Hasil untuk "Political science"

I. Katznelson, H. Milner, T. Skocpol et al.

Thais Cristina dos Santos, Luiz Alberto Pilatti, Nei Alberto Salles Filho et al.

Este estudio explora cómo los juegos digitales pueden ser utilizados como estrategias de enseñanza para promover la Cultura de Paz y la Educación para la Ciudadanía Global. Utilizando un enfoque cualitativo basado en la revisión bibliográfica y la revisión sistemática de la literatura, con el método Methodi Ordinatio, el estudio analiza las principales discusiones académicas sobre el tema. Los resultados indican que los juegos digitales proporcionan experiencias inmersivas que contribuyen a la concienciación sobre cuestiones globales, fomentando el pensamiento crítico, la empatía y el compromiso social. Ejemplos como "PeaceMaker" y exergames muestran cómo estas herramientas pueden simular escenarios de conflicto, promover interacciones culturales y fortalecer habilidades de resolución de problemas. Se concluye que, cuando se diseñan con sensibilidad cultural y se alinean con los principios de la Educación para la Paz, los juegos digitales se convierten en poderosos aliados en el proceso educativo, promoviendo un aprendizaje activo y comprometido. La implementación de estrategias educativas basadas en juegos puede enriquecer la formación de ciudadanos globales comprometidos con la construcción de una sociedad más justa y pacífica.

Kay T. Xia, Thayer L. Anderson, Phelan Yu

The American scientific community is reeling from funding cuts and policy directives that will debilitate scientific research and education. The underlying hostilities fueling these attacks have intensified in recent years as the COVID-19 pandemic increased suspicion of scientific experts and the institutional embrace of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) policies in 2020 prompted a backlash along longstanding political fault lines. Under the banner of anti-elitism, opponents of science and DEI have formed a coalition that sees attacks on higher education as a strategic means to achieve their political ends. While some of their arguments contain legitimate criticisms, academics must resist these attacks that seek to dismantle higher education altogether. Instead, we should engage the public in our research process, build a scientific practice representative of and accountable to the communities we serve, and interrogate the aims of our work by critically studying the history of science.

Muhammad Hassan Bin Afzal, Paula Daniela Ganga, Oindrila Roy et al.

We investigate the determinants of voting behavior by focusing on the direct effect of educational attainment, sociodemographic characteristics, partisan identity, and political ideology on the intention to vote, registration, and turnout. We use the cumulative CCES dataset to explore voting behavior for the 2014 and 2018 midterm elections and the 2016 and 2020 general elections. We propose a new Voting Engagement Index (VEI) to assess these factors' cumulative impact on electoral participation. Our analysis shows that education consistently motivates voting behavior, while gender, race, and ethnicity significantly shape engagement levels. Mainly, Black and Middle Eastern Americans exhibit higher voting engagement, whereas Native Americans and females display lower odds of voting engagement. Although Native Americans and women express a clear intention to vote in upcoming elections with increased attainment, the intention is not fully realized in voter registration and voting during midterms and general elections. Income and home ownership also become apparent as strong predictors of voter engagement. This research contributes to understanding the changing aspects of voter motivation and participation, with implications for grassroots-level mobilization, including unheard voting voices in U.S. elections, more inclusive and just voting policies and future electoral studies.

Daniel Apai, Rory Barnes, Matthew M. Murphy et al.

The search for extraterrestrial life in the Solar System and beyond is a key science driver in astrobiology, planetary science, and astrophysics. A critical step is the identification and characterization of potential habitats, both to guide the search and to interpret its results. However, a well-accepted, self-consistent, flexible, and quantitative terminology and method of assessment of habitability are lacking. Our paper fills this gap based on a three year-long study by the NExSS Quantitative Habitability Science Working Group. We reviewed past studies of habitability, but find that the lack of a universally valid definition of life prohibits a universally applicable definition of habitability. A more nuanced approach is needed. We introduce a quantitative habitability assessment framework (QHF) that enables self-consistent, probabilistic assessment of the compatibility of two models: First, a habitat model, which describes the probability distributions of key conditions in the habitat. Second, a viability model, which describes the probability that a metabolism is viable given a set of environmental conditions. We provide an open-source implementation of this framework and four examples as a proof of concept: (a) Comparison of two exoplanets for observational target prioritization; (b) Interpretation of atmospheric O2 detection in two exoplanets; (c) Subsurface habitability of Mars; and (d) Ocean habitability in Europa. These examples demonstrate that our framework can self-consistently inform astrobiology research over a broad range of questions. The proposed framework is modular so that future work can expand the range and complexity of models available, both for habitats and for metabolisms.

Mažvydas Jastramskis

Aukštų pareigūnų skyrimo galią Lietuvos prezidento institucijai priskiria ir prezidentų galias tyrinėjantys akademikai, ir politikos praktikai. Straipsnyje nagrinėjama, kas lemia prezidento dekretų, kuriais Seimui teikiamos aukštų valstybės pareigūnų nominacijos, sėkmę arba nesėkmę. Kartu tyrimo teorija ir rezultatai yra interpretuojami platesniame pusiau prezidentizmo literatūros kontekste: ką ši galia pasako apie prezidentų vaidmenį ir režimo veikimą? Analizei naudojamas originalus duomenų rinkinys. Jį sudaro 337 Lietuvos prezidentų 1993–2023 m. Seimui teikti dekretai, kuriais buvo skiriami valstybės pareigūnai. Statistinė analizė yra papildoma pusiau struktūruotų interviu su aukšto rango politikais medžiaga. Tyrimas atskleidžia kelis esminius dalykus. Pirma, didelis dekretų sėkmės procentas (apie 92,7) yra paaiškinamas konstitucinio algoritmo paskatų ir neformalios praktikos suderinti nominacijas tarp prezidento ir valdančiosios daugumos prieš jas pateikiant Seimui. Antra, kiekybinė analizė ir kokybiniai interviu rodo, kad dekretų sėkmę didina paskyrimai į teismines institucijas ir kai yra patariamoji institucija (Teisėjų taryba), o mažina – paskyrimai į institucijų vadovų postus. Trečia, kai kuriuos atvejus gali paaiškinti su asmeniu susiję veiksniai – amžius (kiekybinės analizės rezultatas) arba prisistatymas Seime (interviu medžiaga). Galiausiai, sugyventinio režimas – kai prezidentas ir valdančioji parlamento dauguma turi skirtingas politines pažiūras – paaiškina dekretų sėkmę tik iš dalies. Kartais dekretai būna nepriimami dėl santykių „temperatūros“ nukritimo trumpajame laikotarpyje. Tačiau iš to yra sugrįžtama į bendradarbiavimo fazę – taigi aukštų pareigūnų skyrimo galia Lietuvos režime šiuo požiūriu prieštarauja pusiau prezidentizmo tyrimuose populiariai konkurencijos tarp vykdomosios valdžios grandžių paradigmai. Prezidentas ir aplink šią galią sudėliota stabdžių ir atsvarų sistema kone idealiai įkūnija moderatoriaus funkciją, tačiau svarbi sąlyga yra tai, kad pats moderatorius yra konstituciškai „moderuojamas“.

Gabriel Gustavo Maresca

Present the most significant findings that were obtained within the framework of the Support Program for Teaching Researchers “PROAPI2021” of the Secretariat of Research and Technological and Institutional Linkage of the National University of Avellaneda of Argentina. (1) Background: Investigate the strengths and weaknesses of companies when implementing teleworking during the COVID-19 pandemic to continue with the productive matrix; (2) Methods: The fieldwork focuses on the study of 19 companies from the five productive sectors with the greatest representation in the town of Avellaneda, Argentina, using a teleworking efficiency index as a measurement instrument; (3) Results: The main results in terms of efficiency occur with the possibility of combining work with family life at 97.05%, the enthusiasm and motivation to telework at 84.45%, and the assurance of optimal internet connection quality by 74.6%; (4) Conclusions: The study shows that the variables that present the greatest efficiency are those that are more related to the traditional work scheme, and not to the new modality offered by teleworking. We continue to think about a conventional work model.

Menglin Liu, Ge Shi

Large language models (LLMs) offer substantial promise for text classification in political science, yet their effectiveness often depends on high-quality prompts and exemplars. To address this, we introduce a three-stage framework that enhances LLM performance through automatic prompt optimization, dynamic exemplar selection, and a consensus mechanism. Our approach automates prompt refinement using task-specific exemplars, eliminating speculative trial-and-error adjustments and producing structured prompts aligned with human-defined criteria. In the second stage, we dynamically select the most relevant exemplars, ensuring contextually appropriate guidance for each query. Finally, our consensus mechanism mimics the role of multiple human coders for a single task, combining outputs from LLMs to achieve high reliability and consistency at a reduced cost. Evaluated across tasks including sentiment analysis, stance detection, and campaign ad tone classification, our method enhances classification accuracy without requiring task-specific model retraining or extensive manual adjustments to prompts. This framework not only boosts accuracy, interpretability and transparency but also provides a cost-effective, scalable solution tailored to political science applications. An open-source Python package (PoliPrompt) is available on GitHub.

Raphaël Millière

Deep learning has enabled major advances across most areas of artificial intelligence research. This remarkable progress extends beyond mere engineering achievements and holds significant relevance for the philosophy of cognitive science. Deep neural networks have made significant strides in overcoming the limitations of older connectionist models that once occupied the centre stage of philosophical debates about cognition. This development is directly relevant to long-standing theoretical debates in the philosophy of cognitive science. Furthermore, ongoing methodological challenges related to the comparative evaluation of deep neural networks stand to benefit greatly from interdisciplinary collaboration with philosophy and cognitive science. The time is ripe for philosophers to explore foundational issues related to deep learning and cognition; this perspective paper surveys key areas where their contributions can be especially fruitful.

Riki Afrizal, Iwan Kurniawan, Fajar Wahyudi

Perubahan sistem pemasyarakatan ditandai dengan disahkannya Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2022 Tentang Pemasyarakatan. Salah satu hal yang diatur adalah mengenai pelayanan tahanan sebagai salah satu fungsi pemasyarakatan. Pengaturan ini tentu saja menarik untuk dianalisis karena selama ini pemasyarakatan hanya identik dengan pembinaan narapidana yang merupakan tahap akhir dalam sistem peradilan pidana. Pelayanan tahanan pada Rutan adalah berkaitan dengan proses peradilan pidana yang sedang berlangsung, karena secara yuridis tanggungjawab penahanan masih pada lembaga penegak hukum yang melakukan penahanan. Tulisan ini bertujuan menganalisis kaitan pengaturan pelayanan tahanan dalam Undang-Undang Pemasyarakatan terhadap sistem peradilan pidana terpadu di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan undang-undang dan konseptual khususnya mengenai sistem pemasyarakatan dan sistem peradilan pidana terpadu. Hasil pembahasan dan analisis menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaturan yang tegas dan jelas mengenai penyelenggaraan pelayanan tahanan sebagai fungsi pemasyarakatan. Hal Ini merupakan suatu bentuk kepastian hukum dan sekaligus penegasan keberadaan pemasyarakatan sebagai subsistem peradilan pidana terpadu. Sebagai bagian sistem peradilan pidana, pemasyarakatan tidak hanya bekerja pada akhir dari rangkaian proses peradilan pidana melalui fungsi pembinaan narapidana dan anak pidana, tetapi juga pada saat bekerjanya atau berlangsungnya proses peradilan pidana tersebut.

Wenwen Li

GeoAI, or geospatial artificial intelligence, is an exciting new area that leverages artificial intelligence (AI), geospatial big data, and massive computing power to solve problems with high automation and intelligence. This paper reviews the progress of AI in social science research, highlighting important advancements in using GeoAI to fill critical data and knowledge gaps. It also discusses the importance of breaking down data silos, accelerating convergence among GeoAI research methods, as well as moving GeoAI beyond geospatial benefits.

Miloslav Machon

Since the 1970's the debate about the rising importance of transnational relations has existed in international relations. Apart from states, related research also focuses on other actors, including epistemic communities. The article uses the concept of epistemic communities and finds whether the activity of epistemic communities determines the process of the international management of outer space in the case of the political negotiations relating to space debris in UNCOPUOS and UNOOSA. The activity of epistemic communities exists in the political negotiations relating to space debris in UNCOPUOS and UNOOSA, but it has not been reflected in the related scholarly literature. Epistemic communities from the non-governmental organizations IAF, COSPAR and IISL contributed to setting the space debris problem on the agenda of UNCOPUOS. Also, under the influence of epistemic communities from the governmental organization IADC, UNCOPUOS adopted guidelines preventing the creation of further amounts of space debris.

Allison J. Sovey, D. Green

Ram Sagar

The Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), a premier autonomous research institute under the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India has a legacy of about seven decades with contributions made in the field of observational sciences namely atmospheric and astrophysics. The Survey of India used a location at ARIES, determined with an accuracy of better than 10 meters on a world datum through institute participation in a global network of Earth artificial satellites imaging during late 1950. Taking advantage of its high-altitude location, ARIES, for the first time, provided valuable input for climate change studies by long term characterization of physical and chemical properties of aerosols and trace gases in the central Himalayan regions. In astrophysical sciences, the institute has contributed precise and sometime unique observations of the celestial bodies leading to a number of discoveries. With the installation of the 3.6 meter Devasthal optical telescope in the year 2015, India became the only Asian country to join those few nations of the world who are hosting 4 meter class optical telescopes. This telescope, having advantage of geographical location, is well-suited for multi-wavelength observations and for sub-arc-second resolution imaging of the celestial objects including follow-up of the GMRT, AstroSat and gravitational-wave sources.

Jennifer J. Sun, Megan Tjandrasuwita, Atharva Sehgal et al.

Neurosymbolic Programming (NP) techniques have the potential to accelerate scientific discovery. These models combine neural and symbolic components to learn complex patterns and representations from data, using high-level concepts or known constraints. NP techniques can interface with symbolic domain knowledge from scientists, such as prior knowledge and experimental context, to produce interpretable outputs. We identify opportunities and challenges between current NP models and scientific workflows, with real-world examples from behavior analysis in science: to enable the use of NP broadly for workflows across the natural and social sciences.

Marcela Gbúrová

The professional ambition of the study is to present the ethnic-emancipatory and national-political initiatives of Michal Miloslav Hodža, one of the representatives of the Slovak national movement in the revolutionary years of 1848-1849, co-creator of the modern literary Slovak language project and author of Matora – the most extensive poetic work of political content in Slovak literature. the study is divided into four relatively separate parts. The first of them follows the educational path of M. M. Hodža to humanism, national-revivalist consciousness and theoretical reflections on issues of a natiological nature. The second part deals with Hodža’s complicated process of looking for a modern form of the Slovak literary language. In the next part, the national-political activities of M. M. Hodža in the revolutionary years of 1848-1849 are analysed. The last part of the study is a political-science interpretation of the literary work Matora which represents the key life balance of M. M. Hodža implemented outside of public policy.

Insan Firdaus

Berdasarkan sistem merit penempatan lulusan Politeknik Ilmu Pemasyarakatan (Poltekip) dan Politeknik Imigrasi (Poltekim) harus pada jabatan dan pekerjaan yang tepat sesuai dengan kompetensi dan kebutuhan organisasi. Penempatan yang tepat dapat berpengaruh terhadap efektivitas pelaksanaan tugas dan fungsi Kementerian Hukum dan HAM di bidang Pemasyarakatan dan Imigrasi. Tujuan penelitian ini ingin mengetahui apakah penempatan lulusan Poltekip dan Poltekim telah sesuai dengan sistem merit? Metode penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan bersifat deskriptif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa penempatan lulusan Poltekip dan Poltekim telah sesuai dengan sistem merit. Penempatan ditentukan berdasarkan program studi dan menduduki jabatan fungsional di bidang pemasyarakatan dan imigrasi yang kualifikasi dan uraian tugasnya sesuai dengan kompetensi yang dimiliki. Meskipun demikian, penempatan tersebut belum spesifik ditentukan bagian atau bidang apa lulusan Poltekip dan Poltekim ditempatkan, sehingga berpotensi ditempatkan pada bidang yang tidak sesuai kompetensi. Selain itu, lulusan Poltekip belum dapat ditempatkan di semua unit pelaksana teknis pemasyarakatan yang disebabkan jabatan fungsional dibidang pemasyarakatan yang ada saat ini belum mencakup seluruh tugas dan fungsi pemasyarakatan. Saran dalam kajian ini yaitu agar disebutkan secara jelas bagian/bidang dimana lulusan tersebut ditempatkan dan perlu dibentuk jabatan fungsional baru di bidang  pemasyarakatan.

Simten Cosar, Gulden Ozcan

This article analyzes the securitization of the political space under the Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (Justice and Development Party, AKP) governments in Turkey with a critical feminist lens. We argue that a feminist reading unpacks the connection between AKP’s discursive strategies in the spheres of social and national security. We focus on the AKP’s proposals that address social policy and defense policy spheres—namely, the “Women’s Employment Package;” “Family Package;” and “Internal Security Package.” In our analysis, we start from the argument that the AKP’s terms in office represent the last phase of neoliberal transformation in the country. Packages in this phase also speak to the patchwork style of neoliberal policy making. They function as means for checking, and then, manipulating public opinion. Analysis of the packages provides insight into the AKP’s increasing resort to violence vis-á-vis opposition as well as the deepening of the economic crisis in the country in the last two decades.

Richard D. Gill

I draw attention to statistical, probabilistic, computer science aspects of the highly related topics of the Bell game and of a possible future Quantum Internet.

Hugo de Vos, Suzan Verberne

In an often-cited 2019 paper on the use of machine learning in political research, Anastasopoulos & Whitford (A&W) propose a text classification method for tweets related to organizational reputation. The aim of their paper was to provide a 'guide to practice' for public administration scholars and practitioners on the use of machine learning. In the current paper we follow up on that work with a replication of A&W's experiments and additional analyses on model stability and the effects of preprocessing, both in relation to the small data size. We show that (1) the small data causes the classification model to be highly sensitive to variations in the random train-test split, and that (2) the applied preprocessing causes the data to be extremely sparse, with the majority of items in the data having at most two non-zero lexical features. With additional experiments in which we vary the steps of the preprocessing pipeline, we show that the small data size keeps causing problems, irrespective of the preprocessing choices. Based on our findings, we argue that A&W's conclusions regarding the automated classification of organizational reputation tweets -- either substantive or methodological -- can not be maintained and require a larger data set for training and more careful validation.