Economies are fundamentally complex and becoming more so, but the new discipline of data science-which combines programming, statistics, and domain knowledge-can help cut through that complexity, potentially with productivity benefits to boot. This chapter looks at examples of where innovations from data science are cutting through the complexities faced by policymakers in measurement, allocating resources, monitoring the natural world, making predictions, and more. These examples show the promise and potential of data science to aid policymakers, and point to where actions may be taken that would support further progress in this space.
Neighborhood characteristics have been broadly studied with different firm behaviors, e.g. birth, entry, expansion, and survival, except for firm exit. Using a novel dataset of foreign-invested enterprises operating in Shenzhen's electronics manufacturing industry from 2017 to 2021, I investigate the spillover effects of firm exits on other firms in the vicinity, from both the industry group and the industry class level. Significant neighborhood effects are identified for the industry group level, but not the industry class level.
We review models of compositional growth, which were introduced to explain the growth statistics of various quantities ranging from firm sizes to GDP. In these models, entities are decomposed into units that grow independently. Thus, the growth rate of the entity is the addition of the growth rates of the composing units, with possibly heterogeneous weights. We review such models and show that they can be understood through a unifying theoretical framework, explaining the resulting growth rate distributions using mixtures of Gaussians.
The fishing capacity and capacity utilization for Chinese inshore fleets over the latest 13 years were measured using the DEA method. Relevant models were then established to analyze the relationships between capacity output, capacity utilization, and income, and the function of collecting taxes to control fishing capacity was quantitatively simulated. It was pointed out that the tax system would be effective for curtailing fishing capacity and improving the efficiency of the entire fishing industry in China, provided that the tax rate is not too low. Finally, it was suggested that collecting taxes at a proper rate be implemented for Chinese inshore fishing fleets.
In this paper, the interaction of geopolitical actors in the production and sale of military equipment is studied. In section 2 the production of military equipment is considered as the two person zero-sum game. In such game, the strategies of the players are defined by the information state of the actors. The optimal strategy of geopolitical actors is found. In section 3, the conflict process is considered, the optimal strategy is determined for each geopolitical actor.
This paper studies a preference evolution model in which a population of agents are matched to play a sequential prisoner's dilemma in an incomplete information environment. An institution can design an incentive-compatible screening scheme, such as a special zone that requires an entry fee, or a costly label for purchase, to segregate the conditional cooperators from the non-cooperators. We show that institutional intervention of this sort can help the conditional cooperators to prevail when the psychological benefit of cooperating for them is sufficiently strong and the membership of the special zone or the label is inheritable with a sufficiently high probability.
Using as a central instrument a new database, resulting from a compilation of historical administrative records, which covers the period 1974-2010, we can have new evidence on how industrial companies used tax benefits, and claim that these are decisive for the investment decision of the Uruguayan industrial companies during that period. The aforementioned findings served as a raw material to also affirm that the incentives to increase investment are factors that positively influence the level of economic activity and exports, and negatively on the unemployment rate.
Cross-Impact Balance Analysis (CIB) is a widely used method to build scenarios and help researchers to formulate policies in different fields, such as management sciences and social sciences. During the development of the CIB method over the years, some derivative methods were developed to expand its application scope, including a method called dynamic CIB. However, the workflow of dynamic CIB is relatively complex. In this article, we provide another approach to extend CIB in multiple timespans based on the concept 'scenario weight' and simplify the workflow to bring convenience to the policy makers.
In this article, rst we are going to review the concept of ordinary frames , in more general case in measure spaces, namely, gc-frames. We try to develop the use of measure space in describing frames. Then by means of the gc-frames, we shall introduce gn-operators, which we shall show that each trace class operator has a vector-valued integral representation and vice-versa.
Abstract BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although C1q nephropathy (C1QN) was introduced three decades ago, the clinical significance and renal outcomes of C1QN remain unclear. Furthermore, it is uncertain whether the diagnosis of C1QN could be a new pathologic entity with clinical meanings. This study aimed to compare the clinical characteristics of the GN reclassified into C1QN based on the criteria described by Jennette and Falk (Pediatr Nephrol 2010: 25: 1385–1396) and corresponding GN not included in C1QN. METHOD We enrolled 21 212 patients with native kidney biopsy between 1979 and 2018 from 18 hospitals throughout Korea, retrospectively. We primarily adopted the findings and diagnosis by the pathologist in each hospital and then reclassified into C1q nephropathy (C1QN) on the basis of the criteria as follows: (i) presence of ≥ 2 + C1q in the mesangium on immunofluorescence (IF), (ii) corresponding mesangial or para-mesangial electron dense deposits on electron microscopy (EM), and (iii) lack of clinical and pathological evidence of systemic lupus erythematosus. Among 21212 patients, 77 patients were selected as C1QN with the criteria; however, six patients were excluded because of presence of primary diseases, such as renal amyloidosis, Henoch-Schölein Nephritis and systemic vasculitis, and myeloma cast nephropathy. The data of final outcomes, incidences of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and death, were gathered from each hospital’s data registry, from the ESRD registry of the Korean Society of Nephrology, and from the Statistics of Korea, and were merged based on the identifier of Koreans. The follow-up duration for ESRD was 69.1 ± 67.8 months and, for mortality, 77.9 ± 65.5 months. RESULTS There were pathologic findings of 71 patients reclassified into C1QN including 41 (57.7%) males. Mean age of patients were 42.9 ± 18.9 years. There were 9 (12.7%) patients with DM and 39 (54.9%) hypertensive patients. The levels of creatinine, eGFR, and UPCR were 1.24 ± 0.92 mg/dL, 84 ± 43 mL/min/1.73 m2 and 2.58 ± 2.80 g/g creatinine, respectively. There were 22 (31.0%) patients with eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and 22 (31.0%) patients with UPCR ≥ 3.5 g/g creatinine. There were various pathologic diagnoses classified into C1QN, such as, original C1QN (21), IgA nephropathy (IGAN) (21), membranous nephropathies (MN) (11), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (7), mesangial glomerulopathy (6), diabetic nephropathy (3), minimal change lesion (1), and acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (1). We compared the characteristics among the pathologic finding classified into C1QN, the pathologic finding without C1q stain, and the pathologic finding with non-dominant C1q stain which did not fulfill the criteria of C1QN. The identified GNs, which included enough number of patients to compare, were FSGS, IGAN and MN. Some differences of clinico-pathologic findings and incidence of ESRD were not evident after re-analysis with groups matched age and gender with 1:3 manner between the GN re-categorized into C1QN and the corresponding GN without C1q staining. The only difference was lesser amount of proteinuria in MN patients re-classified into C1QN compared with MN patients without C1q staining. Immunoglobulins showed higher intensity in IF staining of C1QN compared with non-C1QN of the corresponding GN. Intensity of C3 was also higher in IGAN and MN re-categorized into C1QN compared with the corresponding IGAN and MN not included in C1QN, respectively. CONCLUSION Reclassification into C1QN with the pre-defined criteria did not indicate a different clinico-pathologic identity based on comparison with the original diagnosis of GN. Activation of C1q, presumed activation of classical complement pathway in kidney tissues, in so-called C1QN could not be classified into new disease entity. Further studies on this topic are needed.
Valeri Lipunov, Vladislav Shirshikov, Jonathan Lewis
The article reveals the main theoretical approaches to the analysis and study of the phenomenon of corruption. Special attention is paid to the consideration of the index approach to the analysis of corruption.
Can online education enable all students to participate in and benefit from it equally? Massive online education without addressing the huge access gap and disparities in digital infrastructure would not only exclude a vast majority of students from learning opportunities but also exacerbate the existing socio-economic disparities in educational opportunities.
This paper exhibits a duality between the theory of Revealed Preference of Afriat and the housing allocation problem of Shapley and Scarf. In particular, it is shown that Afriat's theorem can be interpreted as a second welfare theorem in the housing problem. Using this duality, the revealed preference problem is connected to an optimal assignment problem, and a geometrical characterization of the rationalizability of experiment data is given. This allows in turn to give new indices of rationalizability of the data, and to define weaker notions of rationalizability, in the spirit of Afriat's efficiency index.
N. S. Gonchar, O. P. Dovzhyk, A. S. Zhokhin
et al.
This work was partially supported by the Program of Fundamental Research of the Department of Physics and Astronomy of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine "Mathematical models of non equilibrium processes in open systems" N 0120U100857.
We present a model of political competition in which an incumbent politician, may implement a costly policy to prevent a possible threat to, for example, national security or a natural disaster.
This research is to assess cryptocurrencies with the conditional beta, compared with prior studies based on unconditional beta or fixed beta. It is a new approach to building a pricing model for cryptocurrencies. Therefore, we expect that the use of conditional beta will increase the explanatory ability of factors in previous pricing models. Besides, this research is also a pioneer in placing the uncertainty factor in the cryptocurrency pricing model. Earlier studies on cryptocurrency pricing have ignored this factor. However, it is a significant factor in the valuation of cryptocurrencies because uncertainty leads to investor sentiment and affects prices.
Do firm dynamics matter for the transmission of monetary policy? Empirically, the startup rate declines following a monetary contraction, while the exit rate increases, both of which reduce aggregate employment. I present a model that combines firm dynamics in the spirit of Hopenhayn (1992) with New-Keynesian frictions and calibrate it to match cross-sectional evidence. The model can qualitatively account for the responses of entry and exit rates to a monetary policy shock. However, the responses of macroeconomic variables closely resemble those in a representative-firm model. I discuss the equilibrium forces underlying this approximate equivalence, and what may overturn this result.
Malaysia is experiencing ever increasing domestic energy consumption. This study is an attempt at analyzing the changes in sectoral energy intensities in Malaysia for the period 1995 to 2011. The study quantifies the sectoral total, direct, and indirect energy intensities to track the sectors that are responsible for the increasing energy consumption. The energy input-output model which is a frontier method for examining resource embodiments in goods and services on a sectoral scale that is popular among scholars has been applied in this study.
The main purpose of the study is to develop the model for transaction costs measurement in the Collective Waste Recovery Systems. The methodology of New Institutional Economics is used in the research. The impact of the study is related both to the enlargement of the limits of the theory about the interaction between transaction costs and social costs and to the identification of institutional failures of the European concept for circular economy. A new model for social costs measurement is developed. Keywords: circular economy, transaction costs, extended producer responsibility JEL: A13, C51, D23, L22, Q53