The article examines the main aspects of preventing bribery in the activities of legal entities under private law, which is defined as a set of measures implemented at the general social, special criminological and individual levels. To achieve the goal of the study, the following methods were used: comparative legal, formal legal, logical legal, comparative, structural and functional and hermeneutic. The use of these approaches made it possible to analyze socio-legal phenomena in the field of preventing corruption in the private sector. It was established that general social measures to prevent criminal offenses in the form of bribery in the activities of legal entities under private law cover a wide range of actions carried out by state bodies, public organizations and other entities. Their goal is to stabilize socio-economic, political, moral-psychological and legal relations in society and the state. The article pays special attention to the harmonization of national anti-corruption legislation with international standards, in particular the provisions of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union and the OECD recommendations. It proposes the introduction of effective mechanisms to prevent bribery in the activities of legal entities under private law, such as: the development of integrity policies, the implementation of anti-corruption compliance, internal control systems and compliance with ethical standards. The current anti-corruption legislation of Ukraine is analyzed, its gaps are identified and measures for improvement are proposed, in particular by expanding the list of legal entities obliged to implement anti-corruption programs. The main goal of the study is to create equal conditions under which honest and transparent business conduct becomes economically beneficial for all business entities. The conclusions indicate that general social measures form the basis for the development and implementation of special criminological approaches to preventing bribery in the activities of legal entities under private law, ensuring a systematic approach to reducing the risks of corruption offenses.
In this article, I shall focus on the legal consequences of one of the most obvious features of populisms: identity politics. In particular, I shall explore how populists in power use constitutional law to identify and fight the alleged enemy, thus confirming their Schmittian flavour. In Schmitt, public law becomes part of a constitutional narrative that represents the people as forged by a static identity that goes back to the mythological origin of the legal system. This reconstruction is based on an organicistic reading of the concept of the people. This identitarian public law makes instrumental use of the moral argument, the historical argument and the religious argument. Populists in government tend to militarise constitutional law in many ways and in this article I will focus on two strategies: one that looks backwards, consisting of the instrumentalisation of the argument of constituent power; and one that looks forward and leverages the use of constitutional amendment.
Political science, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
O presente trabalho objetiva abordar os cenários e riscos inerentes à segurança pública e à inteligência artificial, assim como iniciativas para controlá-los. Para tanto, elegemos como objetivos específicos: (i) demarcar as relações entre sociedade do conhecimento e sociedade da vigilância; (ii) as reações institucionais e políticas à sociedade de vigilância; (iii) propor premissas viabilizadoras de politicas de segurança pública democráticas para o uso de novas tecnologias com o uso de IA no âmbito da segurança pública. Pretendemos utilizar neste trabalho o método dedutivo, testando nossas hipóteses com os fundamentos que passam a ser declinados. Utilizaremos para tanto técnica de pesquisa com documentação indireta, nomeadamente bibliográfica.
Public law, Regulation of industry, trade, and commerce. Occupational law
Проаналізовано окремі норми КУзПБ, погляди вчених і правозастосовну практику щодо правового режиму господарської діяльності боржника, визначено основні елементи його правового статусу у процедурі санації. Вони мають свої особливості та обмежуються часом (проведення процедури санації), загальнодержавним законодавчим актом — КУзПБ та локальним актом — планом санації, діями і волею керуючого санацією та судді господарського суду. Виявлено особливості правового статусу боржника у процедурі санації, що вирізняють його від правового статусу інших суб’єктів господарю- вання: мета і завдання полягають у погашенні заборгованості перед кредиторами та відновленні платоспроможності; боржник може бути утворений суб’єктом підприємницької діяльності, суб’єктом некомерційної господарської діяльності, суб’єктом господарського права або суб’єктом цивільного права, водночас не бувши суб’єктом господарювання; у процедурі санації боржник може бути реорганізований у суб’єкт в іншій організаційно-правовій формі; у процедурі санації управління боржником здійснюється не його керівником, а арбітражним керуючим, який володіє, користується і розпоряджається майном боржника на праві господарського відання; у процедурі санації боржник може здійснювати будь-які види господарської діяльності, не заборонені законодавством і названі у його статутних документах; права боржника у процедурі санації значно обмежені планом санації, у якому визначено кордони прав та перелік обов’язків, нові права й обов’язки боржника можуть виникати на основі договорів, укладених від імені боржника арбітражним керуючим; підстав для договірної відповідальності може бути менше через значно меншу кількість господарських договорів, які може укладати боржник у силу обмеження своєї діяльності положеннями плану санації; у процедурі санації боржник не може бути ліквідований за бажанням його засновників, оскільки щодо нього уже відкрито провадження у справі про банкрутство, ліквідація може бути проведена у межах і за правилами ліквідаційної процедури.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Juan David Gutiérrez, Sarah Maria Muñoz-Cadena, María Carolina Corcione
Este artículo analiza cómo participan e inciden las agencias reguladoras en el ciclo de las políticas públicas en Colombia. La investigación desarrolla un caso de estudio comparativo de la Superintendencia de Industria y Comercio (SIC) y la Comisión de Regulación de Comunicaciones (CRC). El artículo estudia cómo la SIC y la CRC participan e inciden en procesos de formación de la agenda, formulación, implementación y evaluación de políticas públicas. El caso de estudio comparado se realizó a partir de tres tipos de fuentes primarias documentales: instrumentos jurídicos, documentos producidos por las agencias y archivos de prensa. En resumen, reportamos tres hallazgos: (i) las dos agencias comparadas participan activa y directamente en procesos de agendamiento e implementación de política pública; (ii) sus esfuerzos en materia de evaluación de políticas es relativamente bajo; y, (iii) su rol en materia de formulación de políticas públicas diverge: mientras que la CRC diseña y adopta periódicamente instrumentos de política pública, la participación de la SIC en la formulación es más indirecta pues se enfoca en analizar proyectos regulatorios de otras entidades públicas para realizar recomendaciones cuando considera que puede haber afectaciones a la competencia.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
This article explores the intersection of private international law and space law, shedding light on the legal frameworks and considerations that govern activities in outer space. The primary focus of the article appears to be on the evolving legal landscape as it pertains to private entities and their involvement in space-related activities. Key Points: Space Law Context: the article delves into the broader context of space law, outlining the various international agreements and treaties governing outer space activities. This context is crucial to understanding the legal framework within which private international law operates in the realm of space. Private Entities in Space: given the mention of "Private International Law,” the article discusses the participation of private entities, such as commercial space companies and satellite operators, in activities related to space exploration, satellite communications, and space resource utilization. This touches upon the legal rights and obligations of private actors in space. Jurisdiction and Dispute Resolution: the article explores how private international law concepts, such as jurisdiction and dispute resolution mechanisms, apply to space-related disputes. This includes discussions on which legal jurisdictions govern disputes involving space activities and how international treaties address jurisdictional issues. Liability and Responsibility: space activities inherently involve risks, and the article touches the legal frameworks for liability and responsibility in cases of accidents or damage caused by space objects, especially when private entities are involved. Evolving Legal Landscape: the dynamic nature of space law, with new technologies and actors continually emerging, can be a central theme. The article discusses recent developments, challenges, and adaptations in space law to accommodate private sector interests and innovations. Future Implications: the article speculates on the future direction of private international law in the context of space activities. This encompasses considerations of how space law may need to adapt further as commercial ventures expand into the cosmos. Global Collaboration: given the international nature of space activities, discussions on the importance of global collaboration and cooperation in addressing legal issues related to space. Overall, this article provides valuable insights into the evolving legal landscape at the intersection of private international law and space law, offering readers a deeper understanding of the legal complexities surrounding space activities conducted by private entities.
The purpose of writing gender is to determine the range of legal relations included in the subject of national security law and military law. Criteria for the selection of branches of law are investigated. Attention is focused on theoretical approaches to understanding the structure and subject of national security law. The definition of the concept of military law is proposed. Arguments are given that the subject of regulation of military law is military legal relations, which are of a recurring nature and are the subject of a special type of control. The rationale is that the social necessity for the existence of military law is due to the long-term conduct of military (combat) operations on the territory of our state, the occupation of a significant part of the territory of Ukraine, the need to strengthen military formations to increase the level of defense capability and adequately rebuff the armed aggression of the Russian Federation, as well as solve problems adapting the functioning of the military organization of the state according to the standards of the North Atlantic Alliance. The article determines that the subject of military law is military legal relations, which are public relations regulated by legal norms that arise during the functioning of military formations, preparation for defense and implementation of the protection of the state in the event of armed aggression or armed conflict. A feature of military legal relations is their complex nature, which determines their simultaneous belonging to both the sphere of public law and private law relations. Attention is focused on the fact that the share of public law relations in the subject of military law is much larger. The conclusion is made that the definition of the subject matter of national security law and military law makes it possible to achieve stability in the formation of its doctrine and improve the quality of rule-making activities aimed at filling numerous legal gaps.
Marcos César Botelho, Elimei Paleari do Amaral Camargo
Motivado pela adoção do Regulamento Geral sobre a Proteção de Dados pela União Europeia, o legislador brasileiro aprovou a Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados, expressamente tornando a proteção de dados pessoais um direito fundamental e reconhecendo a existência de uma categoria de dados específica, denominada de dados pessoais sensíveis, cujo conceito abarca os dados relativos à saúde e que recebem tratamento específico desse diploma legal. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar como a Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados trata a proteção de dados relativos à saúde. Para tanto, utilizando método dedutivo e análise bibliográfica, o estudo foi dividido em duas partes. Na primeira foi exposto o conceito jurídico de dados trazido pela Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados, bem como a definição legal de dados sensíveis. Na segunda parte discutiu-se como essa lei trata os dados relativos à saúde. De modo geral, conclui-se que, com a entrada em vigor da Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados, profissionais da saúde, clínicas médicas, hospitais e centros de saúde, entre outros, que realizarem tratamento de dados pessoais sensíveis relacionados à saúde deverão adotar medidas para adaptar tais atividades à legislação o mais brevemente possível, a fim de evitar sanções que podem ir desde a aplicação de multas pecuniárias até a proibição do uso de dados pessoais sensíveis.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
This study focuses on the defense mechanisms of a democracy, mainly, on the interpretation of the prohibition of abuse of rights in Article 17 European Convention on Human Rights. Given the background and understanding of this provision as an instrument to protect democracy and democratic values (i.e. an instrument of a militant democracy), this study touches upon the way how the European Court of Human Rights should cope with anti-democratic actors aiming at subverting or overturning democracy with democratic means (e.g. through a public speech (which is protected by the article 10 of the Convention) which denies the Holocaust).The study also explains how to apply Article 17, the rights whi chare circumscribed by it and the negative effect of its scope. The jurisprudence and findings of the European Court of Human Rights are the core source of this study, followed by the teachings of the publicists in this field.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
نزدیک به 60 سال از انعقاد و اجراییشدن معاهده جنوبگان میگذرد. قاره جنوبگان از جنبههای گوناگون دارای نظام حقوقی منحصربهفردی است. از نحوه ورود و عضویت دولتها به معاهده جنوبگان و بهطور کلی، سامانه معاهداتی جنوبگان گرفته، تا نظام حقوقی حفاظت از محیطزیست و موارد دیگر، همگی واجد شاخصهای منحصربهفردی هستند. در این میان به نظر میرسد یکی از مهمترین این موارد، بُعد امنیت نظام حقوقی جنوبگان باشد. چگونگی شکلگیری مقوله امنیت در این قاره و کیفیت نهادینهسازی آن در درون نظام حقوقی بینالمللی جنوبگان، موضوعی است که توجه دقیق و موشکافانه علمی را میطلبد. از نقطهنظر نگارنده این نوشتار، میتوان نظام حقوقی پیشگفته را بهویژه از بُعد امنیت آن، مینیاتوری از تحقق الگوی برتر حقوق بینالملل و پیدایش شکلی آرمانی از نظام حقوقی بینالمللی قلمداد کرد که در آن دولتها در پایبندی و تضمین پایبندی به التزامات بینالمللی (ازجمله) از طریق پیشبینی ضمانتهای اجرایی مؤثر مشارکت میکنند. ازاینرو، پرسشهایی همچون اینکه معاهده جنوبگان بهطور کلی و سامانه معاهداتی جنوبگان بهطور خاص، چه مقرراتی در حوزه امنیت این قاره پیشبینی و تدوین کردهاند و کارآیی و اثربخشی آن در جنوبگان به چه میزان بوده است و احتمالاً چه نقیصهها و ایراداتی در آن است که نیازمند جرح و تعدیل است، ازجمله مهمترین مباحثی است که در این نوشتار، طرح و بررسی و ارزیابی خواهند شد.
L’inadempimento del contratto – soprattutto bilaterale – ha conosciuto una storia travagliata. Per meglio comprendere le vicissitudini dell’istituto, e in particolar modo la sua complessa genesi, una valida chiave di lettura può consistere nell’analisi dei codici e dei progetti di codice sudamericani dell’Ottocento. Nello specifico, nuove riflessioni sui rimedi per sanzionare l’inadempimento contrattuale sono fornite dal Brasile del XIX secolo, grazie alle grandi opere di Augusto Teixeria de Freitas: la Consolidação das Leis Civis e l’Esboço de Código Civil.
PAROLE CHIAVE: Diritto privato (storia). Diritto delle obbligazioni e dei contratti. Inadempimento dei contratti. Europa e America Latina. Storia della comparazione giuridica.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Defining the concept of crime is the starting point in the criminal
thought. Basically, any view taken on the concept of crime formulates the
other fundamental criminological concepts (such as the criminal and
etiology) as well as basic concepts of criminal policy system (such as justice,
criminalization and prevention). In the light of the foregoing, we attempt to
discuss the concept of the crime in the framework of two distinct paradigms
of modernism and postmodernism. That said, we argue that while the
modernist reading conceives the crime with the presumption of the objective
nature or inherent meaning, the postmodernist reading, on the contrary,
replaces this presumption with the subjective nature or acquired meaning. In
order to develop this thesis, the ideas of postmodernism will first be
introduced. Subsequently, a critique of the modernist view of the crime will
be offered. Eventually, a new definition of the crime from the perspective of
the constitutive criminology will be provided. Despite the above-said
importance, this analysis of the meaning of the crime has never been touched
upon in the Persian literature of criminology.
Tradicionalmente, do ponto de vista da separação dos poderes, o controle de constitucionalidade encera uma disputa entre as agências políticas em torno da interpretação da constituição. Todavia, a partir da perspectiva da democracia deliberativa, torna-se necessário reinterpretar o relacionamento dos poderes do Estado quanto ao controle da constitucionalidade das leis, prestando especial atenção à possibilidade de um diálogo contínuo e inclusivo entre os poderes, mais do que uma disputa parcial, acerca da defesa da constituição.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
La Diputación Permanente de la Constitución de 1812 es el órgano de continuidad parlamentaria para mantener la representación de la voluntad popular en los períodos en los que las Cortes no estuvieran trabajando en plenitud. Significó también un intento frustrado de establecer un mecanismo eficaz para garantizar el cumplimiento del propio texto constitucional y por tanto su defensa ante las violaciones por parte de otros órganos del Estado.
The Permanent Delegation of the Constitution of 1812 is the parliamentary body to maintain continuity of the representation of popular will in the periods in which the courts were not working fully. It also meant an unsuccessful attempt to establish an effective mechanism to ensure compliance with the constitutional text itself and therefore its defense against violations by other state bodies.
Law of Europe, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence