Hasil untuk "Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature"

Iván Andrés-Alba

El presente trabajo analiza el desarrollo semántico del término griego μηρός ‘muslo’ desde su étimo indoeuropeo *mē(m)s- ‘carne’. Para ello, tras precisar brevemente su referente anatómico en el texto homérico y presentar la raíz y su problemática, se analizarán los procesos cognitivos-asociativos involucrados, con el objetivo de demostrar que, además de la metonimia «carnoso» → «parte carnosa», también ha operado una metáfora basada en la analogía entre el muslo animal y el muslo humano.

Blaž Božič

V prispevku podajam nekaj interpretativnih opomb k himničnemu nagovoru Ateni, ki ga Nonos v 37. spevu Dionizovih del položi v usta Erehteju. V partiji razbiram naslednje poudarke: navidezno paradoksalna označba Erehtejevega »notranjega« govora z »glas­nimi« glagoli predstavlja nihanje med (zasebnim) rivalstvom dveh vozačev in (glasnim) skupnostnim agonom, v katerem tekmovalca Erehtej in Skelmis privzameta vlogi Atene in Pozejdona. To omogoča ravno transformativna moč himničnega jezika, ki zmore sm­rtnika iztrgati iz njegovega zemeljskega, vsakdanjega konteksta in ga prestaviti v sfero božanskega, pesnik pa to moč – na nekoliko nenavadnem pripovednem ozadju – iz­koristi, da agonu prida simbolno težo. V značilnem nonoškem »zdrsu« identitete se nato izkaže, da Erehtej-Atena in Skelmis-Pozejdon nista to, kar se zdita: z »dioniziranjem« tega agonističnega prizora – pri čemer se v enačbo prikradeta Dioniz in Zevs – nam Nonos predoči eno od besedilnih manifestacij vodilnega tematskega načela celotnega epa, agon dveh vladavin, Dionizove nove vladavine, vladavine trte, ter uveljavljene vla­davine Olimpijcev, ki jo simbolizira Zevsova-Atenina oljka. V prid takšni interpretaciji po mojem mnenju govori tudi kompozicijski prijem na ravni 37. speva: obravnavani Erehtejev govor namreč s partijo 37.640–643 (Erehtejev nagovor Boreju) tvori značilen nonoški diptihovski prizor, ki izhaja iz homerskega arhetipa. Drugo »krilo« diptiha je za razliko od obravnavane partije strukturirano izrazito nehimnično, kar na jezikovni ravni odslikava porazdelitev simbolne teže med obema prizoroma.

David Coniam, Polyxeni Poupounaki-Lappa, Tzortzina Peristeri

This paper builds on the work presented previously in this journal by Poupounaki-Lappa et al. (2021), which described the development of a communicative test of Reading and Language Use of Classical Greek calibrated to the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) at levels A1 and A2 (Council of Europe, 2001). In the current paper, the two tests of Classical Greek are calibrated both together and to the CEFR. In addition to describing the methodology for comparing the two separate tests of Classical Greek, the paper is also designed to be of interest to educators of other classical languages. It is hoped that they may find it useful not only by facilitating robust test design, but also by demonstrating the methods by which tests can be linked together on a common scale (as with the CEFR) or linking tests one to another (e.g., different end-of-year tests, at different points in time).

Ermanno Malaspina, EM

Sommario del Fascicolo

Susanne Aretz

Alexandra Buterus, Christiane Wabinski, Frank Huismann

Yueyue Li

Classical languages represented by Latin and Greek have always been an essential part of gentlemanly education. However, with the rapid development of the bourgeoisie and the rise of empirical science in the 17th and 18th centuries, social needs began to change, and traditional learning courses could not adapt to society's development. John Locke conceives that the focus of language learning should be shifted from classical languages to English. An English gentleman should learn his own mother tongue. Moreover, English learning is not only about grammar but also about propriety and civility. English is not only a tool to learn knowledge but also a symbol of one's social rank. Therefore, a gentleman should show his propriety in the conversation.

Lubian, Francesco

A good example of literature’s power to continuously rewrite geographic space by renewing inherited paradigms could be found in Prudentius’ Peristephanon, which provides a sort of re-mapping of the Western landscape in a martyrial perspective. My paper focuses in particular on the narration of Cassian’s martyrdom, providing a new in-depth analysis of Peristephanon IX. Firstly, the poet claims possession of the martyr’s place, Forum Cornelii, by dismissing its pagan past; then, in the ekphrasis of the fresco depicting the martyr, he enacts a complex itinerary of the gaze and elaborates a complex retractatio of the description of Juno’s temple of Verg. Aen. 1.446-465; finally, the introduction of a second-degree narrator provides an authoritative interpretation of the image, leading to appropriate devotion to the saint. The poem, thus, provides both an interesting example of integrated intermediality, and a reflection on the hermeneutical risks of unmediated viewing in a Christian scopic regime.

Andrea Beyer

Columba Stewart Osb

The Latin literature of early monasticism was created within much tighter personal networks than that of the East, but these networks spanned considerable geographical distances. The use of a single language for both the composition of ascetic literature and the translation of many important Greek writings further strengthened the unifying role of the literary corpus. Latin monasticism was particularly marked by theological controversy (Priscillianist, Origenist, Pelagian), and came to be dominated theologically by Augustine of Hippo. Augustine also played a key role in developing the genre of the monastic rule (regula), which would become normative in Western monastic practice, as evident in the regulae of Gaul and Italy that became the foundations for medieval monasticism.

A. Akl, Yasser Aldabbagh

Gymnasium is the Latin word for old Greek word gymnasion which means a place where young men practice physical & intellectual activities. It is a place of intellectual activities which can be found in European languages. In contrary, Gymnasium in English language is defined as being a place for physical activities only and shortened to the form “Gym”. Nowadays, in Gym, athelets beside the practice of physical activity, they frequently consume non hormonal and hormonal supplements in order to acquire a muscle bulk and strength in a short time.1 The main non-hormonal supplements include proteins, creatine and vitamins, and the hormonal supplements are the anabolic steroids.2 Recently reported in literature that 10 body builders suffered chronic kidney disease due to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) after consuming large amounts of anabolic steroids with high protein daily intake of 300–550 g/day.3 The high-protein intake carries a lot of concern because it increases glomerular filtration rates and proved experimentally to be associated with glomerular hyper filtration ending with FSGS.2 Furthermore, pure creatine powder is marketed as a muscle building supplement. It is safe & effectively contributing to exercise tolerance and improve muscle strength.4,5 Creatine is widely used by casual and professional athletes.6 The reported adverse events is usually because of the exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis and dehydration leading to acute kidney injury.7 However, many cases report un-linking creatine-associated acute kidney injury to rhabdomyolysis.8–11 A one report describing a body builder suffered from acute tubular necrosis after taking a high dose up to 20 g/day for a week.9 Another report, describing acute intestinal nephritis in two body builders.10,11

Esther Artigas

This paper aims to contribute to the clarification of the linguistic and extra-linguistic circumstances that accompany the emergence and behavior of mediante in the first centuries of Spanish. To this end, the origin of the Latin participle medians, mediantis is examined and the evidence of its ablative form mediante in various contexts is also analysed and discussed. We conclude from our study that (1) the appearance of mediante in Latin takes place at a relatively late stage of Latin, it having entered the language as a grammatical calque from Greek; (2) in Latin, prepositional values of mediante, which do not necessarily originate from Latin absolute ablative clauses, are already detected; and finally, (3) discursive traditions and historical-cultural factors, in particular those developed in Patristic and Scholastic Literature, are fundamental for the understanding, not only of the evolution of mediante in Latin, but also of its introduccion into Spanish.

Lucia Galli

The paper argues that, as the evidence currently stands, the text that most closely approximates the original at in Asconius 32.24 C is compluresque noti homines elisi sunt, inter quos †C. vibiennius† senator. L’articolo si propone di dimostrare che, allo stato attuale delle nostre conoscenze, in Asconio 32, 24 C la sistemazione del testo che si avvicina il più possibile all’originale è compluresque noti homines elisi sunt, inter quos †C. vibiennius† senator. L’article vise à démontrer que, dans l’état actuel de nos connaissances, dans Asc. 32, 24 C, la disposition du texte qui se rapproche le plus possible de l’original est compluresque noti homines elisi sunt, inter quos †C. vibiennius† senator.

Lasagni, Chiara, Tropea, Stefano

The two case studies here collected provide the occasion for presenting the research work carried out by The Epigraphic Landscape of Athens Project, focused on the relationship between public epigraphy and urban spaces in ancient Athens. The first part, by Chiara Lasagni, focuses on the honorary decrees and statues voted by the Athenian Demos in the years 287-262, and attempts to outline some key coordinates about the epigraphic and ideological landscape produced after the revolt from Demetrius. The second part, by Stefano Tropea, deals with the evolution of the epigraphical landscape of the Athenian asty in the decades from the battle of Pydna of 168 to the second half of the I c. BC.

A. Albanese

G. Azzaro

This chapter offers a brief history of taboo language in printed and broadcasted form. Starting from 2000 bc Mesopotamia, it reports the constant surfacing of bad language in printed form despite the many efforts to censor it, with examples from the Bible, Egyptian hieroglyphs, Sanskrit texts, Greek and Latin literature, graffiti, and more recent writers. By analysing pre-Christian accounts of taboo language from the canons of several cultures, we realize that a varied panoply of linguistic expressions referring to sexual and scatological elements runs as a constant under the intermittent success of censorship. The language of films and mainstream TV series is also described, with concluding remarks about the reluctant presence of strong language in the press from the three main English-speaking countries.

M. Pechlivanos

Erhan Çapraz

The debate is a style that has been used extensively both in eastern and western literature. Hence, there are many, very different considerations about the source of this style. Westerners accept that the debate has reached them from ancient pre-Asian civilizations through Greek and Latin literatures. Notably, Fuad Köprülü, researchers such as Meserret Diriöz and Orhan Şaik Gökyay claimed that the debate style first took shape in oral literature traditions of the Turks, and was passed onto Arab and Persian literature. It has recently come up with a distinctive structure and a rich variety of subjects. However, in Turkish, Iranian, Arabic, and western literatures, the debate style closely-shares similarities and common features between the structure, performance, and performance context. Based on these similarities and common features, we examine the source of the debate in Turkish literature from a conventional point of view. Likewise, the struggle for superiority, namely the wars, which constitutes the most important part of the Turks social life, forms the basis of the debate style. On the one hand, the “right arm” and the “left arm” structure of the Turks has become effective in the development of the debate style and on the other hand, provided this style to survive till date. Therefore, the “wars” have a direct effect on the embodiment of the debate in the Turks. In this context, the study has suggested that the ability and understanding of the Turks toward wars constitute a source for debate style.

Andrey Darovskikh

In this paper, I try to demonstrate how critical empiricism and philosophical reasoning intertwine with each other and affected the development of medicine. It is a case study considering the problems of generation and semen in the writings of Aristotle and Galen via relationship between such concepts as matter, form, movement, change, causes and some others. The main question addressed in the paper is the reason of Galen’s return to Hippocratic paradigm of two-semina (male and female). I argue that the reason is two-fold: 1) Different philosophical reasoning and erroneous understanding of some aspects of Aristotle’s embryological model by Galen. 2) Empirical discoveries, which proved to be wrong. I demonstrate that Galen’s understanding of form/matter relationship, and his view on matter as an underling principle conditioned his understanding of the notion of physical change, that allowed him to speak about conception only as quantitative mixture between equal substrata. Finally, I show that Galen’s view on teleology and his limited understanding of formal/final vs efficient causes and their relationship forced him to claim the inadequacy of Aristotle’s biology and necessitated Galen to introduce emendations in definitions of seminal faculties of genders and reproductive fluids.

Violeta Moretti