The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the concept, nature, and typology of criminal law conflict as a specific socio-legal phenomenon. It substantiates the thesis that any criminal offense, by its very nature, constitutes a form of conflict arising between the offender, the victim, society, and the state. It is noted that the traditional punitive model of criminal justice does not always ensure the achievement of the goals of restoring social justice, effective resocialization of the offender, and full satisfaction of the interests of the victim. The study examines the evolution of scholarly approaches to understanding conflict, beginning with its etymological, philosophical, psychological, and sociological dimensions, and draws a distinction between the concepts of “contradiction,” “social conflict,” and “legal conflict.” Particular attention is paid to the analysis of criminal law conflict as a type of legal conflict that arises within the sphere of social relations protected by criminal law. Its structure is revealed through the characterization of its subjects, object, and content, and the specific interests of each party are identified. It is further emphasized that the typologization of criminal law conflicts has not only theoretical but also practical significance, as it makes it possible to determine optimal models of state response depending on the nature of the conflict, the range of participants involved, the degree of social danger, and the parties’ readiness for dialogue. The application of differentiated approaches to the resolution of such conflicts creates prerequisites for reducing recidivism, increasing the efficiency of the judicial system, and achieving a balance between public and private interests in the field of criminal law. The article highlights the relevance of searching for alternative methods of resolving criminal law conflicts in the context of the humanization of criminal policy and the implementation of European standards of justice. The potential of mediation, reconciliation between the parties, and restorative justice is analyzed as a set of instruments that complement traditional judicial proceedings and are aimed at restoring disrupted social ties. An author’s definition of criminal law conflict is proposed, and the expediency of applying a systemic approach to its study is substantiated in order to enhance the effectiveness of legal regulation mechanisms and strengthen trust in the criminal justice system.
Determining a child’s origin is one of the fundamental issues of family law, closely linked to the realisation of the child’s rights, parental care, the preservation of identity, nationality, and inheritance rights. Establishing parenthood has gained particular relevance in the modern context of the widespread use of advanced reproductive technologies and increased population mobility. Although the concept of a child’s origin from their parents is universally recognised, the legal frameworks enshrined in national legislation differ significantly.This article explores the legal regulation of determining a child’s origin in Civil law countries. It examines key approaches to establishing maternity and paternity, as well as the procedures for recognition and contestation of parentage under the national laws of France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Japan, and Ukraine. Special attention is paid to the presumption of paternity and maternity and the determination of parenthood for children born outside of marriage. The article identifies specific regulatory provisions regarding assisted reproductive technologies and surrogacy. The author emphasises the advantages of the Civil law approach, particularly its stability of family legal relations and protection of the rights of the child and other involved parties. At the same time, its shortcomings are also highlighted, such as the limited flexibility in addressing new forms of family relationships and the challenges of cross-border recognition of parenthood. Based on the analysis, the author outlines four fundamental principles underpinning the determination of a child’s origin in Civil law countries. The article also reflects on the specific challenges faced by Ukraine, the only country examined where surrogacy is legally permitted. It underscores the need for clearer regulation of commercial surrogacy agreements and robust guarantees protecting the interests of the child and the surrogate mother. Furthermore, the article identifies a growing trend towards recognising the intention to become a parent as an independent legal basis for establishing parenthood in the studied jurisdictions.
Abstract Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other forms of dementia are the seventh leading cause of death. Studies discern the inclusion of air pollution among modifiable risk factors for dementia, while limited studies are for China. This study aims to examine the short-term association between airborne particulate matter (PM) and the hospitalizations of AD, including the economic costs in China. Methods A total of 4975 cases of AD patients hospitalized from 2017 to 2019, were collected from nine city and 411 medical institutions in Sichuan Province, China. Data on air pollutants such as PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 were obtained from 183 air quality monitoring stations in Sichuan Province. A time series-generalized additive model was used to estimate the association between short-term exposure to PM (lag1–lag7 and moving average lag01–lag07) and AD hospital admissions (HAs), stratified by gender, age, and season. Results Positive short-term exposure to airborne PM was found for the HAs of AD. The greatest effect on the number of AD inpatients was on single-day lag1 (PM2.5:1.034 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.011, 1.058)). The association was also significant in the two-pollutant model. In the study period, 16.48% of AD HAs were attributed to the effect of PM. The total economic costs of AD attributable to PM exposure were US$ 2.56 million, including US$ 2.25 million of direct medical costs and US$ 0.31 million of indirect economic costs. Conclusions This study suggests that short-term exposure to airborne PM may increase the risk of AD HAs in Sichuan Province and result in associated economic costs.
Julie Marcotte, Marie-Claude Richard, Isabelle F.-Dufour
et al.
Les objectifs du présent article sont de mettre en exergue la façon dont les jeunes décrivent leur histoire traumatique et lui donnent un sens, et comment ils intègrent ces éléments dans leur perception de soi et leur vision d’avenir. Trente et un récits de vie de jeunes ayant connu une histoire de placement en vertu de la protection de la jeunesse ont été analysés en s’appuyant sur les prémisses de l’analyse thématique théorique (ATT) (Boyatzis, 1998) et à partir des théories du trauma complexe et l’identité narrative. Les résultats montrent que les jeunes sont en mesure de comprendre et décrire les effets des traumatismes vécus sur leur construction de soi, de donner un sens aux stratégies utilisées pour faire face à ces évènements et la manière dont ils façonnent leur avenir. Parce que le récit de vie permet de donner un sens à l’expérience traumatique, la discussion aborde la pertinence de l’utiliser et aussi, plus largement, l’approche narrative, pour bien saisir les enjeux complexes que vivent les jeunes placés dans leur construction identitaire et pour soutenir l’intervention auprès d’eux alors qu’ils amorcent leur transition vers la vie adulte.
An issue that is characteristic of AI is data processing on a massive scale (giga data, Big Data). This issue is also important because of the proposition to require manufacturers to equip AI systems with a means to record information about the operation of the technology, in particular the type and magnitude of the risk posed by the technology and any negative effects that logging may have on the rights of others. Data gathering must be carried out in accordance with the applicable laws, particularly data protection laws and trade secret protection laws. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the applicable law in line with existing conflict-of-law regulations.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Questions of ownership and protection of property have long been considered fundamental aspects of socio-economic relations that determine the nature and development of society. However, in the context of globalization and growing international interaction, the property problem takes on a new dimension. The concept of expropriation as a means of limiting one’s own rights and related legal problems deserves special attention. In the context of international law, expropriation becomes one of the key topics that require careful analysis and systematization.Expropriation, as an essential element of the development of society, requires careful research from a multifaceted perspective, taking into account its legal, economic, political, and socio-cultural significance. This issue becomes especially relevant in the context of Ukraine, which, being at the crossroads of international interests and geopolitical challenges, faces the need to ensure the protection of property and property rights at various levels.In modern conditions of deep integration and interaction of international subjects, the issue of expropriation gains importance not only at the level of national legislation but also at the international level, where new challenges and contradictions arise. The process of globalization and international trade creates complex situations where foreign investors, international companies, and states can face various forms of expropriation, including direct, indirect, and justified expropriation.Ukraine, as an active member of the world community and a subject of international law, also faces these challenges and must adapt its legislation to the requirements of international standards, ensuring the protection of the rights and interests of its citizens and foreign investors. Issues of ensuring fair compensation, transparency of expropriation procedures, as well as avoiding shortcomings and abuses by the state are becoming especially relevant.
The article is devoted to the characteristics of the contract as a basis for the emergence of obligations under Roman private law. It was established that the concept of «agreement» was not characteristic of ancient Roman law. The agreement of two or more persons on the creation, change or termination of the legal relationship was based on a contract or pact. A contract with legal protection was recognized as a contract. A pact was a contract, as a rule, without legal protection and legal significance, therefore the fulfillment of the obligation depended on the good faith of the counterparties, their moral qualities, and not on the prescription of positive law.An essential feature of the concept of a contract was an agreement between two people to establish a binding right, therefore the contract was considered a type of legal transaction. According to Roman jurists, a contract is an agreement between two or more persons to establish, change or terminate a civil legal relationship (rights and obligations). The agreement of the parties could be reached either by thing, or by letter, or by messenger, if the parties are not in the same place; even tacit consent.According to Roman law, it was not necessary to give each contract a special meaning, so the most common contracts had a special name.It was concluded that the Roman contractual system was characterized by strict typification. Belonging to the appropriate type (kind) of the contract was determined by clarifying the claim that could be filed for such a legal relationship.The system of contracts in Roman law is divided according to the methods of protection into contracts and pacts. Contracts were divided into named and anonymous; formal and material contracts were distinguished among nominal contracts; formal contracts included verbal and literal contracts, and material contracts included consensual and real ones; according to the distribution of rights and obligations between the parties into unilateral and bilateral; according to the criterion of reciprocity for paid and free; according to the probability of satisfaction of the creditor’s property interest, risky or aleatory contracts were distinguished. Pacts were divided, depending on the legal protection, into clothed pacts (contracts with the right of action) and bare pacts (contracts that did not receive a claim).
Offenses in the tax field, which is one of the most important torts of a financial nature, to counter which the state directs effective countermeasures.
 The main place in the system of financial support for the functioning of the state is given to tax legal relations, which mediate the movement of funds for the implementation of state tasks in order to satisfy general public interests. Today, most spheres of public life are financed at the expense of state resources, received mainly from taxpayers in the form of taxes and fees.
 Understanding the content of the wording "tax sphere" becomes possible as a result of the analysis of the definition of the sphere of legal influence of the Tax Code of Ukraine, which regulates relations related to the payment of taxes, fees, and their administration, determines the peculiarities of the legal status of taxpayers and fees, their legal opportunities, in particular rights, duties, competence of subjects of tax administration, fees, control bodies, regulates the procedure of responsibility for violation of tax legislation.
 Therefore, when we talk about the prevention of offenses in the tax sphere, we mean offenses related to the collection and administration of the payment of taxes and fees, violation of the procedure for the implementation of the rights of taxpayers and fees, rights, duties, competences of control bodies and subjects of the administration of taxes and fees, other violation of tax legislation.
 In the Tax Code of Ukraine, the legislator outlined the content of tax offenses, which should be understood as illegal actions committed by taxpayers, tax agents, their officials and officials of control bodies, which lead to non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of the requirements of tax legislation, the control of which is entrusted to regulatory authorities. At the same time, the possibility of applying financial, administrative and criminal liability for tax offenses is determined.
 Preventive and preventive influence is achieved by guaranteeing a balance between the legal possibilities and interests of taxpayers and the stability of the budget system, the competence of tax and other control bodies, and the possibility of satisfying the interests of the state and society in general. This is an important key to the functioning of the fiscal system. It is this balance that determines the content of restrictions on taxpayers in order to guarantee the state's performance of its main functions.
باستخدام السلاسل الزمنية للاقتصاد المصري خلال الفترة 1991-2018، ومن خلال إختبارات جذر الوحدة، وإختبارات التکامل المشترک، وطريقة المربعات الصغرى المصححة بالکامل FMOLS ، وجدت الدراسة الدليل على وجود أثر موجب التقلبات الدورية على النمو الاقتصادي في مصر، حيث تؤدي زيادة التقلبات بمعدل1% إلى زيادة معدل النمو الاقتصادي بمعدل 0.56%. إن هذه النتائج تتسق مع نتائج دراسة Kormendi and Meguire, 1985))، وGrier and Tullock, 1989))، و (Caporale, McKiernan, 1998). وتتعارض مع دراسة Ramey and Ramey, 1991)) ودراسة Zarnowitz and Moor, 1986))، ودراسة(حجازي، 2010). إن دراسةZarnowitz and Moor, 1986)) تستخدم Nonparametric approach ، في حين تسمح طريقة FMOLS باختبار الفرضية، التي تتعلق بأثر التقلب على النمو، کما أن دراسة Ramey and Ramey, 1991)) تستخدم عينة کبيرة من الدول، بينما نعتمد في هذه الدراسة على سلسلة زمنية للاقتصاد المصري، مما يدعم التحليلات القائمة على دراسة السلاسل الزمنية في إطار country-specific studies . إضافة إلى ذلک، فأن دراسة Ramey and Ramey تقترح إجراء المزيد من التحقق التجريبي للنموذج وفي إطار دول مختلفة للتأکد من صدق ما توصلت إليه من نتائج. بالنسبة لدراسة (حجازي، 2010)، فإنها إعتمدت على منهجية الإرتباط، ذلک لتحديد إتجاه حرکة متغيرات الدراسة بالنسبة للناتج، وللاستدلال، بناءاً على ذلک، على تأثيرها على النمو، کما إعتمدت على سببية کرانجر للأجل القصير، عوضاً عن الأجل الطويل، إضافة الى عدم إتساق النتائج التي توصلت اليها هذه الدراسة.
Sammendrag
De siste årene har politiet vist stor interesse for etterretning
som strategi for å skape et godt grunnlag for kunnskapsbaserte beslutninger.
Gjennom fem semistrukturerte intervjuer med etterretningsanalytikere
i politiet undersøker artikkelen etterretning som beslutningsstøtte
ved å fokusere på overgangen fra etterretningsprodukt til tiltak.
Tradisjonelt opererer etterretningsteorien med et skarpt skille
mellom etterretning og tiltak. Kan det likevel være noen fordeler
ved at etterretningsprodukter inneholder anbefalinger, og da særlig
i en polisiær kontekst? Artikkelens ambisjon er å belyse denne diskusjonen
gjennom praktikernes perspektiv, samt betydningen dette har for
de modeller politiet har valgt for anvendelse i etterretningsarbeidet.
Funnene kan tyde på at skillet mellom etterretning og tiltak ikke
er så skarpt i politiet. Det viser seg å eksistere gode argumenter
både for og imot anbefalinger i politiets etterretningsprodukter.
Artikkelen konkluderer dermed med at spørsmålet utgjør en form for
dilemma.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Angela Araujo da Silveira Espindola, Luana da Silva Seeger
Este ensaio tem como objeto a formação do jurista no contexto contemporâneo brasileiro, com atenção especial à busca de alternativas para um cenário de crise no ensino jurídico neste trintagenário da Constituição Federal. Por certo, trata-se de um contexto multifacetado, marcado por grandes desafios decorrentes não só na complexidade e complexificação social e pela emergência de novos direitos, mas sobretudo pelo acirramento da crise da jurisdição no século XXI, enquanto sucedâneo da própria crise do Estado e do problema da interpretação jurídica e da decisão judicial em tempos pós-positivistas. A proposta deste breve artigo, redigido na forma de breve ensaio, parte da premissa do esgotamento do modelo tradicional de ensino do direito, bem como do diagnóstico waratiano acerca do senso comum teórico do jurista. Para tanto, buscando não desatender exigências metodológicas mínimas, as reflexões partem da obra waratiana, adotando uma abordagem fenomenológica, sustentada em pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter exploratório, para descrever uma realidade construída socialmente com vistas a questionar seus fundamentos. Ao final, será apresentada a proposta da carnavalização do ensino do direito, como forma de superar o esgotamento do modelo tradicional hoje alicerçado sobre o senso comum teórico do jurista.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Antecedentes/objetivos. Los inventarios de evaluación de riesgos criminogénicos basados en evidencia resultan de gran apoyo para determinar los objetivos prioritarios en las intervenciones y prevenir la reincidencia en adolescentes infractores de ley. Esta investigación permite avanzar en la validación de instrumentos de evaluación de riesgos en adolescentes infractores en contexto latinoamericano. Se estudian las evidencias de validez para la versión adaptada a Chile, del Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory YLS/CMI. Método. Mediante un muestreo incidental se obtiene una muestra de 129 adolescentes varones (14 a 19 años), cumpliendo sanción por la ley de responsabilidad penal. Resultados y conclusiones. El YLS/CMI adaptado muestra adecuados niveles de confiabilidad y validez en la muestra estudiada. Solo el factor de educación y empleo no alcanza los alpha aceptables (Alpha: .51). Las evidencias de validez convergente y discriminante del YLS/CMI son satisfactorias, siendo el factor de tiempo libre el que menos discrimina entre reincidentes y no reincidentes mediante análisis retrospectivo. El estudio avanza en la disertación de la adaptación y validación del YLS/CMI para evaluar los riesgos criminogénicos en adolescentes chilenos infractores de ley.
O presente artigo busca analisar a caracterização, ou não, do princípio da supremacia do interesse público como um princípio aplicável ao Direito Ambiental. De um lado, ao se notar que a legislação ambiental se declara autônoma relativamente ao Direito Administrativo, pode se cogitar de um abandono ou mitigação do regime jurídico administrativo, pautando-se na especificidade do tratamento legal conferido aos direitos difusos e na vinculação dos direitos fundamentais ao princípio da proporcionalidade. Por outro lado, pode se reafirmar a coexistência, no plano normativo, do princípio da supremacia do interesse público e da proporcionalidade, de modo que o fundamento constitucional do princípio da supremacia do interesse público sobre o privado imporia que ele fosse aplicado também ao Direito Ambiental. Como metodologia, procedeu-se a uma análise descritiva do objeto em estudo, através de pesquisa baseada em documentação indireta documental e bibliográfica.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Political science (General)
In the present study are highlighted lines between negligent performance of duties and violation by negligence of medical assistance rule and methods. In determining whether perpetrated by a doctor or another health worker falls under art. 213 or 329 PC RM, must identified the type of obligations ignored by the offender while implementing its activity: professional or service. It concludes that the rules of art. 213 and 329 PC RM isn’t in conflict, because the subject of an offense under 213 PC RM ignores the rules of medical assistance in the execution of his professional obligations while the subject of offenses provided in art. 329 PC RM commits offence in the performance of his duties, not those professional.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Eduardo Biacchi Gomes, Andre Ricardo Lopes da Silva
<p>O presente artigo tem o objetivo de discutir, sob o contexto das realidades brasileira e latino-americana, o acesso ao mercado do trabalho por parte dos indígenas, de forma a buscar a preservação de sua identidade cultural e social. O acesso ao mercado de trabalho é entendido, neste aspecto, dentro de uma perspectiva de um direito fundamental, como forma de preservação de sua cultura e dignidade da pessoa humana. Parte-se da análise especialmente no que diz respeito ao mercado de trabalho, assim compreendido como um direito fundamental, sem que isso necessariamente venha em prejuízo, contudo, da preservação de sua identidade. Parte-se da análise da Convenção 169 da Organização Internacional do Trabalho e de estudo de caso.</p>
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Social sciences (General)