Hasil untuk "Labor systems"

J. Dijck, Thomas Poell, M. D. Waal

Individuals all over the world can use Airbnb to rent an apartment in a foreign city, check Coursera to find a course on statistics, join PatientsLikeMe to exchange information about one’s disease, hail a cab using Uber, or read the news through Facebook’s Instant Articles. In The Platform Society, Van Dijck, Poell, and De Waal offer a comprehensive analysis of a connective world where platforms have penetrated the heart of societies—disrupting markets and labor relations, transforming social and civic practices, and affecting democratic processes. The Platform Society analyzes intense struggles between competing ideological systems and contesting societal actors—market, government, and civil society—asking who is or should be responsible for anchoring public values and the common good in a platform society. Public values include, of course, privacy, accuracy, safety, and security; but they also pertain to broader societal effects, such as fairness, accessibility, democratic control, and accountability. Such values are the very stakes in the struggle over the platformization of societies around the globe. The Platform Society highlights how these struggles play out in four private and public sectors: news, urban transport, health, and education. Some of these conflicts highlight local dimensions, for instance, fights over regulation between individual platforms and city councils, while others address the geopolitical level where power clashes between global markets and (supra-)national governments take place.

Jesse J. Chandler, D. Shapiro

N. Bhattacharjee, Arturo Urrios, Shawn S. Kang et al.

M. Timmer, A. Erumban, B. Los et al.

Era Dabla‐Norris, K. Kochhar, Nujin Suphaphiphat et al.

Anthony K. Au, W. Huynh, L. Horowitz et al.

Ana Pereira, F. Romero

Abstract The global industrial landscape has changed deeply in the last few years due to successive technological developments and innovations in manufacturing processes. The Industry 4.0 concept has emerged and the academic literature has paid an increased attention to this topic, which remains non-consensual or ill defined. In this research, a literature review is made to understand this concept in its technological dimension, and to comprehend its impacts. This new industrial paradigm brings together the digital and physical worlds through the Cyber-Physical Systems enhanced by Internet of Things and it is expected that this novel has consequences on industry, markets and economy, improving production processes and increasing productivity, affecting the whole product lifecycle, creating new business models, changing the work environment and restructuring the labor market. Therefore, this paper focuses on Industry 4.0 concept and contributes for its clarification and further understanding about the importance and implications of this complex technological system.

M. Charles, K. Bradley

Anup Agrawal, C. Knoeber

Y. Engeström

S. Marston

R. Drazin, A. Ven

W. Gamson, Gadi Wolfsfeld

S. Nickell, R. Layard

Ajay Agrawal, Ajay Agrawal, Iain M. Cockburn et al.

Muhammad Arif, Md Mirajur Rhaman Shaoan, Aneta Ismail et al.

Abstract Background Despite its endorsement as a universal right under SDG 4 (Quality Education) and SDG 5 (Gender Equality), girls in rural Balochistan remain systematically excluded from schooling by entrenched tribal norms and patriarchal capital that channel resources toward male education. Methods An interpretive qualitative case study was conducted in Barkhan district. Thirty-six participants were purposively sampled: ten out-of-school girls (ages 10–16), ten parents (six mothers, four fathers), four extended family members, four tribal leaders, four teachers (two female, two male), and four NGO workers. Semi-structured interviews were analyzed using thematic content analysis. Results Three interlocking barriers were identified: marriage before age 15, which abruptly terminates girls’ schooling; heavy domestic labor obligations that leave insufficient time and energy for education; and a chronic shortage of female teachers, compounded by honour-code sanctions that deter families from sending daughters to male-staffed schools. Conclusion Applying Patriarchal Theory frameworks of social and cultural capital reveals how male authority across households, tribal councils, and educational institutions perpetuates girls’ exclusion at individual, familial, and community levels. Implications To advance SDG 4 and SDG 5, culturally grounded strategies are essential: recruiting and training local female educators to redress classroom gender imbalances; strengthening financial and community support networks such as scholarships, conditional cash transfers, and dialogue circles to ease both economic and social barriers; and implementing gender-sensitive policy reforms to dismantle entrenched patriarchal capital within tribal education systems.

Jieyan Wu, Jinlai Zhang, Liuqi Tan et al.

The agricultural system faces the formidable challenge of efficiently harvesting strawberries, a labor-intensive process that has long relied on manual labor. The advent of autonomous harvesting robot systems offers a transformative solution, but their success hinges on the accuracy and efficiency of strawberry detection. In this paper, we present DPViT-YOLOV8, a novel approach that leverages advancements in computer vision and deep learning to significantly enhance strawberry detection. DPViT-YOLOV8 integrates the EfficientViT backbone for multi-scale linear attention, the Dynamic Head mechanism for unified object detection heads with attention, and the proposed C2f_Faster module for enhanced computational efficiency into the YOLOV8 architecture. We meticulously curate and annotate a diverse dataset of strawberry images on a farm. A rigorous evaluation demonstrates that DPViT-YOLOV8 outperforms baseline models, achieving superior Mean Average Precision (mAP), precision, and recall. Additionally, an ablation study highlights the individual contributions of each enhancement. Qualitative results showcase the model’s proficiency in locating ripe strawberries in real-world agricultural settings. Notably, DPViT-YOLOV8 maintains computational efficiency, reducing inference time and FLOPS compared to the baseline YOLOV8. Our research bridges the gap between computer vision and agriculture systems, offering a powerful tool to accelerate the adoption of autonomous strawberry harvesting, reduce labor costs, and ensure the sustainability of strawberry farming.

Adetomiwa Kolapo, Stefan Sieber

Climate change poses significant threats to agricultural productivity and food security in Nigeria, particularly among smallholder maize farmers in Southwest Nigeria, where erratic rainfall, droughts, and floods exacerbate vulnerability. Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) is increasingly adopted to enhance resilience, yet its effects on productivity and food security remain underexplored. This study investigates how CSA practices mitigate climate change vulnerability among Nigerian maize farming households, focusing on their impact on maize yield and household food security, and identifying factors influencing their implementation. Conducted in Southwest Nigeria, the research sampled 480 maize farmers using a multi-stage stratified random sampling technique. Data on CSA adoption, productivity, and food security (Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS), Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) score, and Household Food Insecurity Access Prevalence (HFIAP) were collected via structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Multinomial Endogenous Switching Regression (MESRM), Tobit regression, and Propensity Score Matching (PSM). Vulnerability was assessed with a Household Vulnerability Index (HVI). CSA adoption varied, with drought-tolerant maize varieties at 76 %, soil conservation at 44 %, and organic fertilizer at 39 %. MESRM showed significant yield increases (80.859 kg/ha with combined practices). HDDS improved with CSA, but HFIAS scores rose unexpectedly for some practices, indicating trade-offs. Adoption was driven by age, gender, and extension access, with barriers including household size and labor constraints. Vulnerability analysis highlighted regional climate risks, with CSA reducing exposure and sensitivity. CSA enhances resilience and productivity but requires tailored strategies to address adoption barriers and food security complexities. Integrated approaches and policy support are critical for maximizing benefits in climate-vulnerable maize systems.

B. Kalyn, S. Kropyvka, R. Paraniak et al.

Despite the exceptional importance of the grain industry in both the global and national economies, a number of systemic problems still persist at the regional level in Ukraine, hindering productivity growth and reducing the profitability of the sector. Grain production forms the foundation of food security, constitutes a significant share of agricultural exports, supports rural employment, and promotes the development of related industries – livestock farming, food processing, and manufacturing. At the same time, the efficiency of its functioning remains vulnerable to a complex set of natural, economic, and organizational factors. The leading among them are climatic conditions, soil quality and fertility, the level of material and technical support, the use of modern innovative agricultural technologies, and the adaptation of farms to the challenges of climate change. The article summarizes the results of studies concerning the relationship between the yield of grain crops and the efficiency of using natural, labor, and production resources. The focus is placed on the influence of crop management systems, as well as ecological and socio-economic factors that determine the spatial differentiation of productivity. The role of climate change, soil degradation processes, farming intensity, and institutional prerequisites for sectoral development are highlighted. Using Lviv region as a case study, the main factors causing differences in grain yield are outlined, and limiting conditions influencing productivity are identified. Special attention is paid to climate forecasts that indicate an increase in the frequency of extreme weather events, changes in the length of the growing season, and rising risks to production stability. These trends require the adaptation of agrotechnologies, optimization of crop structure, and the implementation of resource-saving and soil-protective practices. The results of the conducted analysis make it possible to substantiate a set of recommendations aimed at improving the yield and efficiency of the regional grain industry. Their implementation will contribute to strengthening the competitiveness of agricultural production, enhancing the sustainability of agroecosystems, and ensuring the food security of the state amid ongoing climatic and economic transformations.

P.D. Filetkin

Background. The quality of the investigation of criminal attacks on occupational safety is largely determined by the quality of actions to identify them. During the detection, not only the event of the crime is established, but also data that can subsequently guide the investigator in choosing the most relevant algorithm for conducting procedural actions. The more reliable data obtained during the identification, the more reliable evidence will be obtained during the investigation. The peculiarity of the detection of criminal encroachments on labor safety is that it is often carried out with the involvement of government agencies and, in some cases, trade unions that exercise control and supervision in the relevant field. Thus, special knowledge in the field of occupational safety is being attracted to activities aimed at identifying these crimes. In this regard, the purpose of the research, which is the basis of the article presented to attention, is to study the features of detecting criminal encroachments on labor safety. Materials and methods. In the course of the re-search, a dialectical method was used, which made it possible to understand identification and investigation as alternating systems of actions. Logical methods were also used, which made it possible to draw conclusions, avoiding internal contradictions. Special methods of forensic research were used: system-activity and forensic modeling. Results. The conducted research has shown that the effectiveness of the investigation of criminal attacks on occupational safety depends on how well the detection of this crime was carried out. Conclusions. Already in the course of identifying criminal encroachments on occupational safety, it is necessary to pay attention to data that can later, during the investigation, indicate sources of reliable evidence. At the same time, it is important to interact with bodies and organizations whose powers include control and supervision of ensuring working safety conditions.