Hasil untuk "Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages"

Chaoju Tang, V. V. van Heuven, W. Heeringa et al.

In this article, we tested some specific claims made in the literature on relative distances among European languages and among Chinese dialects, suggesting that some language varieties within the Sinitic family traditionally called dialects are, in fact, more linguistically distant from one another than some European varieties that are traditionally called languages. More generally, we examined whether distances among varieties within and across European language families were larger than those within and across Sinitic language varieties. To this end, we computed lexico-phonetic as well as syntactic distance measures for comparable language materials in six Germanic, five Romance and six Slavic languages, as well as for six Mandarin and nine non-Mandarin (‘southern’) Chinese varieties. Lexico-phonetic distances were expressed as the length-normalized MPI-weighted Levenshtein distances computed on the 100 most frequently used nouns in the 32 language varieties. Syntactic distance was implemented as the (complement of) the Pearson correlation coefficient found for the PoS trigram frequencies established for a parallel corpus of the same four texts translated into each of the 32 languages. The lexico-phonetic distances proved to be relatively large and of approximately equal magnitude in the Germanic, Slavic and non-Mandarin Chinese language varieties. However, the lexico-phonetic distances among the Romance and Mandarin languages were considerably smaller, but of similar magnitude. Cantonese (Guangzhou dialect) was lexico-phonetically as distant from Standard Mandarin (Beijing dialect) as European language pairs such as Portuguese–Italian, Portuguese–Romanian and Dutch–German. Syntactically, however, the differences among the Sinitic varieties were about ten times smaller than the differences among the European languages, both within and across the families—which provides some justification for the Chinese tradition of calling the Sinitic varieties dialects of the same language.

Olga E. Pekelis

This paper investigates the synchronic traits and the microdiachronic evolution of the Russian pronoun nekotoryj. Synchronically, I argue that nekotoryj has four different meanings, with the meaning of an indefinite pronoun being the most frequent and the least distributionally restricted. Diachronically, nekotoryj is shown to have had an article-like function in the Russian language of the 19th century and earlier, which it shared with the numeral odin ‘one,’ while in modern Russian this function is undertaken by odin alone. Within a typological stance on the facts observed, I suggest that nekotoryj displays both expected and unexpected traits. The former includes the outcome of its competition with odin. The latter concerns the distribution of nekotoryj across the contexts that make up the semantic map of indefinite pronouns. Nekotoryj appears to be an instance of an indefinite pronoun that contradicts some predictions put forward by the semantic map.

Vera Smole

Prispevek obravnava spajanje v soglasnik (ali en zlog) oslabelih glagol­skih in zaimenskih naslonk z drugimi naslonkami v naslonskem nizu ali naglasnicami v nove fonetične besede (npr. Una-j tərdila, de-jh je vidla, pa ku̯anc; Prav-cajt ga-mu̯o šli pužjèt; Pêd kədàl, pa-vš dubu kèj). To­rej so obravnavane samo naslonke v novih fonetičnih besedah, pri čemer so tudi te še vedno lahko naslonke. Poimenovali smo jih vezane naslonke kljub temu, da so ali še vedno naslonke ali je naslonski le en njen del, dru­gi pa naglašen pod besednim naglasom ali stavčnim poudarkom. Termina predslonka in zaslonka sta tu rabljena kot prvi oziroma drugi del vezane naslonke. Nastanek vezanih naslonk je možen v tistih narečnih govorih, ki imajo visoko stopnjo slabitve kratkih samoglasnikov v zelo različnih pojavnih oblikah, predvsem pa onemitev, saj jih te povzročijo. Kot gradivska osnova je bil zato izbran šentruperski krajevni govor, ki spada v vzhodnodolenjsko podnarečje dolenjskega narečja, za katerega je hkrati na voljo dovolj ustre­zno zapisanega besedilnega gradiva.

Nikola Ljubešić, Nada Galant, Sonja Benčina et al.

The paper presents new causal commonsense reasoning datasets for South Slavic dialects, based on the Choice of Plausible Alternatives (COPA) dataset. The dialectal datasets are built by translating by native dialect speakers from the English original and the corresponding standard translation. Three dialects are covered – the Cerkno dialect of Slovenian, the Chakavian dialect of Croatian and the Torlak dialect of Serbian. The datasets are the first resource for evaluation of large language models on South Slavic dialects, as well as among the first commonsense reasoning datasets on dialects overall. The paper describes specific challenges met during the translation process. A comparison of the dialectal datasets with their standard language counterparts shows a varying level of character-level, word-level and lexicon-level deviation of dialectal text from the standard datasets. The observed differences are well reproduced in initial zero-shot and 10-shot experiments, where the Slovenian Cerkno dialect and the Croatian Chakavian dialect show significantly lower results than the Torlak dialect. These results show also for the dialectal datasets to be significantly more challenging than the standard datasets. Finally, in-context learning on just 10 examples shows to improve the results dramatically, especially for the dialects with the lowest results.

Maxim Makartsev, Max Wahlström, Anastasia Escher

The article assesses claims made in the previous studies regarding the increase in the number of identical transitive and intransitive verbs with patient-like arguments, that is, patientively labile (P-labile) verbs, in Macedonian in comparison with the other South Slavic languages. Based on an extensive sample of 130 varieties from different parts of the South Slavic dialectal continuum, this study confirms the observations regarding increased lability in Western and some Southeastern Macedonian dialects. Additionally, outside the labile hotbed, lability remains low with relatively homogenous patterning.

Aidas Gudaitis

(1) Background: The article addresses the issue of geospatial dynamics of Lithuanian–Slavic ethnolinguistic boundaries in Southeastern Lithuania (SEL) that were influenced by long-term Lithuanian–Slavic linguistic competition. The aim of the study was to reconstruct the Lithuanian–Slavic ethnolinguistic boundaries and reveal the intensive contact zones in the late 19th century based on published data. Additionally, the study aimed to assess the geospatial changes in the ethnolinguistic situation in the research area during the period 1890–2021. (2) Methods: The ESRI ArcGIS technology geoprocessing tools were applied for boundary reconstruction and geospatial change detection. Cartographic materials, statistical data, and national census information were utilized in the process. (3) Results: The gained results provided a better understanding of Lithuanian–Slavic ethnolinguistic dynamics over space and time in the research area. The study reveals that the ethnolinguistic boundary in the Vilnius–Trakai urbanized area shifted in favor of the Lithuanian language, suggesting its potential influence on the metropolitan suburbs in the future. However, insufficient social infrastructure and weak economic development in rural settlements have led to a negative migration balance, a low birth rate, and rapid population aging. These challenges might have a negative effect on the future survival of the Lithuanian language in the multilingual rural area of SEL, especially considering the recent geopolitical realia in the region. (4) Conclusions: The study anticipates an increase in the influence of the Lithuanian language in the Vilnius–Trakai metropolitan area at the expense of further decline in the rural Lithuanian-speaking population in the next decade.

C. Rudin, Deniz Rudin

abstract:Crosslinguistic work on the meanings of intonational tunes across clause types remains rare. Rudin (2018a) notes an apparent correlation between the behavior of declarative and imperative sentences with rising terminal contours. Languages in which 'rising declaratives' comprise non-canonical biased questions allow for 'rising imperatives', interpreted as suggestions, while languages in which rising declaratives comprise canonical neutral questions disallow rising imperatives. Bulgarian and Macedonian, closely related languages which differ in the status of their rising declaratives, provide an ideal test case for investigating this correlation. Initial investigation of these two Balkan Slavic languages lends support to the prediction that rising imperatives occur only in languages whose rising declaratives are biased questions.

Krzysztof Migdalski

abstract:This paper provides an account of the distribution of two types of clitics in South Slavic: second position (2P) and verb-adjacent cliticization. It attributes the variation in the position of clitics to the availability of tense morphology in the respective languages, arguing that verb-adjacent cliticization is possible only when the TP layer is projected. The analysis is proposed as an alternative to Runić’s (2013) account, which links verb-adjacency cliticization to the presence of articles.

A. A. Shirshikova

This article explores the semantics and usage of prepositions in the English that denote temporal limits of actions. A review of various lexicographical sources, reference literature, and grammars is conducted, highlighting that not all sources provide comprehensive information on the meanings and functioning of prepositions, often offering only general information. Practical material for the study is extracted from the British National Corpus, comprising approximately two thousand contexts. It is established that making a definitive conclusion about including a temporal limit within the timeframe allocated for an action is not always possible. This semantic ambiguity is noted in around 20% of the total number of analyzed contexts. The study demonstrates that to resolve ambiguity and ensure successful communication, addressees often resort to using clarifying elements or complete / partial paraphrasing of the message text. Clarifications are found to be most typical in texts of a scientific research nature, schedules, legal and economic documents. The article concludes on the necessity of further research related to the semantics and usage of prepositions.

A. M. Podoksenov

This article examines the perspectives of M. M. Prishvin on the collectivization of agriculture, utilizing materials from his “Diary”, which have only recently entered scholarly discourse in the post-Soviet years. The choice of this topic is motivated by the ongoing relevance and intensity of discussions surrounding the Stalin era in Soviet society. The focus of this study is a previously unexamined aspect within Prishvin studies: the writer’s attitude toward the radical transformation of traditional Russian peasant life. It is demonstrated that Prishvin, on one hand, critiques the ruthless methods employed in implementing collectivization, while on the other hand, acknowledges the positive aspects of the economic reforms occurring in rural areas. The significance of Prishvin’s insights regarding the origins and causes of collectivization is further underscored by the fact that his conclusions often predate those of several later researchers of the Soviet period. Prishvin’s analysis of both subjective and objective factors influencing Stalin’s collectivization reveals him not only as a gifted writer but also as an exceptional thinker with a distinct perspective on the pressing ideological, political, economic, and sociocultural issues of his time.

Vladislav Bereznev

This year, young scholars from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Kaliningrad, Verona (Italy), Regensburg (Germany) took part in the work of the Linguistics section. Presentations on current issues of Slavic linguistics were divided into six thematic blocks. The first block was devoted to the study of the language of Slavic literature; the presentations touched upon issues of lexicology (in particular, lexical borrowings) and translation studies. The second session was devoted to the problems of grammar of modern Slavic languages. In the presentations, an attempt was made to compare the single mode of verbal action in Croatian and Russian, the issue of using the target infinitive in a simple sentence in modern Serbian was raised, the eventual possibility of counting indefinite pronouns was assessed, and the verbs of visual perception in the Serbian and Russian languages were compared. The third subsection addressed issues of Slavic dialectology and linguopragmatics: it was about full and short forms of personal pronouns in Slovenian dialects, contextual realizations of Czech and Slovak proverbs on the Internet, difficulties in translating varieties of the Russian language into other languages, and an overview of one Ukrainian dialect of the Voronezh region was presented. The fourth session was devoted to the problems of Slavic phraseology and onomastics. And the fifth thematic block included presentations on verbal and non-verbal communication. The conference was concluded with a subsection dedicated to the interaction of Slavic languages and cultures. The presentations covered the problems of socio- and ethnolinguistics. Discussion of the reports took place during the work of the sections and during breaks. The conference is impressive both in the large number of young scholars who take part in it every year and in the constantly growing number of new researchers not only from our country but also from abroad. All this testifies to the importance and significance of holding this scientific event.

M. Saenko

The first part of this article examined a number of hypotheses related to the semantics of the Proto-Slavic word černъ. The analysis of the material indicates that for Proto-Slavic, it is important to distinguish between two words: černъ and čerěnъ / čerěnь / čerenъ / čerenь ‘hearth vault’. The author argues that the word *černъ denoted a handle (of a tool), while its descendants in individual Slavic languages have developed a range of secondary meanings, including ‘mushroom stem’ and ‘narrow part of a leaf (stalk, petiole) connecting it to the plant’. In terms of etymology *černъ is most probably a derivative of *čer- < PIE *kwer- ‘cut off, cut out’. The etymological meaning is ‘a piece of wood which was cut from a tree’. There is no basis for reconstructing *černъ as a Proto-Slavic somatism; however, the available data allow us to reconstruct the collocation *černowъ(jь) zǫbъ, which denoted the molar. The adjective *černowъ is derived from *černъ ‘handle (of a tool)’, and the etymological meaning of *černowъ(jь) zǫbъ is ‘main tooth’. It is possible to draw a partial typological parallel between *černъ and Russian коренной зуб, as well as Udmurt йырпинь ‘molar’, Komi юрпинь ‘id’ (literally ‘main tooth’).

N. Yu. Vidineeva

The article is devoted to the analysis of various aspects of social relations of the late Soviet period, which found expression on the pages of the children’s magazine “Koster”. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time a model of social relations mediated by the Soviet media was built. The material of the study was the issues of the magazine “Koster” for 1970—1980 in the amount of 6 copies of 52 to 68 pages each. The study was carried out in line with discourse analysis using the techniques of rhetorical analysis. In the course of the study, aspects of social relations reflected in the magazine “Koster” and the topoi realizing them were identified. A classification of aspects of relations and their topoi is proposed: the relationship of a child with an adult (topoi of parental authority, upbringing, approval of a child by an adult), the relationship of a child and peers (a topos of mutual assistance), the relationship “child-state” (topoi of morality, patriotism, ideological education, state care about childhood), man and country (topoi of ideologization, patriotism, mutual assistance, labor, industrialization), interaction between man and nature (topoi of colonization, care, admiration), a person in a multinational country (topoi of friendliness), a country in the world (topoi of superiority, internationalism).

Rita Tūtlytė

The article investigates the development of the literary studies of Lithuanian literature over the past three decades pointing out some mental movements as well as difficulties of „transferrence“ and „hermeneutics“ of selfreflection. The article is not focused on describing all the schools of literary studies that were under formation at that time, the translated theoretical works or on classifying the researchers of the period (some names are mentioned sporadically as an example only). The aim is to give just one perspective without aiming to provide an objective wholsome overwiew.

R. I. Kantimirova

The activity of the Ufa governor Lev Yegorovich Nord is considered. The scientific novelty of the study is that the activities of the governor are covered on the basis of an analysis of unpublished sources. The author shows that the efforts of the Ufa governor L. Ye. Nord and local authorities implemented a set of measures, most of which had a positive effect on the socio-economic development of the region. It is shown that much attention was paid to the land issue, the preservation of the natural wealth of the Southern Urals, the rights of Bashkir patriarchs to freely alienate their lands. The successful work of L. Ye. Nord in lean years of 1890-1891 is emphasized. The article describes social activities: providing an opportunity for the starving population to earn money for food, introducing quarantine in the province in connection with the cholera epidemic, in particular the isolation of patients in specially designated barracks. It is reported that with the assistance of the governor, a highway was laid, the construction of an elevator in Ufa and a grain barn in Davlekanovo was started. The author comes to the conclusion that the activity of the Ufa governor was aimed exclusively at the good of the Fatherland, brought great benefits to the region, which caused respect for his contemporaries.

Federico Iocca

Vladimir Sorokin. Il pupazzo di neve (traduzione in italiano)

Oksana Bulgakowa

There are different forms of continuity and shifts in the Russian film after the October Revolution. On the one hand, films by Alexander Panteleev, Vladimir Gardin, and Czeslaw Sabinski adapted the new post-revolutionary reality to the established genres and narratives of the Russian prerevolutionary cinema, and the stylistic tradition of the Russian film school was continued not only between 1917 and 1924 but also afterward. The new generation of filmmakers, the Soviet Avant-Garde (Lev Kuleshov, Dziga Vertov, Sergei Eisenstein, Vsevolod Pudovkin), was looking for different canon of representation. The article shows the interplay between the tradition and the shifts which could be discovered in common gestural behavior and the mode of its representation produced on the screen between 1924 and 1927.

G. Thomas

Nikola Ljubesic

M. Maučec, J. Brest