Hasil untuk "Doctrinal Theology"

Harry Sticker

Standard historiographical approaches to the Scientific Revolution illuminate background conditions but leave three puzzles unresolved: what triggered the initial escalation of inherited tensions, what made early investigative efforts durable, and why natural philosophy became the locus of transformation rather than theology, law, or classical scholarship. This paper develops a causal account by identifying the mechanisms of activation at the individual level and the institutional alignment that converted rare psychological drive into durable research traditions. The trigger architecture operates at two levels. At the individual level, activation occurs when investigators experience inherited puzzles as psychologically intolerable; capture stabilizes inquiry through cognitive, material, and social entanglements; and externalization converts methods into transmissible forms. At the institutional level, role expansion embeds elevated standards into positions; succession ratchets prevent regression through competitive selection; and domain channeling directs institutional energy toward particular fields. A systematic comparison across Islamic, Chinese, and European cases demonstrates that each component is necessary, but none is sufficient on its own. The Scientific Revolution occurred when all components aligned at Padua-Venice and Oxford-London, where corporate autonomy, competitive appointments, and state patronage converged with investigative practices. The Galileo case provides decisive evidence: his selective activation across domains demonstrates that activation operates as a specific mechanism rather than a stable dispositional trait.

Ranidu Gurusinghe, Nevidu Jayatilleke

SiPaKosa is a comprehensive corpus of Sinhala and Pali doctrinal texts comprising approximately 786K sentences and 9.25M words, incorporating 16 copyright-cleared historical Buddhist documents alongside the complete web-scraped Tripitaka canonical texts. The corpus was created through high-quality OCR using Google Document AI on historical manuscripts, combined with systematic web scraping of canonical repositories, followed by rigorous quality control and metadata annotation. The corpus is organised into language-specific subcorpora: Sinhala and Mixed Sinhala-Pali. We evaluate the performance of language models using ten pretrained models, with perplexity scores ranging from 1.09 to 189.67 on our corpus. This analysis shows that proprietary models significantly outperform open-source alternatives by factors of three to six times. This corpus supports the pretraining of domain-adapted language models, facilitates historical language analysis, and aids in the development of information retrieval systems for Buddhist scholarship while preserving Sinhala cultural heritage.

Gaida, Katharina, Mešanović, Mevlida, Gmoser, Agnes

Religionsbezogene Pluralisierung ist Teil der gegenwärtigen Gesellschaft und drückt sich mitunter in (bireligiösen) Familienbildern und Familienkonstellationen aus. Vor diesem Hintergrund eröffnen sich zunehmend Fragen zur religiösen Erziehung der eigenen Kinder. Dieser Beitrag nimmt seinen Ausgangspunkt in Aussagen verschiedener Eltern(-teile), die sich für eine ‚interreligiöse‘ bzw. ‚religiös offene‘ Erziehungihrer Kinder aussprechen. Ausgehend davon wird zunächst reflektiert, was unter einer ‚interreligiösen‘ oder ‚religiös offenen‘ Erziehungverstanden werden kann, und aus welchen Gründen und mit welchen Ansprüchen die Umsetzung dieser verfolgt wird. In diesem Kontext werden entwicklungspsychologische Erkenntnisse zur Entstehung von Einstellungenbei Kindern herangezogen, um mögliche Auswirkungen auf die kindliche Erziehung zu beleuchten. Ferner werden die möglichen Konsequenzen einer solchen Erziehung für die Kinder erörtert, bevor abschließend notwendigeVoraussetzungen auf Seiten der Erziehenden beschrieben werden und ein zusammenfassendes Fazit gezogen wird. Ziel des Beitrags ist es, einen theoretischen Zugang zu einer alternativenForm religiöser Erziehung zu bieten und diesen vertiefend zu erkunden. Dabei werden sowohl Potenziale als auch Herausforderungen eines solchen Ansatzes herausgearbeitet, um Denkanstoße für weiterführende Überlegungenanzuregen. Durch die interreligiöse und interkonfessionelle Zusammensetzungdes Autorinnenteams (evangelisch, römisch-katholisch, muslimisch-sunnitisch) wird das Thema aus verschiedenen religiösen Perspektiven beleuchtet und bereichert.

Jonathan Andrés Rúa Penagos, Waldecir Gonzaga

La comprensión del concepto de “vida” a partir de Juan 10,10b, contiene elementos que ayudan a tramitar las dificultades o situaciones conflictivas generadas por el ejercicio investigativo en la existencia de jóvenes. Los estudios bíblicos, usualmente, están elaborados a partir de metodologías exegéticas, lo que permite la comprensión de los textos Sagrados que fueron abordados. La investigación teológica y pedagógica del continente, muchas veces, se ha quedado en trabajos asociados a la didáctica y a los contenidos de la fe, pero pocas veces se ocupa de la “vida” de los investigadores. Esta investigación pretende abordar ese vacío en el conocimiento a través de un ejercicio hermenéutico y técnicas como los grupos focales y la encuesta; describiendo la situación existencial de jóvenes investigadores, analizando el concepto de vida a partir de Juan 10,10b y mencionando las consecuencias prácticas de esta lectura evangélica. Se concluye que la investigación formativa debe incluir elementos que ayuden al investigador a desarrollarse integralmente, no basta con un plan de estudios técnico o instrumental. Conocer sus problemas y desafíos e iluminar estos con el Evangelio, como el de Juan, posibilita la materialización del Reino de Dios, especialmente en los jóvenes. De esta manera, ellos vivirán la vida en abundancia propuesta por Jesús, y los elementos que de allí se derivan como la consciencia de la dignidad humana, el cuidado de sí y del otro; la escucha atenta de la Palabra de Dios, las relaciones de amor, la comunicación asertiva y la erradicación de la pobreza. PALABRAS CLAVE: Experiencia. Vida. Educación Religiosa. Investigación formativa. Evangelio de Juan.

Eljas Linna, Tuula Linna

Large Language Models (LLMs) are being integrated into professional domains, yet their limitations in such high-stakes fields as law remain poorly understood. In response, this paper introduces examples of critical challenges to the functioning of generative and other forms of artificial intelligence (AI) as reliable reasoning tools in judicial decision-making. The study deconstructs core requirements and challenges for AI, including the ability to select the correct legal framework across jurisdictions, generate sound arguments based on the doctrine of the sources of law, distinguish ratio decidendi and obiter dicta in case law, resolve ambiguity arising from general clauses like "reasonableness", manage conflicting legal provisions, and apply the burden of proof correctly. The paper maps various AI enhancement mechanisms, such as retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), multi-agent systems and neuro-symbolic AI, to these challenges, assessing their potential to bridge the gap between the probabilistic nature of LLMs and the rigorous, choice-driven demands of legal interpretation. Furthermore, the paper sketches a path towards an evaluation framework, proposing that legal requirements be organized into normative, doctrinal, evidential, and technical categories, and subsequently operationalized into domain-specific, testable design obligations. The findings indicate that these techniques can address specific narrow challenges, but they fail to solve the more significant ones, particularly in tasks requiring discretion and transparent, justifiable reasoning. Therefore, we advocate for a staged adoption, first capturing efficiency in simple cases with technology already available today and sustaining long-term investment in new methods that handle hierarchy, temporality, and other requirements of legally sound reasoning, thus enabling expansion to complex adjudication in the future.

Nathanael Arkor, Philip Saville, Andrew Slattery

We introduce pseudoalgebras for relative pseudomonads and develop their theory. For each relative pseudomonad $T$, we construct a free--forgetful relative pseudoadjunction that exhibits the bicategory of $T$-pseudoalgebras as terminal among resolutions of $T$. The Kleisli bicategory for $T$ thus embeds into the bicategory of pseudoalgebras as the sub-bicategory of free pseudoalgebras. We consequently obtain a coherence theorem that implies, for instance, that the bicategory of distributors is biequivalent to the 2-category of presheaf categories. In doing so, we extend several aspects of the theory of pseudomonads to relative pseudomonads, including doctrinal adjunction, transport of structure, and lax-idempotence. As an application of our general theory, we prove that, for each class of colimits $Φ$, there is a correspondence between monads relative to free $Φ$-cocompletions, and $Φ$-cocontinuous monads on free $Φ$-cocompletions.

Sophie Libkind, David Jaz Myers

We present a unified framework for categorical systems theory which packages a collection of open systems, their interactions, and their maps into a symmetric monoidal loose right module of systems over a symmetric monoidal double category of interfaces and interactions. As examples, we give detailed descriptions of (1) the module of open Petri nets over undirected wiring diagrams and (2) the module of deterministic Moore machines over lenses. We define several pseudo-functorial constructions of modules of systems in the form of doctrines of systems theories. In particular, we introduce doctrines for port-plugging systems, variable sharing systems, and generalized Moore machines, each of which generalizes existing work in categorical systems theory. Finally, we observe how diagrammatic interaction patterns are free processes in particular doctrines.

Ezieddin Elmahjub

Generative AI (GenAI) outputs are not copyrightable. This article argues why. We bypass conventional doctrinal analysis that focuses on black letter law notions of originality and authorship to re-evaluate copyright's foundational philosophy. GenAI fundamentally severs the direct human creative link to expressive form. Traditional theories utilitarian incentive, labor desert and personality fail to provide coherent justification for protection. The public domain constitutes the default baseline for intellectual creations. Those seeking copyright coverage for GenAI outputs bear the burden of proof. Granting copyright to raw GenAI outputs would not only be philosophically unsound but would also trigger an unprecedented enclosure of the digital commons, creating a legal quagmire and stifling future innovation. The paper advocates for a clear distinction: human creative contributions to AI-generated works may warrant protection, but the raw algorithmic output should remain in the public domain.

Silvio Ghilardi, Jérémie Marquès

We extend logical categories with fiberwise interior and closure operators so as to obtain an embedding theorem into powers of the category of topological spaces. The required axioms, besides the Kuratowski closure axioms, are a `product independence' and a `loop contraction' principle.

Jay-Paul M. Hinds

African American pastoral theology is a specialized branch of pastoral theology that addresses the unique spiritual, cultural, and social experiences of the African American community. This article provides a critical overview of African American pastoral theology. It documents the discipline’s history, developments, major themes, sources, and methods. Particular focus is given to the unique contributions African American pastoral theology, within the liberal protestant tradition, has made and will continue make to pastoral theology at large. African American pastoral theology has exposed how normative pastoral theological paradigms – such as shepherding – fail to address the various challenges facing the African American community. As a corrective, African American pastoral theology draws upon the communal experiences of the African American community itself to develop theologically derived and culturally relevant perspectives and strategies for effective pastoral care. Particularly in response to the call for liberation in African American contexts, African American pastoral theology utilizes cognate sources that speak, prophetically, to the African American community’s fight against oppression. And yet, because the experiences in the African American context are so diverse, African American pastoral theology must remain committed to the ongoing process of theological revision. The interrogation of prevailing pastoral theological paradigms requires ongoing reflection on an important question: where is a word (or the Word) that speaks life to African Americans today?

Rasebate I. Mokotso

In this theoretical article, I have expressed sympathy for the Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs in Lesotho over their worries about the marginalisation and prejudice of the Islamic faith in public settings. The article also takes into account the fact that the worry highlighted in respect to Islam religion comes at a time when demands for inclusive social, political, cultural and educational systems are being considered on a global scale. Education, which is considered a public enterprise, is rife with religious exclusionary practices in Lesotho. Only Christian education is taught in public schools; other religious traditions are not, most notably Basotho traditional religion. I employed cultural approach discourse (CAD) analysis and philosophical theory of pluriversality to argue that discrimination, particularly in education and religion, is against Basotho culture as enshrined in the SeMoshoeshoe values. I advocated utilising ‘sekoele’ – or returning to SeMoshoeshoe – principles of religious border pedagogy and religious public pedagogy to counteract the teaching of religion that is biased and marginalises other religious traditions. Contribution: The general contribution of this article is to advocate for interreligious education, which plays a crucial role in creating a tolerant, empathetic and inclusive society. It emphasises the significance of people from diverse religious and cultural backgrounds living and collaborating harmoniously. The article encourages empowerment to participate in constructive dialogues, embrace diversity and actively contribute to a more peaceful and unified global community.

Teresa Astramowicz-Leyk, Yaryna Turchyn, Olha Ivasechko et al.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the activities of minilateral alliances, the member states of which are Ukraine and European countries seen through the prism of the security dimension. The definition of minilateralism, the origins of the concept, its strengths and weaknesses are presented. The authors focused on the importance and priorities of mini-alliance cooperation, in particular, the security dimension of Ukraine's cooperation within such alliances as: "The Lublin Triangle", "Associated Trio", "Quadriga", Tripartite Alliance, The Romania-Republic of Moldova-Ukraine Alliance, the Great Britain-Poland-Ukraine Alliance. The criteria of political, economic, military, and sanctions support of Ukraine by the countries-participants of minilateral alliances during the war are presented. The key challenges to the functioning of alliances and promising areas for further cooperation are highlighted. The authors used systemic, institutional, comparative and statistical methods, as well as method of document analysis and case study, to characterize the process of current activation of minilateral alliances within the Ukraine-European countries framework. The research paper summarizes the positive consequences of Ukraine’s minilateral cooperation with European countries, which contribute to overcoming modern security challenges.

Domingos Tavares Campos

A. V. Guglielmi

The paper is devoted to comparing two approaches to the study of aftershocks. The methodological foundations of the traditional approach were laid many years ago. A new approach has emerged relatively recently. The two approaches differ from each other in the object, purpose and method of research. The differences are as follows. With the new approach, attention is focused not on aftershocks, but on the source of the earthquake. The evolution of the source is studied experimentally, and not the degradation of the frequency of aftershocks. Instead of a speculative selection of empirical formulas, the source deactivation coefficient is measured, variations in the coefficient are observed, and only on the basis of measurements and observations are conclusions drawn about the dynamics of the source. Thus, the divergence between the two approaches is doctrinal. The new approach turned out to be effective. Through targeted analysis of aftershock data, the Omori epoch and the phenomenon of bifurcation of the earthquake source were discovered. The purpose of further research is indicated. Keywords: earthquake source, Omori law, Hirano-Utsu law, logistic law, deactivation coefficient, bifurcation, master equation, methodology.

Wenlong Li, Zihao Li, Wenkai Li et al.

In the realm of data protection, a striking disconnect prevails between traditional domains of doctrinal, legal, theoretical, and policy-based inquiries and a burgeoning body of empirical evidence. Much of the scholarly and regulatory discourse remains entrenched in abstract legal principles or normative frameworks, leaving the empirical landscape uncharted or minimally engaged. Since the birth of EU data protection law, a modest body of empirical evidence has been generated but remains widely scattered and unexamined. Such evidence offers vital insights into the perception, impact, clarity, and effects of data protection measures but languishes on the periphery, inadequately integrated into the broader conversation. To make a meaningful connection, we conduct a comprehensive review and synthesis of empirical research spanning nearly three decades (1995- March 2022), advocating for a more robust integration of empirical evidence into the evaluation and review of the GDPR, while laying a methodological foundation for future empirical research.

Gregory M. Dickinson

Internet immunity doctrine is broken. Under Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act of 1996, online entities are absolutely immune from lawsuits related to content authored by third parties. The law has been essential to the internet's development over the last twenty years, but it has not kept pace with the times and is now deeply flawed. Democrats demand accountability for online misinformation. Republicans decry politically motivated censorship. And Congress, President Biden, the Department of Justice, and the Federal Communications Commission all have their own plans for reform. Absent from the fray, however -- until now -- has been the Supreme Court, which has never issued a decision interpreting Section 230. That appears poised to change, however, following Justice Thomas's statement in Malwarebytes v. Enigma in which he urges the Court to prune back decades of lower-court precedent to craft a more limited immunity doctrine. This Essay discusses how courts' zealous enforcement of the early internet's free-information ethos gave birth to an expansive immunity doctrine, warns of potential pitfalls to reform, and explores what a narrower, text-focused doctrine might mean for the tech industry.

Aäron Vanspauwen, Anthony Dupont

This article proposes a methodology for the study of Manichaeism in the Sermones ad populum. Sermons provide a unique perspective on Augustine’s thought: they offered him the opportunity to share theological and ethical concerns with a responsive audience. Because his sermons have only recently been (re-)discovered as loci of Augustine’s ideas, and because they constitute a specific genre within his oeuvre, the development of a method for studying them is in order. To illustrate the proposed method, the present contribution examines anti-Manichaean content in the Sermones ad populum by means of two key concepts. The first concept is that of crypto-Manichaeism. Although they do not refute Manichaeism in its totality, the sermons are regularly concerned with specific aspects of Manichaeism, such as those that were relevant to the sermon’s liturgical occasion or those Augustine feared were attractive to his flock. Crypto-Manichaeism refers, on the one hand, to the tendency of Manichaeans to refrain from openly identifying themselves as such. After all, they considered themselves true Christians. Nor was Manichaeism the only movement in late antique Christianity that espoused dualistic beliefs, rejected bodily desires and material wealth, and criticized the Old Testament. Anti-Manichaean argument was therefore more broadly applicable than refutation of Manichaeism stricto sensu. Our attention to crypto-Manichaeism therefore does justice to the pastoral and exhortative function of Augustine’s sermons. A second key concept is the perspective of the audience. The setting of each sermon is unique, the composition of audiences varied, and attendance no doubt fluctuated. Each sermon ought to be considered as its own literary and theological whole, hermeneutically influenced by its concrete Sitz im Leben (i.e., composition of the audience, time and place, liturgical setting, etc.). The audience’s theology can be reconstructed in a bottom-up fashion, with each sermon supplying complementary and cumulative theological information that the audience could have gathered by participating in the liturgy. In this article we apply the proposed methodology to a group of four early anti-Manichaean sermons.

Mike Thelwall, Kayvan Kousha, Mahshid Abdoli et al.

The search for and management of external funding now occupies much valuable researcher time. Whilst funding is essential for some types of research and beneficial for others, it may also constrain academic choice and creativity. Thus, it is important to assess whether it is ever detrimental or unnecessary. Here we investigate whether funded research tends to be higher quality in all fields and for all major research funders. Based on peer review quality scores for 113,877 articles from all fields in the UK's Research Excellence Framework (REF) 2021, we estimate that there are substantial disciplinary differences in the proportion of funded journal articles, from Theology and Religious Studies (16%+) to Biological Sciences (91%+). The results suggest that funded research is likely to be higher quality overall, for all the largest research funders, and for all fields, even after factoring out research team size. There are differences between funders in the average quality of the research they support, however. Funding seems particularly beneficial in health-related fields. The results do not show cause and effect and do not take into account the amount of funding received but are consistent with funding either improving research quality or being won by high quality researchers or projects. In summary, there are no broad fields of research in which funding is irrelevant, so no fields can afford to ignore it. The results also show that citations are not effective proxies for research quality in the arts and humanities and most social sciences for evaluating research funding.

Sonny E. Zaluchu

In many religions, worshipping God whilst moving the body is part of worship. This article aims to explain and defend the position that worshipping God by moving the body in liturgy is biblical and has a theological foundation. The discussion is divided into three. Firstly, the writer traces the origins of objections to bodily movements in liturgy and analyses them. Secondly, it is explained that body movement is a language to God. A biblical argument about body movements, which should not be trapped in appearance and drama, is the third part. The article concludes that worship by gestures is biblically substantiated. The research contribution suggests that the church should be accommodating in its orthodoxy to accept this as truth. The church should deem it important to teach the congregation the concept of true worship and not worship that is trapped in appearances. The key finding is that the meaning of worship lies not in the direction but in the worshippers’ hearts. Each church should have a unique way in their respective cultures. This article performs a theological reconstruction of worship theology and analyses it briefly through a literature review of several literature works such as books, articles and research findings.

Jakub Akonom