the allure of these sites, encompassing criteria such as historical significance, aesthetic and architectural value,
integration of a cultural object with the natural landscape and environment, involvement of the local community in the promotion
and preservation of cultural heritage, among others. A comprehensive questionnaire was devised based on these variables,
serving as the foundation for a survey where participants rated the significance of each variable on a 5-point scale. The survey
garnered responses from 1,728 residents spanning all regions of Kazakhstan. Through correlation analysis, the acquired ratings
were scrutinized, unveiling interconnections among variables and elucidating the primary factors shaping the attractiveness of
cultural sites, namely safety and security at the site, the historical significance, accessibility for people with special needs,
aesthetic and architectural value, as well as the availability of amenities such as restrooms, information centers, and guided tours.
Tamás Cseppentő, Norbert G. Valis, Gusztáv Bárány
et al.
In forensic DNA laboratories, it is important to conduct internal validations of the commercially available kits of short tandem repeat (STR) loci and to investigate their individual and combined effectiveness. This study aims to report on a comparative investigation of the forensic kits used in our laboratory and their combinations in analysing low-copy-number (LCN) human DNA samples. We used five partly overlapping multiplex kits with different marker configurations from different manufacturers: the NGM Select<sup>TM</sup> PCR Amplification Kit, NGM Detect<sup>TM</sup>, the GlobalFiler<sup>TM</sup> Amplification Kit (Applied Biosystem<sup>TM</sup>, Foster City, CA, USA), the PowerPlex<sup>®</sup> Fusion 6C System (Promega Co., Madison, WI, USA) and the Investigator<sup>®</sup> 24plex QS Kit (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany). The efficacy of the kits was scrutinised by specific criteria, such as allelic dropout rate, the individually calculated Likelihood Ratio (LR) of consensus profiles and the LR value of the composite profile produced by the combined profiles of two kits. According to the results, the pairing of PowerPlex<sup>®</sup> Fusion 6C System and Investigator<sup>®</sup> 24plex QS produced the lowest, while the pairing of the NGM Detect<sup>TM</sup> and GlobalFiler<sup>TM</sup> kits provided the highest LR value. In summary, our study is meant to aid the selection of the optimal kit combination for samples of different qualities.
AbstractIn recent years, some localities in Tunisia that are among the most amenable to agritourism have focused on the development of agritourism houses with a focus on rural women through agritourism entrepreneurial training. In this regard, the current study examines the influential determinants of entrepreneurial behavior using an agritourism method with rural Tunisian women. 167 of the study’s 235 rural Tunisian women participants were chosen using the Cochran algorithm. The findings suggest that rural women will have a strong desire to establish agritourism residence through a gradual process of changing norms towards the acceptance of rural women entrepreneurs as well as the acceptance of agritourism culture through the establishment of local and regional institutions and organizations in a context of family support with strong bonds of commitment, solidarity, environmental, and infrastructural foundations.
Recently, climate change has had an increasing impact on the world. Innate defense mechanisms operating in plants - such as PAMP-triggered Immunity (PTI) - help to reduce the adverse effects caused by various abiotic and biotic stressors. In this study, the effects of ELICE16INDURES® plant conditioner for organic farming, developed by the Research Institute for Medicinal Plants and Herbs Ltd. Budakalász Hungary, were studied in a soybean population in Northern Hungary. The active compounds and ingredients of this product were selected in such a way as to facilitate the triggering of general plant immunity without the presence and harmful effects of pathogens, thereby strengthening the healthy plant population and preparing it for possible stress effects. In practice, treatments of this agent were applied at two different time points and two concentrations. The conditioning effect was well demonstrated by using agro-drone and ENDVI determination in the soybean field. The genetic background of healthier plants was investigated by NGS sequencing, and by the expression levels of genes encoding enzymes involved in the catalysis of metabolic pathways regulating PTI. The genome-wide transcriptional profiling resulted in 13 contigs related to PAMP-triggered immunity and activated as a result of the treatments. Further analyses showed 16 additional PTI-related contigs whose gene expression changed positively as a result of the treatments. The gene expression values of genes encoded in these contigs were determined by in silico mRNA quantification and validated by RT-qPCR. Both - relatively low and high treatments - showed an increase in gene expression of key genes involving AOC, IFS, MAPK4, MEKK, and GST. Transcriptomic results indicated that the biosyntheses of jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, phytoalexin, and cellular detoxification processes were triggered in the appropriate molecular steps and suggested that plant immune reactions may be activated also artificially, and innate immunity can be enhanced with proper plant biostimulants.
Due to many restrictions in Central and Eastern Europe during the COVID-19 pandemic, the area of formal education of young people was dominated by remote (on-line) classes. Although, research has been conducted on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education and social inclusion of young people, their families and teachers, most of the studies only included urban youth with access to digital technologies and infrastructure. However, there are no studies of young people from rural areas, small towns, and less developed areas. The article presents the conclusion from analyses using the desk research technique of the existing documents and research results of the effect of the pandemic on teachers, students and their families from different groups and backgrounds from the area of Visegrad Region countries (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia). The desk research was the initial stage for further research on peripheral regions of the countries. The further research methodology is also presented in the article.
Nowadays, one of the most important threats to the biodiversity is adventive invasive species. In recent years, numerous imported plants with high invasion behavior have been reported from the Caspian coasts, especially Guilan province. During a field mission related to collecting plant specimens from Hyrcanian forests in Guilan province, Oenothera indecora Cambess. from the Onagraceae family was collected and identified for the first time from the Siahkalrud area of Chaboksar and is reported as a new record for the flora of Iran. The species, which is native to South America grows outside its native range and it is now established as a neophyte in several tropical and subtropical areas. The most important morphological traits of this species have been compared with its closely related species, O. parodiana Munz. Also, the geographical distribution, photos of the plant, habitat, and distribution of the species in the world and Iran are provided. In the following, the alien species was investigated and compared in terms of some invasive aspects in the world and Iran.IntroductionIn the modern world, one of the most important threats to the biodiversity is adventive invasive species (Mikeladze et al., 2017). In recent years, numerous imported plants with high invasion behavior have been reported from the Caspian coasts, especially Guilan province (Moradi, 2021). Oenothera L. is the second largest genus in Onagraceae and consists of 145 species (Wagner et al., 2007). These plants grow in temperate to subtropical areas of America, many of them are widely naturalized in several areas of the earth (Dietrich, 1977). The genus comprises annual, biennial or perennial herbs, many of which occur in primarily or secondarily open habitats including old fields and roadsides, stream sides, or dunes (Dietrich, 1977). According to the flora of Iran, two species including O. biennis and O. laciniata grow in Iran (Azizian, 2005), and are the naturalized alien species in the country. In the present study, O. indecora Cambess. is reported for the first time from Iran. O. indecora is a species belonging to the sect. Oenothera, subsect. Munzia ser. Allochroa, which includes species with cylindrical capsules rarely enlarged in the upper third or somewhat petiolate, is not fused with the subtending bract (Dietrich, 1977). The species, which is native to South America (Dietrich, 1977), grows outside its native range and it is now established as a neophyte in several tropical and subtropical areas (Crisafulli et al., 2013). Materials and MethodsDuring a floristic study of Hyrcanian forests, the species was collected from the Siahkalrud area of Chaboksar from Guilan province and deposited in the Guilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center. The specimen was examined and identified using the flora and relevant literature (Azizian, 2005; Dietrich, 1977; Crisafulli et al., 2013). Results and ConclusionsOenothera indecora Cambess.Annual or biennial plants are unbranched or with ascending branches arising from the rosette, 2o-6o cm tall. The entire plant is sparsely long-villous with erect hairs, densely to sparsely short-villous together glandular hairs. Rosette leaves are narrowly oblanceolate, acute, 4-8 cm long, and 0.2-1.3 cm wide. Cauline leaves are narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, acute, sessile, 2.5-7 cm long, and 0.2-1.2 cm wide. Bracts are narrowly elliptic to elliptic, sessile, and longer than or about the same length as the capsules they subtend, 1.5-5 cm long, 0.2-1 cm wide; leaves plane or undulate at the margins, irregularly serrate with blunt teeth. The inflorescence is branched. The floral tube is 0.5-1.5 cm long. Sepals are green or yellowish green, often densely flecked with reddish brown; apices of the sepals are 1-1.5 mm long, and erect. Petals elliptic to obovate, yellow, turning reddish with age, 4-10 mm long. Anthers are 1.5-4 mm long. Filaments are 1.5- 7 mm long. The style short is 1-2 cm long. Stigma lobes are 1-2 mm long. Capsules are 2-3 cm long, 1.5-2.5 mm thick; seeds elliptic to rotund in outline.Examined specimensIran, Guilan, Chaboksar, Siahkalrud forest road, near the river, 36° 58' 55.2" N-50° 26' 13.83" E, 180 m, 27/07/1401, 05/08/1401, Moradi & Mahdavi (GILAN-6956, 6966).HabitatsThe species was collected on the sandy soil, near a river with Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. subsp. barbata (C.A.Mey.) Yaltirik -Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Poir.) Spach vegetation, and is associated with other plants such as Geranium pyrenaicum Burm.f., Clinopodium nepeta (L.) Kuntze subsp. glandulosum (Req.) Govaerts, Sedum hispanicum L., Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) scop., Oxalis acetosella L., Artemisia annua L., Pimpinella affinis Ledeb., Erigeron canadensis L., Hypericum perforatum L., Eryngium caucasicum Fisch. ex Steud., Phytolaca Americana L., Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv. indecora, is closely related to O. parodiana, but it is distinguished from the mentioned species according to some morphological features such as the length of the bracts in the first one is almost the same length as the capsule or longer than it, in the second one, it is half of the length of the capsule or shorter than it. The first one has glandular hairs, the second one does not. indecora is native to several countries in South America. In Europe, it is known as an alien species in the Netherlands, Hungary, France, Germany, Portugal, Greece, Belgium, and Spain (Yuzbasioglu, 2014); and it was recently reported from Italy (Crisafulli et al., 2013).In a study related to the invasiveness of Oenothera species in South Africa, it was concluded that their propensity to invade undisturbed areas potentially makes them a more serious threat than species that occur exclusively in disturbed areas. According to this, 0. rosea, 0. Stricta, and 0. Tetraptera, as well as 0. parodiana and 0. Indecora, are the species that show the greatest potential to become more problematical in the future. O. indecora (native to South America), as a neophyte species that grows in low-altitude Hyrcanian forests, could be more invasive in the future than the two species O. biennis and O. laciniata that originate from North America. There are also previous reports from Iran (Azizian, 2014; Amini & Zare, 2014) that they grow on the sand dunes of the Caspian Sea. There is a possibility of the presence of this species in other lowland Caspian forest areas under similar vegetation conditions which needs further investigation in this field. AcknowledgmentThe authors of the study are very grateful to Dr. Filip Verloove, a specialist in alien flora of the Belgian Botanical Garden, for her sincere cooperation in identifying the species by confirming the photos sent.We are also grateful to Dr. Shahriar Sobh Zahedi, a researcher from the Guilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, for his cooperation in preparing the distribution map of the studied species.
A tanulmány az álhírekkel szembeni állami fellépés közigazgatási jogintézményeivel foglalkozik Szlovákiában, ahol ez a problémakör hangsúlyosan megjelenik a kormányzati stratégiai dokumentumokban. Áttekintem a fake news és a közösségi média hatásait, a médiaplatformok szlovákiai felhasználói szokásait, a cenzúra és a véleménynyilvánítás szabadságának szlovák joggyakorlat szerinti értelmezését, illetve a médiaplatformok és -felhasználók felelősségi rendszerének elvi szabályait. Tekintettel az álhírek közösségimédia-platformok által felerősített társadalmi hatásmechanizmusára, a témakört érintő, hatékony állami fellépés eszközrendszere elsősorban a közigazgatásra hárul, miközben ez lényegében informatív cselekményekre korlátozódik. Ez a tény több kérdést vet fel az ilyen közigazgatási működés hatékonysága kapcsán, ám szélesebb összefüggésben kritikusan értékelhető a közösségi hálókon megjelenő álhírek jogi szabályozása.
Suciati Suciati, Maridi Maridi, Nurul Kusuma Dewi
et al.
Learning outcomes are an evaluation mechanism in the curriculum to achieve graduates competency standards. Student learning outcomes include cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects. The purpose of this research is to know the effect of DJP Model based module to student learning result of class XI. The research used experimental method with pretest-posttest control group design. The research population is all of the XI MIA class of SMA Negeri 1 Geger with a total number of 192 students scattered into six classes. The sample which is taken by using simple random sampling technique resulted in two classes, namely XI MIA 3 class (experimental class using DJP Model module) which consist of 34 students and XI MIA 6 (control class using teaching material in school) which consist of 34 students. Data collection techniques are done through test (measuring cognitive learning outcomes) and non-tests (measuring affective and psychomotor learning outcomes). The research instruments used in this research were multiple choice questions, observation sheets, and documentation. The data were analyzed using SPSS 18 t-test with significance level of 0.05. The result of the analysis showed the experimental cognitive learning result of experimental class is higher (75,29 with 76,47% completeness) than control class (59,12 with 8,82% completeness) with significance level 0,000. The affective learning outcomes of experimental class were higher (89.78) than the control class (23.43) with significance level of 0.000. The experimental psychomotor learning outcomes of experimental class were higher (90.72) than control class (9,84) with a significance level of 0.000. Based on the results of the research can be concluded that the DJP Model-based Module gives positive effect on student learning outcomes of XI graders.
The article is devoted to the research of theoretical principles of development of such components of the financial market as the money market and the capital market, identification of key differences between them on the basis of the analysis of scientific professional literature and key provisions of the legislative framework, substantiation of the general interpretation of their essence that could be used in international practice. The article analyzes the peculiarities of formation and functioning of each type of markets, traditional differences between them, examines international practice and statistics on the use of these terms by economic agents, defines the legal basis for understanding their essence and the legal basis for the delineation of these two types of markets. It is proved that a thorough analysis of the peculiarities of the functioning of individual markets, the frequency and popularity of the use of their definitions in economic practice, the definition of users of these types of markets and their functions, form the prerequisites for clarifying the definitions of the essence of each of these markets, with their further global harmonization. The result of the research is the authors’ own interpretations of the concepts of “money market” and “capital market”. The money market offers an understanding of the transaction system for the purchase and sale of liquid cash or other short-term financial assets, which typically include short-term financial liabilities (up to one year), the purpose of which is usually to provide financing for current operations, short-term profit or financial risk management in the short-term. The capital market is defined in the article as a system of transactions for the purchase and sale of financial assets, which include securities, derivatives or financial transactions, which usually involve long-term financial liabilities, the purpose of which is to satisfy capital requirements or increase capital.
The spread of the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) has urged to take special actions to limit the level of contagion. The unprecedented scale of measures declared by the national governments in nearly every country ot the world would have a huge impact on public transport services and in general, on the citizens travel behaviours. This paper endeavours to give an overview of the emerged epidemic situation caused by COVID-19 in Hungary and some of its neighbouring Central and South-East European countries. It identifies the most important public transport service changes together with their interrelated impacts on the mobility patterns. The responses vary country per country so an overall comparison shows novel findings on emergency transport management policies.
Cities. Urban geography, Transportation and communications
Poultry is highly ranked in theWorld meat production and consumption (it accounted for 32% in 2007), and, in the past 20 years it was growing with an annual rate of 3–6%, higher than in case of any other meat-types. This tendency is also valid for Hungary: poultry has the largest share (29.8 kg/person/year, 47%) in the domestic meat consumption since 2000, which is among the EU top (KSH, 2007). As the result of the animal health and nutrition scandals, the EU animal welfare and quality requirements and the advancements in health consciousness the Master-Good group launched the production, processing and trade of free-range poultry under the brand “Free-range chicken”. The new products had good consumer responses, because at present 1.5% of the processed chicken in Hungary (25 tons/week) is under this brand. As it regards the future of this product, we can expect the decrease of the current 1.5 times higher production price over broiler chicken, due to the increasing energy, labour and other cost items, thus the increase of the domestic consumption by 25–30% per annum can be foreseen. Besides the growth in domestic demand, increasing foreign consumer demand can also be expected because of the space requirement of the production. Summarising the above mentioned: „Free range chicken” can be one of the most successful products of the Hungarian poultry industry. In order to realise the prognosis mentioned above, it is inevitable to learn the consumer attitudes towards the brand. A primary market research programme supported by the Master Good group has been launched to study the main features of the domestic chicken meat consumption – including the „Free-range chicken” as highlighted brand. The primary aim of the research was the complete assessment and evaluation of the Hungarian chicken consumption habits and the identification of the possible take-off points. The research undertaken resulted basic information concerning the internal structure of the Hungarian poultry consumption (including that of the „Free-range chicken”), the potential consumer groups and their requirements, provided information on the consumers’knowledge of the products and identified the elements of the consumers’ judgements. This will serve as basis for a marketing communication programme to increase the domestic „Free-range chicken” consumption.
The aim of this article is to describe theparticular field of climatology which analyzes airmovement characteristics regarding utilization of windfor energy generation. The article describes features ofwind energy potential available in Hungary compared towind conditions in other areas of the northern quartersphere in order to assist the wind energy use developmentin Hungary. Information on wind climate gives a solidbasis for financial and economic decisions ofstakeholders in the field of wind energy utilization.