Hasil untuk "Photography"

Dennis Siegel, Christian Kraetzer, Stefan Seidlitz et al.

In recent discussions in the European Parliament, the need for regulations for so-called high-risk artificial intelligence (AI) systems was identified, which are currently codified in the upcoming EU Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA) and approved by the European Parliament. The AIA is the first document to be turned into European Law. This initiative focuses on turning AI systems in decision support systems (human-in-the-loop and human-in-command), where the human operator remains in control of the system. While this supposedly solves accountability issues, it includes, on one hand, the necessary human–computer interaction as a potential new source of errors; on the other hand, it is potentially a very effective approach for decision interpretation and verification. This paper discusses the necessary requirements for high-risk AI systems once the AIA comes into force. Particular attention is paid to the opportunities and limitations that result from the decision support system and increasing the explainability of the system. This is illustrated using the example of the media forensic task of DeepFake detection.

Ana Mijić, Michael Parzer

In this article, we use fiction as a lens to study processes of refugees’ arriving in Austria. For that purpose, we draw on findings from our transdisciplinary and participatory project “The Art of Arriving—Reframing ‘Refugee Integration’” in which we have created a real-world laboratory and examined if and how the meaning-making processes involved in creating and interpreting art can foster reframing “refugee integration” concepts and provide alternative views on the arrival of refugees beyond an assimilationist lens. By inviting and accompanying artists from different cultural realms (literature, music, and photography) and with different refugee experiences during the process of jointly creating an artwork as well as by getting access to the recipients’ interpretations of these artworks, we gained insights into the various ways that artistic practices unveil and contest common hegemonic expectations that shape the processes of refugees’ (and other migrants’) arriving. Our analysis of the short story “Außen vor” (“Being [left] out”) written by Hamed Abboud, Anna Baar, and Mascha Dabić—of its creation and reception process—contributes to the ongoing debates on how refugees’ artistic practices can serve as means of cultural and social transformation.

Anjali Pasquion Somaradjalou

Florence Henri’s career as a photograph is short, between her discovery of photography at the Bauhaus in 1927 and her gradual lack of interest in the medium from the 1940s. The present essay takes a closer look at her advertising work, observing the ambiguity between her commercial work and personal research, deeply influenced by the avant-gardes of the inter-war period.

Kathryn J. Sheffield, Daniel Clements, Darryl J. Clune et al.

Alligator weed (<i>Alternanthera philoxeroides</i> (Mart.) Griseb) forms dense infestations in aquatic environments and is the focus of intensive management programs in many jurisdictions within Australia, including Victoria. A critical component of weed biosecurity programs is surveillance to find the location and extent of the target weed so that control strategies can be implemented. Current approaches within Victoria rely heavily on ground surveys and community reporting. However, these methods do not provide a systematic approach to surveillance across landscapes, resulting in undiscovered infestations. The aim of this study was to detect alligator weed from aerial photography and demonstrate the potential use of remote sensing data to support existing ground surveys and monitoring programs. Two random forest algorithms were trained based on data from 2010 and 2016. Both classifiers had high levels of accuracy, with an overall pixel-based classification accuracy of 96.8% in 2010 and 98.2% in 2016. The trained classifiers were then applied to imagery acquired annually between 2010 and 2016. The classification outputs were combined with class probability and water proximity data to produce a weighted, normalised alligator weed likelihood data layer. These datasets were evaluated by assessing alligator weed patch detection rates, using manually delineated areas of weed for each year. The patch detection rates for each year ranged from 76.5% to 100%. The results also demonstrate the use of this approach for monitoring alligator weed infestations at a site over time. The key outcome of the study is an approach to support existing biosecurity monitoring and surveillance efforts at a landscape scale and at known infested localised sites.

Linlu Dong, Liangjun Zhao, Jun Wang

Abstract Images obtained in dim light do not clearly represent the target scene, limiting information transmission on the image carrier. This study proposes a texture‐preserving image enhancement method, i.e. ETPR. The proposed method draws the illumination map of a low light image by Max‐RGB, and then applies the weighted median filter algorithm and Retinex to improve the illumination map further. Then, the enhanced image is changed from RGB mode to YCbCr mode and the texture of the luminance component Y is described. It is achieved by denoising the texture of the image to be enhanced, and then the final enhanced image is obtained by the method of sub‐region image fusion denoising. The effectiveness of ETPR is established by comparing it with existing enhancement technologies using public data and real images.

Yong, Joceline Y Y, Tong, Eddie M W, Liu, Jean C J

BackgroundDespite a large volume of research on the impact of other digital screens (eg, televisions) on eating behavior, little is known about the nature and impact of mealtime smartphone use. ObjectiveWe investigated how smartphones are used in everyday meals, whether phone users differ according to mealtime phone use patterns, and whether specific phone functions (particularly food photography) would affect the amount and enjoyment of food eaten. MethodsAcross 2 studies, we used the experience sampling method to track 1780 meals in situ. In study 1, a total 137 young adults reported on their mealtime smartphone use 3 times per day over 7 consecutive days. This corresponded to each main meal, with participants recording whether they used their phones and what phone functions they engaged in while eating. In study 2, a total of 71 young adults were similarly tracked for 3 meals per day over 7 days. Across the week, participants’ meals were randomized to 1 of 3 smartphone conditions: food photography while eating, nonfood photography while eating, or no phone use. As the outcome measures, participants reported on the amount and enjoyment of food they ate. ResultsDuring the week-long tracking, most participants (110/129, 85.3%) recorded at least one instance of mealtime smartphone use, with an average frequency of 1 in 3 meals where phones were used (27.1%; 95% CI 23.6-30.6). Unlike traditional digital screens, mealtime phone use encompassed a wide range of social and nonsocial activities. Further, specific forms of phone use behaviors influenced food intake in different ways. Specifically, in study 2, participants showed the typical pattern of increased food intake across the day when they engaged in nonfood photography during a meal (P<.001); however, this pattern was disrupted when they engaged in food photography (P=.73). ConclusionsOur findings underscore the prevalence and multifaceted nature of mealtime phone use, distinguishing mobile phones from traditional forms of digital screens. Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT03299075; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03299075 and ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03346785; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03346785

Junshu Wang, Yue Yang, Yuan Chen et al.

In unmanned aerial vehicle based urban observation and monitoring, the performance of computer vision algorithms is inevitably limited by the low illumination and light pollution caused degradation, therefore, the application image enhancement is a considerable prerequisite for the performance of subsequent image processing algorithms. Therefore, we proposed a deep learning and generative adversarial network based model for UAV low illumination image enhancement, named LighterGAN. The design of LighterGAN refers to the CycleGAN model with two improvements—attention mechanism and semantic consistency loss—having been proposed to the original structure. Additionally, an unpaired dataset that was captured by urban UAV aerial photography has been used to train this unsupervised learning model. Furthermore, in order to explore the advantages of the improvements, both the performance in the illumination enhancement task and the generalization ability improvement of LighterGAN were proven in the comparative experiments combining subjective and objective evaluations. In the experiments with five cutting edge image enhancement algorithms, in the test set, LighterGAN achieved the best results in both visual perception and PIQE (perception based image quality evaluator, a MATLAB build-in function, the lower the score, the higher the image quality) score of enhanced images, scores were 4.91 and 11.75 respectively, better than EnlightenGAN the state-of-the-art. In the enhancement of low illumination sub-dataset <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>Y</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (containing 2000 images), LighterGAN also achieved the lowest PIQE score of 12.37, 2.85 points lower than second place. Moreover, compared with the CycleGAN, the improvement of generalization ability was also demonstrated. In the test set generated images, LighterGAN was 6.66 percent higher than CycleGAN in subjective authenticity assessment and 3.84 lower in PIQE score, meanwhile, in the whole dataset generated images, the PIQE score of LighterGAN is 11.67, 4.86 lower than CycleGAN.

Norbert Wolf

Karl Kraus has attached a selection of photographs to his five-act tragedy Die letzten Tage der Menschheit (The Last Days of Mankind, 1918): the first serial publication contained seven photographs—two of which also seem to “frame” the drama in the book version. The polemical criticism of Alice Schalek’s war reports which are presented in this dramatic text are also related to the many photographs which illustrated the reworked versions of her scattered newspaper columns, Tirol in Waffen (Tyrol in Arms, 1915) and Am Isonzo (On the Edge of Isonzo, 1916). In addition, the characters share their comments on photographs and reproductions in several scenes (I/24, III/9, III/41 et V/55). This paper begins with a panorama of the intermedial references embedded in the drama. It then offers a literary commentary on the images, before concluding with an attempt to define their aesthetic function.

José Alonso Solís-Lemus, Besaiz J Sánchez-Sánchez, Stefania Marcotti et al.

In this paper, a novel method for interaction detection is presented to compare the contact dynamics of macrophages in the <i>Drosophila</i> embryo. The study is carried out by a framework called macrosight, which analyses the movement and interaction of migrating macrophages. The framework incorporates a segmentation and tracking algorithm into analysing the motion characteristics of cells after contact. In this particular study, the interactions between cells is characterised in the case of control embryos and <i>Shot</i> mutants, a candidate protein that is hypothesised to regulate contact dynamics between migrating cells. Statistical significance between control and mutant cells was found when comparing the direction of motion after contact in specific conditions. Such discoveries provide insights for future developments in combining biological experiments with computational analysis.

Mathé T. Zeegers, Daniël M. Pelt, Tristan van Leeuwen et al.

An important challenge in hyperspectral imaging tasks is to cope with the large number of spectral bins. Common spectral data reduction methods do not take prior knowledge about the task into account. Consequently, sparsely occurring features that may be essential for the imaging task may not be preserved in the data reduction step. Convolutional neural network (CNN) approaches are capable of learning the specific features relevant to the particular imaging task, but applying them directly to the spectral input data is constrained by the computational efficiency. We propose a novel supervised deep learning approach for combining data reduction and image analysis in an end-to-end architecture. In our approach, the neural network component that performs the reduction is trained such that image features most relevant for the task are preserved in the reduction step. Results for two convolutional neural network architectures and two types of generated datasets show that the proposed Data Reduction CNN (DRCNN) approach can produce more accurate results than existing popular data reduction methods, and can be used in a wide range of problem settings. The integration of knowledge about the task allows for more image compression and higher accuracies compared to standard data reduction methods.

Claude Kaufmann, Philipp B. Baenninger, Oliver A. Pfaeffli et al.

Purpose: To report a case in which optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCT-A) allowed imaging of the posterior pole in a patient fitted with a black occlusive intraocular lens (IOL). Observations: Following retinal central artery occlusion, a 52-year-old patient suffered from disturbing residual light perception. Occlusive contact lenses blocked the light insufficiently, so that the patient had to rely on an eye patch for relief of symptoms. After no neovascularization had formed during an observation period of 12 months, a black IOL (Morcher 85F) was implanted, blocking wavelengths in the visible spectrum but allowing transmission in the near-infrared spectrum. Slit lamp photography, OCT and OCT-A were performed pre- and postoperatively. Postoperatively, slit lamp photography could no longer provide images of the posterior pole, proving the effective blockade of wavelengths in the visible light spectrum. In contrast, transmission in the near-infrared spectrum allowed for OCT and OCT-A imaging of the fundus. The complete suppression of the disturbing perception of light succeeded only temporarily. Conclusions and Importance: The implantation of a black IOL does not prevent the imaging of the retinal microvasculature by OCT-A. Black IOLs can therefore be considered even if continued monitoring of the vascular situation of the posterior pole is required.

Aarón Moisés Santana-Cordero, Péter Szabó

A review of the historical ecology literature led us to the realization that there was an important gap in terms of recognized methodological procedures and techniques. Contributions along these lines are sparse. However, some publications (book chapters and papers), some of them case studies, contain methodological material of great interest. Therefore, all these materials needed to be gathered together and put in a historical ecology methodological context. With this in mind, this article focuses on the methods employed to date in historical ecology when working with qualitative and graphic materials. In addition, it incorporates an exploration of the links between these methods and those used in general in qualitative research. Historical ecology requires source criticism methods (a source critical approach which offers guidelines for both source and source reliability assessment) and time line–based methods for landscape change. Some of the techniques used in historical ecology, but not originate from it, are presented (historical maps, photointerpretation, repeat photography, and oral history). The methodological links between historical ecology and qualitative research are then explored, and, finally, a method for text analysis (thematic networks) is presented.

Ilia Safonov, Ivan Yakimchuk, Vladimir Abashkin

We present image processing algorithms for a new technique of ceramic proppant crush resistance characterization. To obtain the images of the proppant material before and after the test we used X-ray microtomography. We propose a watershed-based unsupervised algorithm for segmentation of proppant particles, as well as a set of parameters for the characterization of 3D particle size, shape, and porosity. An effective approach based on central geometric moments is described. The approach is used for calculation of particles&#8217; form factor, compactness, equivalent ellipsoid axes lengths, and lengths of projections to these axes. Obtained grain size distribution and crush resistance fit the results of conventional test measured by sieves. However, our technique has a remarkable advantage over traditional laboratory method since it allows to trace the destruction at the level of individual particles and their fragments; it grants to analyze morphological features of fines. We also provide an example describing how the approach can be used for verification of statistical hypotheses about the correlation between particles&#8217; parameters and their crushing under load.

Lucas Esteban Lorduy Osés

Se estudia la fotografía mexicana moderna (1920-1990) a través de la visión de cuatro fotógrafas, Tina Modotti, Lola Álvarez Bravo, Mariana Yampolsky y Graciela Iturbide en relación a su posicionamiento en lo relativo a la mexicanidad: un discurso político, literario y de imágenes visuales que delinearon y dieron forma a personas y paisajes, como representación de la nación y de lo nacional durante gran parte del siglo XX. Con este fin  se realiza un análisis textual de las fotografías de las autoras citadas y en su caso una lectura connotativa de las imágenes, de su significado implícito derivado de la posible estrategia discursiva de las autoras. En todas ellas se observa la incidencia de la temática de "lo mexicano" con una visión caracterizada por sus fuertes matices de género, apoyada muchas veces mediante la metáfora visual, con un interés y compromiso social con los sectores populares y marginados de México. Estas fotógrafas  se situarían así al margen de la "mexicanidad". Abstract Modern Mexican photography (1920-1990) is studied through the vision of four photographers, Tina Modotti, Lola Álvarez Bravo, Mariana Yampolsky and Graciela Iturbide in relation to their position in relation to Mexicanidad, a political, literary and visual imagery discourse that delineated and shaped people and landscapes, as a representation of the nation for much of the twentieth century. To this end, a textual analysis of the photographs of the mentioned authors and, where appropriate, a connotative reading of the images, of their implicit meaning derived from the possible discursive strategy of the authors is carried out. In all of them the incidence of the "Mexican thing" is observed with a vision characterized by strong gender nuances, often supported by the visual metaphor, with an interest and social commitment to the popular and marginalized sectors of Mexico. These photographers would be placed apart from Mexicanidad.

M. Alrajhi, K. S. Janjua, M. A. Khan et al.

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the most dynamic countries of the world. We have witnessed a very rapid urban development's which are altering Kingdom’s landscape on daily basis. In recent years a substantial increase in urban populations is observed which results in the formation of large cities. Considering this fast paced growth, it has become necessary to monitor these changes, in consideration with challenges faced by aerial photography projects. It has been observed that data obtained through aerial photography has a lifecycle of 5-years because of delay caused by extreme weather conditions and dust storms which acts as hindrances or barriers during aerial imagery acquisition, which has increased the costs of aerial survey projects. All of these circumstances require that we must consider some alternatives that can provide us easy and better ways of image acquisition in short span of time for achieving reliable accuracy and cost effectiveness. The approach of this study is to conduct an extensive comparison between different resolutions of data sets which include: Orthophoto of (10&thinsp;cm) GSD, Stereo images of (50&thinsp;cm) GSD and Stereo images of (1&thinsp;m) GSD, for map updating. Different approaches have been applied for digitizing buildings, roads, tracks, airport, roof level changes, filling stations, buildings under construction, property boundaries, mosques buildings and parking places.

Katarzyna Jędraszczyk, Władimir Rabinowicz

The Image of Alexander Kolchak and the Civil War of 1917 in Admiral, and contemporary Russian Historical Consciousness The article offers an analysis of the image of Alexander Kolchak in Russian cinematography. The most extensive portrayal of both this figure and of the Russian civil war is found in the film Admiral. Contemporary Russian historical consciousness has been modified or moulded by images conveyed in films. Historical cinema is an effective means by which attitudes to the past can are formed and may be used as a tool in carrying out historical politics.

Elisabetta Maino

Heritages of exceptional value are often not properly understood, even if they are part of our everyday life. This is the case of the Eugenio Morelli sanatorium village. The experience of a research group, of which Luisa Bonesio is part, shows how those places can be “viewed consciously” through a cultural path, where “experts” and “inhabitants” mutually interact and exchange their own experiences, thus broadening knowledge from the local to the international level. Photographs drive this renewed wise and educated perception, and create a sort of touristic itinerary within the ex sanatorium, inviting to take a tour, and giving new life to things of the past, since new eyes now can see them.

J. Larsen, Mette Sandbye

Photography as an everyday practice is once again changing dramatically. At this moment of transition from analogue to digital, Digital Snaps aims to develop a new media ecology that can accommodate these changes to photography 'as we know it'. Expert contributors representing varied disciplines demonstrate how and to what extent the traditional social practices, technologies and images of analogue photography are being transformed with the movement to digital photography. They zoom in on typical, vernacular, everyday practices: the development of the family photo album from a physical object in the living room to a digital practice on the Internet; the use of mobile phones in everyday life; photo communities on the Internet; photo booth photography; studio photography; and fine arts' appropriation of amateur photography. They explore how this media convergence transforms the media ecology the networks, objects, performances, meanings and circulations of vernacular photography, as we research it through ordinary people's use of such new cameras and interactive Internet spaces as part of their everyday lives.

Richard D Norris, James M Norris, Ralph D Lorenz et al.

The engraved trails of rocks on the nearly flat, dry mud surface of Racetrack Playa, Death Valley National Park, have excited speculation about the movement mechanism since the 1940s. Rock movement has been variously attributed to high winds, liquid water, ice, or ice flotation, but has not been previously observed in action. We recorded the first direct scientific observation of rock movements using GPS-instrumented rocks and photography, in conjunction with a weather station and time-lapse cameras. The largest observed rock movement involved > 60 rocks on December 20, 2013 and some instrumented rocks moved up to 224 m between December 2013 and January 2014 in multiple move events. In contrast with previous hypotheses of powerful winds or thick ice floating rocks off the playa surface, the process of rock movement that we have observed occurs when the thin, 3 to 6 mm, "windowpane" ice sheet covering the playa pool begins to melt in late morning sun and breaks up under light winds of -4-5 m/s. Floating ice panels 10 s of meters in size push multiple rocks at low speeds of 2-5 m/min. along trajectories determined by the direction and velocity of the wind as well as that of the water flowing under the ice.

Enrique ARIÑO GIL, José RODRÍGUEZ HERNÁNDEZ, Santiago RIERA I MORA

In a previous study we gave the results of intensive survey in the Armuña area. In this new study a detailed interpretation is made of the data. After the field work it was observed that there no traces of pre-Roman occupation. The Roman settlement was developed suddenly in the area from the Flavian era onwards and maintained with few changes throughout the whole of the Empire. Aerial photography and the surface material make it possible to detect the presence of two villas (Aldealhama y Prado de Abajo) with their attached dependencies. From the fifth century on the habitat points multiplied, although the quality of the buildings was inferior. The eighth-ninth centuries were a period with a gap in information which neither archaeological materials nor the sources can fill. From the eleventh century onwards the settlement was definitively established in the present-day towns. Data on settlement are complemented with those provided by a drilling for the extraction of a pollen record. During the Roman period forest cover was still important, although cereal crops were already present. From the fifth century on it is observed that preferential attention was given to livestock raising, which entails greater pressure on the forest. This process was interrupted around the eighth century, when livestock activity was withdrawn, although farming activity continued. The eleventh century offered greater agricultural diversity with the wine making its first appearance, as is corroborated by written documents of the era.