In recent years, the increase in people’s demand for energy has led to the development of secondary batteries. Because of its high theoretical capacity and low electrochemical potential, lithium metal has gradually become the preferred negative electrode material for high-energy-density secondary batteries and has great application prospects in the field of energy storage technology. However, the practical application of lithium metal anodes faces major challenges mainly because of the inevitable formation of lithium dendrites and dead lithium during the charge–discharge cycle. These problems considerably reduce the Coulomb efficiency and service life of lithium metal batteries and constitute a substantial obstacle to the development and wide application of lithium metal batteries. Lithium dendrites are tree-like structures formed by uneven lithium deposition during the charging of lithium metal. These dendrites can penetrate the diaphragm and reach the cathode, causing a short circuit that can lead to catastrophic battery failure. Dead lithium refers to lithium that is separated from the anode during the discharging of a lithium battery and no longer participates in subsequent electrochemical reactions. The accumulation of dead lithium reduces the inventory of active lithium, causing battery capacity and efficiency to decline over time. Addressing these challenges requires an in-depth understanding of the formation mechanisms of lithium dendrites and dead lithium and their influencing factors. This study focuses on analyzing these mechanisms and influencing factors from the perspective of the phase field, which is a powerful computational method to simulate microstructure evolution, providing insights into the complex dynamics of lithium deposition and the conditions and influencing factors for the formation of lithium dendrites and dead Lithium. The latest research progress on the inhibition of dead lithium by temperature, pressure, diaphragm, bubble, and high active electrolyte was reviewed. First, the influence of temperature and pressure on the formation of dead lithium and the effect of two coupling fields on dead lithium are discussed. Second, starting from the diaphragm and electrolyte, the results of researchers in recent years are reviewed. For example, selecting a diaphragm with the appropriate pore size can promote the uniform deposition of lithium, better prevent the penetration of dendrites, and promote the resurrection of dead lithium. The highly active electrolyte can enhance the smooth deposition of lithium and inhibit the formation of dead lithium. These factors can regulate the deposition form of lithium to a certain extent and slow down or avoid the formation of lithium dendrites and dead lithium. By optimizing these factors, researchers can better control the deposition morphology of lithium, alleviating or even avoiding the formation of lithium dendrites and dead lithium. The phase field method is used to determine how the formation of dead lithium affects the overall life of the battery. The phase field is also used to simulate the long-term behavior of lithium metal anodes to predict the battery life under various operating conditions. Finally, this paper discusses and summarizes the shortcomings of the existing phase field method in the study of the radical elimination of dead lithium and the prospects for future development.
Abstract MXenes, a novel member of the 2D material family, shows promising potential in stabilizing isolated atoms and maximizing the atom utilization efficiency for catalytic applications. This review focuses on the role of MXenes as support for single‐atom catalysts (SACs) for various electrochemical reactions, namely the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR), and nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR). First, state‐of‐the‐art characterization and synthesis methods of MXenes and MXene‐supported SACs are discussed, highlighting how the unique structure and tunable functional groups enhance the catalytic performance of pristine MXenes and contribute to stabilizing SAs. Then, recent studies of MXene‐supported SACs in different electrocatalytic areas are examined, including experimental and theoretical studies. Finally, this review discusses the challenges and outlook of the utilization of MXene‐supported SACs in the field of electrocatalysis.
Accretion supermassive black holes in the center of active galaxies usually produce “jet”-collimated bipolar outflows of relativistic particles. Magnetic fields near the black hole event horizon may play a crucial role in the formation of jets/outflows. Both theory and observation indicate that jets/outflows driven by centrally active supermassive black holes have a feedback effect on the overall properties of the host galaxies. Therefore, the magnetic field is a key ingredient for the formation and evolution of galaxies. Here, we report a clear correlation between the magnetic field of jets and star formation rate for a large sample of 96 galaxies hosting supermassive black holes, which suggests that the star formation of active galactic nuclei host galaxies may be powered by the jets.
Abstract This study analyzes the spatiotemporal dynamics of rural settlement evolution in Guangdong Province, China, examining their transformation amid rapid urbanization and industrialization over the past 20 years. Rural settlements serve as primary spatial carriers for production and living activities, embodying multiple functions including production, living, ecological, and cultural aspects. Using GIS-based analytical tools, including landscape pattern indices, average nearest neighbor index, kernel density estimation, and geographical detector methods, we examined settlement evolution patterns and their driving factors. Results show a continuous decline in settlement numbers, while patch areas exhibited a U-shaped trend of decreasing then increasing. Settlement patterns shifted from “reduction” to “integration”, with intensifying spatial agglomeration over time. The Pearl River Delta and Eastern Guangdong regions followed similar trajectories, reflecting the impact of urbanization and industrialization on rural development. Multiple factors, including natural conditions, socioeconomic variables, and locational accessibility, drove these changes. The spatial distribution of rural settlements demonstrates an overall trend of agglomeration, which has gradually intensified over time, leading to significant variations in settlement density across different regions. The findings reveal significant regional disparities and temporal changes in settlement patterns, highlighting the complex interplay between rural transformation and urban development. This research contributes to understanding rural transformation processes in developing countries and emphasizes the need for differentiated approaches in spatial planning and rural revitalization strategies to address the challenges of disordered land expansion and population hollowing while promoting sustainable rural development.
Cycads, renowned as “living fossils”, are among the most ancient extant seed plants, playing a crucial role in understanding plant evolution and sex differentiation. Despite their importance, research on their genetics and sex differentiation remains scarce. This study investigates three species, represented by six samples, collected from various regions in Fujian Province, China, using whole-genome resequencing on the Illumina platform. The sequence data underwent rigorous quality control, alignment, and variant detection, focusing on SNP and InDel distribution and annotation. Among the studied species, <i>Cycas revoluta</i> exhibited the highest number of SNPs and the greatest heterozygosity values. Based on SNP data, phylogenetic trees and principal component analysis revealed distinct clusters, with the three <i>C. revoluta</i> samples forming one cluster, while the two <i>C. szechuanensis</i> samples and the <i>C. taiwaniana</i> sample were grouped separately. Gene function using COG and GO annotations, and KEGG enrichment analysis, all highlighted differences in genomic structure and functional gene distribution between male and female <i>cycads</i>. Notably, genes associated with sex differentiation, such as MADS-box and auxin-responsive protein genes, were shown, while other transcription factors showed distinct annotations and enrichment patterns based on sex. This study improves our understanding of genetic variation, evolutionary relationships, and gene enrichment in <i>cycads</i>, providing a foundation for conservation, cultivation, and insights into sex differentiation mechanisms in these ancient plants.
Differential Evolution (DE) is widely recognized as a highly effective evolutionary algorithm for global optimization. It has proven its efficacy in tackling diverse problems across various fields and real-world applications. DE boasts several advantages, such as ease of implementation, reliability, speed, and adaptability. However, DE does have certain limitations, such as suboptimal solution exploitation and challenging parameter tuning. To address these challenges, this research paper introduces a novel algorithm called Enhanced Binary JADE (EBJADE), which combines differential evolution with multi-population and elites regeneration. The primary innovation of this paper lies in the introduction of strategy with enhanced exploitation capabilities. This strategy is based on utilizing the sorting of three vectors from the current generation to perturb the target vector. By introducing directional differences, guiding the search towards improved solutions. Additionally, this study adopts a multi-population method with a rewarding subpopulation to dynamically adjust the allocation of two different mutation strategies. Finally, the paper incorporates the sampling concept of elite individuals from the Estimation of Distribution Algorithm (EDA) to regenerate new solutions through the selection process in DE. Experimental results, using the CEC2014 benchmark tests, demonstrate the strong competitiveness and superior performance of the proposed algorithm.
Abstract The Dead Sea Fault (DSF) is a crustal‐scale continental transform fault separating the African and the Arabian plates. Neogene to Quaternary volcanic activity is well‐spread in Northern Israel. Yet, the origin of the magmas that fed the eruptions is still unpinned. Our local earthquake tomography depicts velocity distributions typical of rifting settings. At 9 km depth, a prominent high Vp/Vs anomaly marks the presence of cooling melts. We propose that protracted transtension along the DSF caused crustal thinning promoting the emplacement of magmatic bodies. Crustal emplacements of magmas in Northern Israel reconcile multiple observations, including the high geothermal gradient, the prominent magnetic anomalies and the traces of mantle‐derived fluids in the springs across the Sea of Galilee. We provide a compelling evidence for rifting in segments of the DSF and identify the potential source of magmatism that fed part of the volcanic activity of the area.
This work used electroshocking treatment (EST) plus external loading to regulate the microstructure of titanium matrix composites (TMCs). The external loading was 0.3 MPa. After EST plus external loading with 0.3 MPa, the α was reduced to 2.53 μm in size. The percentage of high angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) in α increased first and then decreased. The percent of HAGBs in TiB decreased, mainly due to the introduction of abundant dislocations in the TiB/matrix interface after EST. After EST, the maximum texture strength of TiB decreased from 13.09 to 12.97, and that of α decreased from 3.11 to 1.58. After EST under external loading with 0.3 MPa, the maximum texture strength of TiB decreased to 8.10. The orientation of TiB experienced significant variation. TEM results showed that TiB and α formed a distorted interface after EST under external loading with 0.3 MPa. The interplanar spacing of TiB and α was varied. All results show that the texture of TMCs can be relieved by EST plus external loading with 0.3 MPa. It is mainly attributed to the thermal and athermal effects and the imposed external loads with EST. EST plus external loading provides a new method for manipulating the microstructure of TMCs.
In the twentieth century, in the field of textile art there were exhibition events that caused major changes in the attitude
of artists and the public towards the two-dimensional or three-dimensional textile art object. Throughout its evolution, the
textile art has undergone transformations and turning points, in line with the dominant artistic trends and styles of the time. From the first manifestations in consecrated form, that of a two-dimensional decorative object made of textile fibers in specific
weaving techniques, and until now it has oscillated one after the other between the status of first-rate art and applied art, being
closely linked to the craft of weaving that preceded it.
Louise G. Køhler, Bastian Huwer, José Martín Pujolar
et al.
This data article includes a qualitative and quantitative description of the gelatinous macrozooplankton community of the North Sea during January-February 2021. Sampling was conducted during the 1st quarter International Bottom Trawl Survey (IBTS) on board the Danish R/V DANA (DTU Aqua Denmark) and the Swedish R/V Svea (SLU Sweden), as part of the ichthyoplankton investigation during night-time. A total of 147 stations were investigated in the western, central and eastern North Sea as well as the Skagerrak and Kattegat. Sampling was conducted with a 13 m long Midwater Ring Net (MIK net, Ø 2 m, mesh size 1.6 mm, cod end with smaller mesh size of 500 µm), equipped with a flow meter. The MIK net was deployed in double oblique hauls from the surface to c. 5 m above the sea floor [1,2]. Samples were visually analysed unpreserved on a light table and/or with a stereomicroscope or magnifying lamp within 2 hours after catch. A total of 13,510 individuals were counted/sized. Twelve gelatinous macrozooplankton species or genera were encountered, namely the hydrozoan Aequorea vitrina, Aglantha digitale, Clytia spp., Leuckartiara octona, Tima bairdii, Muggiaea atlantica; the scyphozoans Cyanea capillata and Cyanea lamarckii and the ctenophores Beroe spp., Bolinopsis infundibulum, Mnemiopsis leidyi, Pleurobrachia pileus. Abundance data are presented on a volume specific (m−3) and area specific (m−2) basis. Size data have been used to estimate wet weights based on published length-weight regressions (see Table 1). For the groups i) hydrozoan jellyfish, ii) scyphozoan jellyfish, iii) ctenophores, as well as iv) grouped gelatinous macrozooplankton, spatial weight specific distribution patterns are presented. This unpublished dataset contributes baseline information about the gelatinous macrozooplankton diversity and its specific distribution patterns in the extended North Sea area during winter (January-February) 2021. These data can be an important contribution to address global change impacts on marine systems, especially considering gelatinous macrozooplankton abundance changes in relation to anthropogenic stressors.
Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, Science (General)
A facile one-pot hydrothermal method has been demonstrated for the fabrication of an innovative hydrangea-like NiSe/FeSe2 nanocatalyst for boosting oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Benefitting from the advantages of the porous architecture, high specific surface area, facilitated electron transfer rate, an ultralow overpotential of merely 210 mV is required for the optimized NiSe/FeSe2(1:1.5) to drive the electrocatalytic water oxidation to reach to 10 mA cm−2. Moreover, by equipping NiSe/FeSe2(1:1.5) with Pt/C for electrochemical water splitting, a cell potential of merely 1.60 V is demanded to attain 10 mA cm−2, even outperforming the IrO2 ‖ Pt/C couple. More importantly, the structure and morphology of NiSe/FeSe2(1:1.5) are still well maintained after a long-term chronopotentiometry test. This work opens a new avenue for constructing effective and durable non-precious electrocatalysts for OER.
Fabiana Pimenta, Robert E. Gertz, So Hee Park
et al.
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a highly impactful bacterial pathogen on a global scale. The principal pneumococcal virulence factor and target of effective vaccines is its polysaccharide capsule, of which there are many structurally distinct forms. Here, we describe four distinct strains of three Mitis group commensal species (Streptococcus infantis, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus oralis) recovered from upper respiratory tract specimens from adults in Kenya and the United States that were PCR-positive for the pneumococcal serotype 5 specific gene, wzy5. For each of the four strains, the 15 genes comprising the capsular polysaccharide biosynthetic gene cluster (cps5) shared the same order found in serotype 5 pneumococci, and each of the serotype 5-specific genes from the serotype 5 pneumococcal reference strain shared 76–99% sequence identity with the non-pneumococcal counterparts. Double-diffusion experiments demonstrated specific reactivity of the non-pneumococcal strains with pneumococcal serotype 5 typing sera. Antiserum raised against S. mitis strain KE67013 specifically reacted with serotype 5 pneumococci for a positive Quellung reaction and stimulated serotype 5 specific opsonophagocytic killing of pneumococci. Four additional commensal strains, identified using PCR serotyping assays on pharyngeal specimens, revealed loci highly homologous to those of pneumococci of serotypes 12F, 15A, 18C, and 33F. These data, in particular the species and strain diversity shown for serotype 5, highlight the existence of a broad non-pneumococcal species reservoir in the upper respiratory tract for the expression of capsular polysaccharides that are structurally related or identical to those corresponding to epidemiologically significant serotypes. Very little is known about the genetic and antigenic capsular diversity among the vast array of commensal streptococcal strains that represent multiple diverse species. The discovery of serotype 5 strains within three different commensal species suggests that extensive capsular serologic overlap exists between pneumococci and other members of the diverse Mitis group. These findings may have implications for our current understanding of naturally acquired immunity to S. pneumoniae and pneumococcal serotype distributions in different global regions. Further characterization of commensal strains carrying homologs of serotype-specific genes previously thought to be specific for pneumococci of known serotypes may shed light on the evolution of these important loci.
The lining of tunnel is the principal part in ensuring its usage for transportation or utilities. Maintenance during operation is the way to keep structure in the state of high performance. To consider the efficiency of maintenance within limited resources (maintenance cost), state-oriented maintenance (SOM) approach is proposed. The SOM approach takes service state of the tunnel lining as a levelled target which should be maintained by different degrees of repairing measures. The evolution of service state of tunnel lining is modelled as a non-stationary Gamma process in this investigation, as this process can characteristic the variations of degradation rates. Two cases of numerical analysis with SOM approach give their lifetime maintenance costs. Case one (MS-1) sets SOM strategy with two-levelled service state. The other case (MS-2) adopts SOM strategy with multi-levelled service state. The numerical results demonstrate that the later one would reduce maintenance cost during the whole service life of tunnel lining.
We point out that in the first order time-dependent perturbation theory, the transition probability may behave nonsmoothly in time and have kinks periodically. Moreover, the detailed temporal evolution can be sensitive to the exact locations of the eigenvalues in the continuum spectrum, in contrast to coarse-graining ideas. Underlying this nonsmooth and level-resolved dynamics is a simple equality about the sinc function $\sinc x \equiv \sin x / x$. These physical effects appear in many systems with approximately equally spaced spectra, and is also
robust for larger-amplitude coupling beyond the domain of perturbation theory.
We use a one-dimensional periodically driven tight-binding model to illustrate these effects, both within and outside the perturbative regime.