Hasil untuk "Geography (General)"

F. Valladares, S. Matesanz, F. Guilhaumon et al.

Species are the unit of analysis in many global change and conservation biology studies; however, species are not uniform entities but are composed of different, sometimes locally adapted, populations differing in plasticity. We examined how intraspecific variation in thermal niches and phenotypic plasticity will affect species distributions in a warming climate. We first developed a conceptual model linking plasticity and niche breadth, providing five alternative intraspecific scenarios that are consistent with existing literature. Secondly, we used ecological niche-modeling techniques to quantify the impact of each intraspecific scenario on the distribution of a virtual species across a geographically realistic setting. Finally, we performed an analogous modeling exercise using real data on the climatic niches of different tree provenances. We show that when population differentiation is accounted for and dispersal is restricted, forecasts of species range shifts under climate change are even more pessimistic than those using the conventional assumption of homogeneously high plasticity across a species' range. Suitable population-level data are not available for most species so identifying general patterns of population differentiation could fill this gap. However, the literature review revealed contrasting patterns among species, urging greater levels of integration among empirical, modeling and theoretical research on intraspecific phenotypic variation.

A. Peterson, Jorge Soberón, R. Pearson et al.

Ziyi Wang, Jiaye Liu, Hua-An Shuai et al.

Postpartum depression (PPD) is the most common psychological condition following childbirth, and may have a detrimental effect on the social and cognitive health of spouses, infants, and children. The aim of this study was to complete a comprehensive overview of the current literature on the global epidemiology of PPD. A total of 565 studies from 80 different countries or regions were included in the final analysis. Postpartum depression was found in 17.22% (95% CI 16.00–18.51) of the world’s population. Meta-regression analysis showed that study size, country or region development, and country or region income were the causes of heterogeneity. Multivariable meta-regression analysis found that study size and country or area development were the most important predictors. Varied prevalence rates were noted in geographic regions with the highest rate found in Southern Africa (39.96%). Of interested was a significantly lower rate of PPD in developed countries or high-income countries or areas. Furthermore, the findings showed that there was a substantial difference in rates of PPD when marital status, educational level, social support, spouse care, violence, gestational age, breast feeding, child mortality, pregnancy plan, financial difficulties, partnership, life stress, smoking, alcohol intake, and living conditions were considered in the pooled estimates. Our results indicated that one out of every five women experiences PPD which is linked to income and geographic development. It is triggered by a variety of causes that necessitate the attention and committed intervention of primary care providers, clinicians, health authorities, and the general population.

R. Garreaud, M. Vuille, R. Compagnucci et al.

C. Deutsch, J. Tewksbury, R. Huey et al.

J. Avise

AL Salvia, W. LealFilho, LL Brandli et al.

Xin Xu, Jian Sun, S. Nie et al.

Marjatta Jomppanen

Dán artihkkala ulbmilin lea gieđahallat fenomena, mas guokte ideanttalaš vearbagenetiivva leat cealkagis maŋŋálagaid, nugo boađi boađi ja bosu bosu. Gohčodan dan reduplikatiiva vearbagenetiivan. Dán rádjái reduplikatiiva vearbagenetiiva lea unnán dutkojuvvon, nuba dán artihkkala ulbmilin lea buktit ovdan álgogeahčastaga dasa, manin semantihkalaččat ja morfologalaččat seamma vearbagenetiivahápmi geavahuvvo guktii maŋŋálagaid ja mii lea ráhkadusa syntávssalaš funkšuvdna. Dutkanmateriálan leat čáppagirjjálašvuođa girjjit, UiT Norgga árktalaš universitehta ja Norgga Sámedikki sámi teakstačoakkáldat (SIKOR), Suoma arkiivvaid jearahallanmateriála (KOTUS, SKA ja TKU) ja interneahtas vižžon materiála. Čoggojuvvon materiála lea analyserejuvvon semantihkalaččat, morfologalaččat ja syntávssalaččat. Dasa lassin reduplikatiiva vearbagenetiivva frekveansa lea iskojuvvon ja čilgejuvvon. Guorahallama váldoboađus lea dat, ahte reduplikatiiva vearbagenetiiva sisttisdoallá semantihkalaččat guokte iešguđetlágán mearkkašumi. Nubbi lea proksimatiiva, mii mearkkaša ahte mii nu lea measta ollašuvvamin, ovdamearkka dihte Čakča lea boađi boađi. Nubbi mearkkašupmi lea fas intensiiva vearbagenitiiva, mii mielddisbuktá ahte mas nu lea ollu intensitehta, ovdamearkka dihte Ánte boahtá bosu bosu. Proksimatiiva vearbagenetiiva lea dutkanmateriálas measta álo ráhkaduvvon vearbbas boahtit > boađi boađi, muhto intensiiva vearbagenetiiva sáhttá leat ráhkaduvvon man beare vearbbas, mii almmuha lihkadeami (doapmat) dahje mentála doaimmaid (bossut). Intensiiva vearbagenetiivva syntávssalaš funkšuvdna lea dábálaččat adverbiála ja muhtumin maid cealkaga áidna vearbaguovddáš, mii doaibmá predikáhta funkšuvnnas. Proksimatiiva vearbagenetiivva syntávssalaš funkšuvdna sáhttá leat predikatiivaadverbiála, deavdda, attribuhtta ja dasa lassin muhtumin cealkaga áidna vearbaguovddáš. Dutkanmateriála reduplikatiiva vearbagenetiivvat leat ráhkaduvvon dušše guovttestávvalvearbbain.

Sebastian Schmidt, Monika Friedemann, David Hanny et al.

When a disaster emerges, timely acquisition of information is crucial for a rapid situation assessment. Although automation in the standard satellite-based emergency mapping workflow has been advanced, delays still occur at crucial steps. In order to speed up the provision of satellite-based crisis products to emergency managers, this paper proposes a geo-social media-based approach that detects disaster events based on the spatio-temporal analysis of georeferenced, disaster-related Tweets. The proposed methodology is validated on the basis of two use cases: wildfires in Chile and British Columbia. The results show the general ability of Twitter to forecast events several days in advance, at least for the Chile use case. However, there are large spatial differences, as there is a correlation between population density and the reliability of Twitter data. Consequently, only few meaningful alerts could be generated for British Columbia, an area with very low population numbers.

Andrea Begnoni, Walter Del Pozzo, Matteo Pegorin et al.

Gravitational wave signals from compact binary coalescences offer a powerful and reliable probe of General Relativity. To date, the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA collaboration has provided stringent consistency tests of General Relativity predictions. In this work, we present forecasts for the accuracy with which General Relativity can be tested using third-generation ground-based interferometers, focusing on Einstein Telescope (ET) and binary black hole mergers. Given the expected high detection rate, performing full Bayesian analyses for each event becomes computationally challenging. To overcome this, we adopt a Fisher matrix approach, simulating parameter estimation in an idealized observation scenario, which allows us to study large populations of compact binary coalescences with feasible computational efforts. Within this framework, we investigate the constraints that ET, in its different configurations, can impose on inspiral post-Newtonian coefficients, by jointly analyzing events using a Bayesian hierarchical methodology. Our results indicate that ET could in principle achieve an accuracy of $\mathcal{O}(10^{-7})$ on the dipole radiation term and $\mathcal{O}(10^{-3})$ on higher-order post-Newtonian coefficients, for both the triangular and the two L-shaped designs, with $10^4$ catalog events. We also assess the number of detections required to confidently identify deviations from General Relativity at various post-Newtonian orders and for different detector configurations.

Ćosić Maja, Vučković Jelisaveta

The subject of the paper refers to a more complete overview of the impact of tourism on macroeconomic indicators of the national economy of the Czech Republic. First of all, it points to the macro-organizational structure of tourism, with especially singled out governing bodies both at the national and regional levels of the Czech Republic, as well as the tourism development plans in the Czech Republic (development strategy, medium-term and short-term plans), which encourage employment and the need for permanent education and training of employees in tourism. The characteristics of the tourist labor market in the Czech Republic, its scope, dynamics and structure are analyzed based on various criteria. The goal is to show that tourism in the Czech Republic is a fast-growing sector that has a significant influence on the creation of new employment opportunities fo r the entire population, which is reflected in the improvement of the general living standard. In the creation of this paper, authors used a cabinet research of the available literature and relevant data of competent institutions and organizations in the Czech Republic, with utilization of dialectical and synthetic methods, as well as methodological procedures: analysis, synthesis, deduction, etc.

Rebeca da Rocha Azevedo

Este artigo aborda o grupo PET Geografia da UFF/Niterói como Lugar; lugar de formação, de luta, de orgulho e lugar de encontro. Fundado em 1979 o Programa de Educação Tutorial, através do tripé de Pesquisa, Ensino e Extensão, complementa a formação de discentes de diferentes universidades e cursos do país. É nas especificidades dos grupos que cada PET encontra os seus sentidos. No ano de 2021 o PET-GEO comemorou seus vinte e cinco anos de existência e como forma de celebrar essa data foi realizado o curta “PET-GEO: 25 anos”, onde membros antigos e atuais puderam registrar um pouco dessa história a partir de suas memórias. Neste artigo essas memórias foram revisitadas reforçando os significados do presente. Em meio a essas lembranças a ideia do PET como Lugar tornou-se ainda mais clara. O conceito de Lugar pode ser entendido como um centro de significados forjados na experiência. Logo, é diante da experiência de fazer parte que o grupo PET-GEO foi entendido como Lugar nesse texto.

Hector O. Silva, Giovanni Tambalo, Kostas Glampedakis et al.

The response of black holes to small perturbations is known to be partially described by a superposition of quasinormal modes. Despite their importance to enable strong-field tests of gravity, little to nothing is known about what overtones and quasinormal-mode amplitudes are like for black holes in extensions to general relativity. We take a first step in this direction and study what is arguably the simplest model that allows first-principle calculations to be made: a nonrotating black hole in an effective-field-theory extension of general relativity with cubic-in-curvature terms. Using a phase-amplitude scheme that uses analytical continuation and the Prüfer transformation, we compute, for the first time, the quasinormal overtone frequencies (in this theory) and quasinormal-mode excitation factors (in any theory beyond general relativity). We find that the overtone quasinormal frequencies and their excitation factors are more sensitive than the fundamental mode to the lengthscale $l$ introduced by the higher-derivative terms in the effective field theory. We argue that a description of all overtones cannot be made within the regime of validity of the effective field theory, and we conjecture that this is a general feature of any extension to general relativity that introduces a new lengthscale. We also find that a parametrization of the modifications to the general-relativistic quasinormal frequencies in terms of the ratio between $l$ and the black hole's mass is somewhat inadequate, and we propose a better alternative. As an application, we perform a preliminary study of the implications of the breakdown, in the effective field theory, of the equivalence between the quasinormal mode spectra associated to metric perturbations of polar and axial parity of the Schwarzschild black hole in general relativity. We also present a simple justification for the loss of isospectrality.

Jørn Holm-Hansen

Bakom och bortom järnridån viser variasjonsbredden i hvordan makthaverne og intelligentsiaen forholdt seg til hverandre i sovjetrepublikkene Estland, Latvia, Litauen og Ukraina. Dette benyttes til å forklare forskjeller i utviklingen i de fire landene i de formative årene på 1990-tallet.

Jussi Jauhiainen

I analyzed co-authored international peer-reviewed scientific articles that resulted from research collaborations between scholars in the European Union (EU) and African countries, with a particular focus on the case of Finland. Among the 28 EU member states, Finland ranked 13th in terms of the quantity of co-authored scientific articles produced through these collaborations. I found that from 2015 to 2021, scholars from universities, research institutes, and other organizations in African countries and Finland co-authored more than 4,700 international peer-reviewed articles. Despite the doubling of co-authored Finland–Africa peer-reviewed scientific articles in international journals annually during this period, these articles accounted for less than one percent of all international peer-reviewed scientific articles in Africa, and their proportional share decreased over time. The most common fields of collaboration were medical sciences and natural science. Of Finland–Africa articles, almost 1,500 focused on Africa. The University of Helsinki and South African universities were the most active collaborators. Given these findings, it is crucial to address the implementation of the European Commission’s strategy for partnerships with Africa and Finland’s collaboration strategies with Africa to encourage more inclusive research collaboration among scholars from Finland, Europe, and Africa.

محمد اکبری نسب, فائزه عباسی, نادیا طالب پور

سیلاب‌ها نقش اساسی در جریان رودخانه‌ها دارند بنابراین بررسی و تحلیل آنها از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار است. مطالعه دینامیک سیلاب و آب تخلیه‌شده آن به دریا (پلوم) در زمینه‌های شیلات، رسوب‌گذاری، حمل و نقل و محیط زیست اهمیت بسیاری دارد. در این پژوهش به بررسی گسترش پلوم وارده از رودخانه بابل‌رود به دریای کاسپین در جریان سیلاب بهار سال ۱۳۹۸ پرداخته‌شده است. با توجه به اینکه این سیلاب از لحاظ بزرگی شدید ترین سیلاب رخ داده در ۵۰ سال اخیر است، برآورد میزان نفوذ پلوم سیلابی به دریا میتواند حداکثر میزان نفوذ پلوم رودخانه بابلرود به دریا و درنتیجه انتقال رسوبات و آلاینده‌ها را مشخص سازد. بدین منظور ابتدا تصاویر سنجنده sentinel-2، اخذ گردید سپس پیش پردازش‌های مورد نیاز شامل تصحیح هندسی و رادیومتریکی انجام شد. با استفاده از ویژگی رفتار طیفی آب‌های گل‌آلود و شفاف و همچنین شاخص بهینه (OIF)، بهترین ترکیب رنگی با بیشترین حجم اطلاعات، با فاکتور شاخص بهینه 0.19، ترکیب باندی ۳ و ۴ و ۸ تشخیص داده شد. برای تفکیک بهتر آب‌های کدر و شفاف، بر روی شاخص‌های NDVI، NDFI و MNDWI، آستانه‌هایی اعمال‌شد. درنهایت با رسم درخت تصمیم‌گیری و برآیند همه این شاخص‌ها و اعمال آستانه‌ها، میزان پلوم حاصل از سیلاب آشکار شد. براساس نتایج بدست آمده، مساحتی در حدود ۹ کیلومتر مربع از زبانه پلوم وارد شده در اثر سیلاب به دریای کاسپین قابل شناسایی است. از طرفی نتایج نشان می‌دهد این زبانه نیز به سمت شرق گسترش یافته است.

Lavinia Heisenberg, Nicolás Yunes, Jann Zosso

Gravitational wave memory is a nonoscillatory correction to the gravitational wave strain predicted by general relativity, which has yet to be detected. Within general relativity, its dominant component, known as the null memory, can be understood as arising from the backreaction of the energy carried by gravitational waves, and therefore it corresponds to a direct manifestation of the nonlinearity of the theory. In this paper, we investigate the null-memory prediction in a broad class of modified gravity theories, with the aim of exploring potential lessons to be learned from future measurements of the memory effect. Based on Isaacson's approach to the leading-order field equations, we in particular compute the null memory for the most general scalar-vector-tensor theory with second-order equations of motion and vanishing field potentials. We find that the functional form of the null memory is only modified through the potential presence of additional radiative null energy sources in the theory. We subsequently generalize this result by proving a theorem that states that the simple structure of the tensor null-memory equation remains unaltered in any metric theory whose massless gravitational fields satisfy decoupled wave equations to first order in perturbation theory, which encompasses a large class of viable extensions to general relativity.

Claus Laemmerzahl, Volker Perlick

Geodesy in a Newtonian framework is based on the Newtonian gravitational potential. The general-relativistic gravitational field, however, is not fully determined by a single potential. The vacuum field around a stationary source can be decomposed into two scalar potentials and a tensorial spatial metric, which together serve as the basis for general-relativistic geodesy. One of the scalar potentials is a generalization of the Newtonian potential while the second one describes the influence of the rotation of the source on the gravitational field for which no non-relativistic counterpart exists. In this paper the operational realizations of these two potentials, and also of the spatial metric, are discussed. For some analytically given spacetimes the two potentials are exemplified and their relevance for practical geodesy on Earth is outlined.

Juan Besse, Silvina Fabri

Los escritos que convergen en este dossier constituyen una muestra del trabajo desplegado por el Equipo Lugares y Políticas de la memoria, con sede en el Instituto de Geografía Romualdo Ardissone de nuestra Facultad. Desde el año 1993, con la dirección de Cora Escolar, el equipo llevó adelante, gracias al apoyo continuo de subsidios UBACyT, investigaciones sobre las dimensiones espaciales e institucionales de distintas políticas públicas. A partir del año 2003, la relación entre las políticas y los lugares de la memoria como así también las nuevas territorialidades que en clave genealógica abrieron los procesos de memoria, verdad y justicia pasaron a ser el foco del interés y, desde entonces, la ampliación del equipo permitió entablar una larga conversación entre las formaciones disciplinares y las experiencias profesionales de quienes integramos este espacio de trabajo. Actualmente, el Proyecto UBACyT Políticas, territorios y escrituras de la memoria. Saberes expertos, prácticas militantes y dispositivos testimoniales en las configuraciones epistemológicas del pasado reciente (1955-2017), cuya labor culmina con la presentación de este dossier, es el que cobija nuestra lengua de cruce cocinada en el caldero de los estudios sobre memoria política y en los modos en que estos estudios activaron la traducción de lenguas, las preguntas por la multidisciplina, sobre qué hacer con lo intraducible entre las lenguas disciplinares y lo inclasificable de los objetos emergentes en los estudios sobre el pasado reciente, sobre la manera en que la geografía, para incorporar a su agenda la cuestión memorial, requiere acampar nuevamente en las tradiciones de la geografía cultural o política atentas, como señala Souto (2011) a los intensos diálogos con los estudios culturales o decoloniales. Nos atraviesan el cruce entre las disciplinas de las cuáles provenimos ya sean estas nativas o por naturalización (geografía, antropología, sociología, historia), los saberes que hemos explorado colectivamente, las áreas de estudio sobre memoria y política y las maneras en que el conocimiento producido ha nutrido el trabajo de las políticas de la memoria sobre el terrorismo de Estado y, más específicamente, las prácticas de gestión en los sitios y espacios de la memoria dedicados a la promoción de los derechos humanos (Besse y Escolar, 2019). Prácticas que en muchos casos han sido o son llevadas a cabo en el presente por algunxs de lxs integrantes del equipo que forman parte de la propuesta que ofrece el dossier.