Ecologically oriented yield monitoring as a tool for climate change adaptation

Despite the exceptional importance of the grain industry in both the global and national economies, a number of systemic problems still persist at the regional level in Ukraine, hindering productivity growth and reducing the profitability of the sector. Grain production forms the foundation of food security, constitutes a significant share of agricultural exports, supports rural employment, and promotes the development of related industries – livestock farming, food processing, and manufacturing. At the same time, the efficiency of its functioning remains vulnerable to a complex set of natural, economic, and organizational factors. The leading among them are climatic conditions, soil quality and fertility, the level of material and technical support, the use of modern innovative agricultural technologies, and the adaptation of farms to the challenges of climate change. The article summarizes the results of studies concerning the relationship between the yield of grain crops and the efficiency of using natural, labor, and production resources. The focus is placed on the influence of crop management systems, as well as ecological and socio-economic factors that determine the spatial differentiation of productivity. The role of climate change, soil degradation processes, farming intensity, and institutional prerequisites for sectoral development are highlighted. Using Lviv region as a case study, the main factors causing differences in grain yield are outlined, and limiting conditions influencing productivity are identified. Special attention is paid to climate forecasts that indicate an increase in the frequency of extreme weather events, changes in the length of the growing season, and rising risks to production stability. These trends require the adaptation of agrotechnologies, optimization of crop structure, and the implementation of resource-saving and soil-protective practices. The results of the conducted analysis make it possible to substantiate a set of recommendations aimed at improving the yield and efficiency of the regional grain industry. Their implementation will contribute to strengthening the competitiveness of agricultural production, enhancing the sustainability of agroecosystems, and ensuring the food security of the state amid ongoing climatic and economic transformations.