Hasil untuk "Hungary"

Justin C. Bonner, Krisztián Bali, Bishal Bhandari et al.

In flexible electronics, the substrate's durability during device processing and operation is critical to ensure good performance and long-term stability. In this article, we aim to understand the difference in thermo-mechanical durability of a transparent conducting electrode (TCE) made on polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The TCEs are composed of layers of silver (Ag) nanowires and indium zinc oxide on a PET substrate containing Ag metal bus lines. TCEs made on all substrates show similar optical, electrical, chemical, and physical properties; however, some TCEs are durable, i.e., maintain conductivity and structural integrity, during device fabrication, while others exhibit catastrophic cohesive failure and become non-conductive. To investigate whether these observations are linked to the surface properties of the PET substrates, surface-sensitive characterizations, including contact angle, ellipsometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in total attenuated reflection mode, and atomic force microscopy, are employed. Our results show that TCEs made on the bare PET side of the substrate are thermo-mechanically durable, while those fabricated on the primer side always fail when heated during device fabrication. Adhesion of TCE materials to bare PET is found to be stronger than to the primer side. Thus, realizing functional flexible electronics on plastic substrates requires a holistic design of substrate and inorganic thin film stacks, so that the thermal requirements for device fabrication and operation are met.

Solomon Buke Chudo, Gyorgy Terdik

Applications of high-frequency data, including energy management, economics, and finance, frequently require time-series forecasting characterized by complex seasonality. Recognizing prevailing seasonal trends continues to be difficult, given that the majority of solutions depend on basic decomposition techniques. This study introduces a new approach employing periodograms from spectral density analysis to identify predominant seasonal periods. When analyzing hourly electricity consumption data from Brazil, we identified three significant seasonal patterns: sub-daily (6 h), half-daily (12 h), and daily (24 h). We assessed the predictive efficacy of the BATS, TBATS, and STL + ETS models using these seasonal periods. We performed data analysis and model fitting in R 4.4.1 and used accuracy metrics like MAE, MAPE, and others to compare the models. The STL + ETS model exhibited an enhanced performance, surpassing both BATS and TBATS in energy forecasting. These findings improve our understanding of multiple seasonal patterns, assist us in selecting dominating periods, provide new practical forecasting approaches for time-series analysis, and inform professionals seeking superior forecasting solutions in various fields.

Huszti Ilona, Kacsur Annamária

Annually, hundreds of millions of students worldwide face the crucial moment of their scholastic progression: matriculation examinations. These important assessments, often a critical gateway to tertiary education, influence future pathways of countless individuals. This is particularly true in Ukraine and its neighbouring country, Hungary, where these exams hold significant weight. In both nations, school-leavers undertake English matriculation exams at independent test centres ensuring impartiality and standardization. These centres operate under the watchful eyes of official government bodies, the Ministry of Education and Science in Ukraine and the Ministry of Human Resources in Hungary, guaranteeing adherence to national standards. In Ukraine, the English External Independent Evaluation (EIE) traditionally evaluated key reading, writing, and use of English skills. Notably, between 2018 and 2021 listening skills were also assessed. However, the onset of the devastating Russian-Ukrainian war on February 24, 2022 dramatically altered the academic environment. The 2022 English EIE was cancelled, replaced by the National Multi-disciplinary Test (NMT), which initially excluded English. In 2023, the NMT reintroduced an English component, featuring 32 items focused on reading comprehension and the use of English. On the other hand, a flexible two-tiered system for the matriculation exams is employed in Hungary: intermediate and advanced levels. Implemented since 2005, this structure provides a nuanced assessment of students' abilities. Both levels evaluate reading, listening, writing, and use of English skills, corresponding to B1 and B2 levels of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, respectively, in the written exam. Separate oral examinations assess speaking proficiency, ensuring a comprehensive evaluation. This article aims to compare and contrast the English matriculation examinations in these two Central European nations, highlighting the similarities and differences in their approaches to assessing English language proficiency.

Iryna Vasylieva

We establish that uniformly exponentially stable random dynamical systems on the half line have equivalent dynamics through a $C^m$-conjugacy. This result was obtained for random differential equations as well as for random dynamical systems with a uniformly exponentially stable linear part.

Zoltan Szekanecz, Yoshiya Tanaka, Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet et al.

Objectives Long-term safety is fundamental for treatment decision-making. This integrated analysis of filgotinib clinical trials in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ulcerative colitis (UC) assessed adverse events of interest (AEI): major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), venous thromboembolism (VTE) and malignancies.Methods Data were integrated from all phase II and III trials that have investigated filgotinib 100 mg or 200 mg once daily in RA and UC to date.Results Analyses represent >12 500 (RA) and >2800 (UC) patient-years of exposure (PYE) to filgotinib. Incidences of AEI in the integrated analysis population were low. Modest numerical increases in incidence rates occurred in patients aged ≥65 years, including MACE (patients with RA), and malignancies (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC)) and NMSC (patients with RA or UC). VTE was rare; in patients with RA aged ≥65 years receiving filgotinib 200 mg, exposure-adjusted incidence rate (95% CI) for VTE was 0.3 (0.1, 0.8)/100 PYE; no VTE events occurred in patients with UC aged ≥65 years. In patients with RA aged ≥65 years, MACE incidence rates were identical between filgotinib 100 mg and 200 mg; rates of malignancies and NMSC were numerically higher with 200 mg compared with 100 mg.Conclusions Data are consistent with previous overall safety analyses demonstrating low rates of AEI in the overall study population. Numerically increased rates of AEI occurred in patients aged ≥65 years; further data are needed to assess the effect of CV risk factors. Overall, in this analysis, there was no consistent filgotinib dose effect on AEI.

Christophe Sannier, Eva Ivits, Gergely Maucha et al.

The European Copernicus Land Monitoring Service (CLMS) has been producing datasets on imperviousness every 3 years since 2006. However, for 2018, the input for the production of the imperviousness dataset was switched from mixed inputs to the Sentinel constellation. While this led to an improvement in the spatial detail from 20 m to 10 m, this also resulted in a break in the time series as the 2018 update was not comparable to the previous reference years. In addition, the European CLMS has been producing a new dataset from 2018 onward entitled CLC+ Backbone, which also includes a sealed area thematic class. When comparing both datasets with sampled reference data, it appears that the imperviousness dataset substantially underestimates sealed areas at the European level. However, the CLC+ dataset is only available from 2018 and currently does not include any change layer. To address these issues, a harmonized continental soil sealing combined dataset for Europe was produced for the entire observation period. This new dataset has been validated to be the best current dataset for monitoring soil sealing as a direct input for European policies with an estimated total sealed area of 175,664 km² over Europe and an increase in sealed areas of 1297 km² or 0.7% between 2015 and 2018, which is comparable to previous time periods. Finally, recommendations for future updates and the validation of imperviousness degree geospatial products are given.

Jenifer Pataki, Jenifer Pataki, Gergő József Szőllősi et al.

ObjectivesThis study assessed the change in cervical cancer screening attendance across 10 years and identified the associated factors.MethodsData from the European Health Interview Surveys in Hungary (2009, 2014, 2019) were analyzed with multivariate and multiple logistic regressions.ResultsThe analysis involved 4,850 participants, revealing a significant (p < 0.001) increase in screening attendance from 69% to 77% over 10 years. Factors significantly associated with higher attendance rates included a higher education level (tertiary level AOR = 2.51 [2.03–3.09]), being in a relationship (AOR = 1.59 [1.39–1.83]), the belief that one can do much for one’s health (OR = 1.26 [1.05–1.52]), and the absence of chronic health problems (AOR = 1.56 [1.33–1.84]). Lower screening odds were significantly correlated with worse self-perceived health status (AOR = 0.65 [0.52–0.81]) and less frequent doctor (AOR = 0.64 [0.54–0.76]) and specialist visits (AOR = 0.46 [0.39–0.53]).ConclusionEnhancing cervical cancer screening rates requires tailored public health strategies, particularly targeting individuals with lower education and poor health perceptions. Public health initiatives and enhanced collaboration among healthcare professionals are required to further increase participation rates, particularly among the identified groups.

V.O. Zbitnieva , O.B. Voloshyna , I.V. Balashova et al.

Violations of blood pressure control in patients who have had COVID-19 can be due to many pathophysiological factors. Further study of the features of blood pressure (BP) fluctuations in this category of patients will allow to diagnose arterial hypertension (AH) on time, to identify the uncontrolled course of AH and to select the optimal tactics of patients’ management. It was suggested to determine the characteristics of BP fluctuations in patients who have suffered from COVID-19 more than 12 weeks ago, based on the results of ambulatory (daily) blood pressure monitoring. 98 patients (51 men – 52.0%, 47 women – 47.9%) who have had COVID-19 infection more than 12 weeks ago were examined. Patients were divided into 2 groups – with and without a history of AH. The groups of examinees were homogeneous in age and gender. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (AM BP) was carried out on the CardioTens apparatus (Meditech, Hungary) according to the standard method. According to the data of AM BP in patients with AH in the anamnesis, who have suffered from COVID-19 more than 12 weeks ago, significantly higher average indicators of daily systolic blood pressure were recorded, and significant violations of the indicators of variability of systolic blood pressure during the day and night periods, pressure load during the day period, as well as a significantly higher degree and the rate of the morning rise in systolic blood pressure. In patients without a history of AH who have suffered from COVID-19 more than 12 weeks ago, in 21.4% cases there was newly diagnosed AH, in 33.3% of cases, increased variability of systolic blood pressure was observed, mainly during the day, in 21.4% of cases, the degree and speed of the morning rise of systolic blood pressure were increased, which indicated the presence of hypertensive reactions to household loads. In patients with a history of AH, in 55.3% of cases there was observed an increase in average blood pressure values per day, during the day and night periods, which was considered as ineffective blood pressure control and required an increase in the doses of previously prescribed antihypertensive drugs or the use of additional antihypertensive drugs in the treatment regimen. In patients with AH in the anamnesis, who have suffered from COVID-19 more than 12 weeks ago, reliable violations of many indicators of AM BP, deterioration of blood pressure control were recorded. In the patients, who did not have AH and who have suffered from COVID-19 more than 12 weeks ago, the presence of a hypertensive reaction to household loads and newly diagnosed AH were odserved.

János Girán, Kyra Anna Girán, Dalma Ormándlaky et al.

Consumption of energy drinks is harmful in childhood and adolescence, and its increasing popularity makes it a public health threat in this age group. Our study aimed to assess energy drink (ED) consumption and identify the context and determinants of its consumption at a Hungarian primary school. A mixed-method approach was used for the research, including a survey filled in by 157 10-15-year-old pupils and World Café workshops (WCWs) involving pupils, home-room teachers, and Parental Council representatives (N = 39). The Jamovi 2.2.5. The software was used to perform descriptive statistics and logistic regression, and a causal loop diagram was created based on the results of the WCWs. The survey results revealed that almost one-third of the pupils consumed EDs regularly, and most daily consumers drank high amounts (500ml). Most students considered ED consumption unhealthy, yet every fifth drank them. Buying breakfast on the way to school increased the odds of ED consumption almost threefold. According to the WCWs' findings, the determinants of ED consumption were embedded in two critical contextual sets; one was the need for energy and concentration boost and the Perception of high social acceptance of ED consumption. Our results suggest that interventions to reduce students' ED consumption need to include increased parents' involvement in controlling their children's screen time and encouraging them to provide breakfast at home for their children. There is also an urgent need to restrict the marketing of EDs and strictly regulate access to EDs for under-18s.

Zoltán Szekanecz, Zoltán Vokó, Zoltán Vokó et al.

IntroductionIn Hungary, the HUN-VE 3 study determined the comparative effectiveness of various primary and booster vaccination strategies during the Delta COVID-19 wave. That study included more than 8 million 18-100-year-old individuals from the beginning of the pandemic. Immunocompromised (IC) individuals have increased risk for COVID-19 and disease course might be more severe in them. In this study, we wished to estimate the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 related death in IC individuals compared to healthy ones and the effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine by reassessing HUN-VE 3 data.Patients and methodsAmong the 8,087,988 individuals undergoing follow-up from the onset of the pandemic in the HUN-VE 3 cohort, we selected all the 263,116 patients with a diagnosis corresponding with IC and 6,128,518 controls from the second wave, before vaccinations started. The IC state was defined as two occurrences of corresponding ICD-10 codes in outpatient or inpatient claims data since 1 January, 2013. The control group included patients without chronic diseases. The data about vaccination, SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 related death were obtained from the National Public Health Center (NPHC) during the Delta wave. Cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection were reported on a daily basis using a centralized system via the National Public Health Center (NPHC).ResultsOut of the 263,116 IC patients 12,055 patients (4.58%) and out of the 6,128,518 healthy controls 202,163 (3.30%) acquired SARS-CoV-2 infection. Altogether 436 IC patients and 2141 healthy controls died in relation to COVID-19. The crude incidence rate ratio (IRR) of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 1.40 (95%CI: 1.37-1.42) comparing IC patients to healthy controls. The crude mortality rate ratio was 4.75 (95%CI: 4.28-5.27). With respect to SARS-CoV-2 infection, interestingly, the BNT162b2 vaccine was more effective in IC patients compared to controls. Primary vaccine effectiveness (VE) was higher in IC patients compared to controls and the booster restored VE after waning. VE regarding COVID-19 related death was less in IC patients compared to healthy individuals. Booster vaccination increased VE against COVID-19-related death in both IC patients and healthy controls.ConclusionThere is increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 related mortality in IC patient. Moreover, booster vaccination using BNT162b2 might restore impaired VE in these individuals.

Annamária Breznai, Katalin Jámbor, Kata Kulcsár

Visszatekintve az elmúlt néhány évben zajlott világjárvány időszakára szinte mindannyian megtapasztaltuk a magány és az izoláció élményét. A pandémia alatti időszakban jellemző volt a bezártság, a mindennapi ritmus megváltozása. Kevesebbet tudtunk mozogni és ritkábbá váltak a lehetőségek a különböző aktivitások, rekreációs tevékenységek végzésére. A bezártság, a korlátozott mozgáslehetőségek következtében a mozgásszervi funkciók csökkentek. A társas kapcsolatok hiánya pedig sokaknál az érzelmi funkciók beszűkülését eredményezhették. Az izoláció hazánkban is fokozottan érinti az idős embereket. Jelen tanulmányban szeretnénk megszólítani mindenkit, mind a segítő szakmában dolgozó szakembereket, mind a társadalom tagjait, hogy támogassuk együttesen az idősebb korosztály társas aktivitásának növelését a magány és az izoláció elkerülése érdekében. Számos programlehetőség kínálkozik az idősebb korosztály számára is, ahol együtt mozgásra, tanulásra, beszélgetésre, kreativitásra ösztönző társakkal kapcsolódhatnak. A szerzők elsősorban a gyógytornász szakmai szempontokat képviselik jelen tanulmányban. A cikk kiemelten foglalkozik a mozgás, a meditáció, a légzés, illetve a tudatos jelenlét témáival annak érdekében, hogy felhívja a figyelmet az öntörődés, önismeret, önszeretet, a befelé figyelés jelentőségére a jóllét és az egészség szempontjából.

János Szanyi, Ladislaus Rybach, Hawkar A. Abdulhaq

In an era of accelerating energy transition and growing demand for critical metals essential for clean technologies, the innovative integration of geothermal energy with critical metal extraction stands as a paradigm shift in sustainable resource utilization. This comprehensive review unravels the synergistic potential of coupling geothermal energy systems with critical metal extraction, thereby transforming a dual crisis of energy and resource scarcity into an opportunity for circular economy. Through rigorous analysis of existing geothermal technologies, and extraction methodologies, the study establishes a coherent framework that merges energy production with environmental stewardship. It scrutinizes current extraction techniques, and evaluates their compatibility with geothermal brine characteristics, proposing optimized pathways for maximum yield. Through detailed case studies and empirical data, the paper elucidates the economic and environmental advantages of this multifaceted approach, from reduced carbon footprint to enhanced energy efficiency and resource recovery. It concludes that combined heat and mineral production technology can open new, unexplored resources, increasing the supply of previously untapped resources, while the potential of geothermal energy for sustainable mineral extraction and energy production is in line with Sustainable Development Goal 7, which aims to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.

Márk Várszegi

Györgyi Nyikos

Mariapaola Riggio, Michael Mrissa, Michael Mrissa et al.

Mass timber construction systems, incorporating engineered wood products as structural elements, are gaining acceptance as a sustainable alternative to multi-story concrete or steel-frame structures. The relative novelty of these systems brings uncertainties on whether these buildings perform long-term as expected. Consequently, several structural health monitoring (SHM) projects have recently emerged to document their behavior. A wide and systematic use of this data by the mass timber industry is currently hindered by limitations of SHM programs. These limitations include scalability, difficulty of data integration, diverse strategies for data collection, scarcity of relevant data, complexity of data analysis, and limited usability of predictive tools. This perspective paper envisions the use of avatars as a Web-based layer on top of sensing devices to support SHM data and protocol interoperability, analysis, and reasoning capability and to improve life cycle management of mass timber buildings. The proposed approach supports robustness, high level and large-scale interoperability and data processing by leveraging the Web protocol stack, overcoming many limitations of conventional centralized SHM systems. The design of avatars is applied in an exemplary scenario of hygrothermal data reconstruction, and use of this data to compare different mold growth prediction models. The proposed approach demonstrates the ability of avatars to efficiently filter and enrich data from heterogeneous sensors, thus overcoming problems due to data gaps or insufficient spatial distribution of sensors. In addition, the designed avatars can provide prediction or reasoning capability about the building, thus acting as a digital twin solution to support building lifecycle management.

Nikoletta Tóth-Kaszás, Ildiko Ernszt, Erzsebet Peter et al.

It is no exaggeration to say that the digital transformation can be seen as both a paradigm shifts and a real technological revolution (Perez, 2010, Mergel, et al., 2019). In order to get to know the preparedness of the Hungarian automotive industry players in the topic, we conducted an empirical research in October - December 2020. The main goal was to determine the level of automotive actors in the digital transformation process. Company leaders were primarily asked about their progress in the digital transition process, its opportunities and challenges, organizational culture, and potential human resource management responses. This study focuses on the digital transition concentrating on the following dimensions: strategy and leadership, human resources, business processes, supply chain, manufacturing, products and services. Based on the results, we classified the examined Hungarian automotive industry actors into clusters.

Victoria Krauter, Anna-Sophia Bauer, Maria Milousi et al.

The usefulness of food packaging is often questioned in the public debate about (ecological) sustainability. While worldwide packaging-related CO₂ emissions are accountable for approximately 5% of emissions, specific packaging solutions can reach significantly higher values depending on use case and product group. Unlike other groups, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and life cycle assessment (LCA) of cereal and confectionary products have not been the focus of comprehensive reviews so far. Consequently, the present review first contextualizes packaging, sustainability and related LCA methods and then depicts how cereal and confectionary packaging has been presented in different LCA studies. The results reveal that only a few studies sufficiently include (primary, secondary and tertiary) packaging in LCAs and when they do, the focus is mainly on the direct (e.g., material used) rather than indirect environmental impacts (e.g., food losses and waste) of the like. In addition, it is shown that the packaging of cereals and confectionary contributes on average 9.18% to GHG emissions of the entire food packaging system. Finally, recommendations on how to improve packaging sustainability, how to better include packaging in LCAs and how to reflect this in management-related activities are displayed.

S. Acharya, D. Adamová, A. Adler et al.

In quantum scattering processes between two particles, aspects characterizing the strong and Coulomb forces can be observed in kinematic distributions of the particle pairs. The sensitivity to the interaction potential reaches a maximum at low relative momentum and vanishing distance between the two particles. Ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions at the LHC provide an abundant source of many hadron species and can be employed as a measurement method of scattering parameters that is complementary to scattering experiments. This study confirms that momentum correlations of particles produced in Pb–Pb collisions at the LHC provide an accurate measurement of kaon–proton scattering parameters at low relative momentum, allowing precise access to the K−p→K−p process. This work also validates the femtoscopic measurement in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions as an alternative to scattering experiments and a complementary tool to the study of exotic atoms with comparable precision. In this work, the first femtoscopic measurement of momentum correlations of K−p(K+p‾) and K+p(K−p‾) pairs in Pb–Pb collisions at centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of sNN=5.02 TeV registered by the ALICE experiment is reported. The components of the K−p complex scattering length are extracted and found to be ℜf0=−0.91±0.03(stat)−0.03+0.17(syst) and ℑf0=0.92±0.05(stat)−0.33+0.12(syst). The results are compared with chiral effective field theory predictions as well as with existing data from dedicated scattering and exotic kaonic atom experiments.

László Trautmann

„Ugyanígy a megismerhető dolgoknak sem csupán a megismerhetősége származik a Jótól, hanem ezenfelül még a létezésük és a valóságos voltuk is, miközben a Jó nem valóságos létező, hanem messze túlszárnyalja a valóságos létezést méltóságával és erejével.” [Platón Az állam, 509b, ford. Steiger Kornél].

Zsofia Bere , Gabor Vass , Adam Perenyi et al.