Hasil untuk "Civil law"

András Tóth

A tanulmány bemutatja az Európai Unió digitális ágazatot érintő fogyasztóvédelmi szabályozását, különös tekintettel a tisztességtelen kereskedelmi gyakorlatokról szóló (UCP) irányelvre és annak kapcsolatára a digitális szolgáltatásokról szóló rendelettel, valamint az árak feltüntetéséről szóló PID-vel. Kiemeli az online platformok kapuőri szerepéből fakadó többletfelelősséget, amely elsősorban a rangsorolás, a célzott hirdetések és a sötét mintázatok tilalmának területén jelentkezik. A DSA előírja a platformoknak, hogy tegyék átláthatóvá a rangsorolási algoritmusaikat, valamint biztosítsák a fogyasztói jogok érvényesülését a kereskedői információk feltüntetésével. A tanulmány bemutatja továbbá, miként segíti a UCP irányelv a fogyasztói értékelések hitelességének megőrzését és a kiskorúak védelmét. Nagy hangsúlyt kap a célzott reklámok jogalapjául szolgáló hozzájárulás, amelynek szükségességét az általános adatvédelmi rendelet és bizonyos esetekben a digitális piacokról szóló rendelet is megerősíti. A pay-or-consent modell szintén felmerül mint a személyes adatokkal vagy díjfizetéssel történő ellenszolgáltatás kérdése. Mindezek a szabályok kiegészítik egymást, hozzájárulva ahhoz, hogy a digitalizált piaci környezetben a fogyasztók tájékozott döntéseket hozhassanak és hatékony jogvédelmet élvezhessenek.

Rafael Oliveira Soares, Marcos Ehrhardt Júnior

O presente estudo buscar compreender como o direito fundamental à privacidade deve ser interpretado e aplicado no ambiente virtual, a fim de mitigar os riscos e danos decorrentes de tecnologias disruptivas. Levanta-se como problema central se a coleta e a comercialização de dados pessoais, naquilo que se convencionou chamar capitalismo de vigilância (surveillance capitalism), mostram-se compatíveis com o ordenamento nacional e com seus valores constitucionais, notadamente seu fundamento-mor, a dignidade da pessoa humana. Deve-se advogar pelo fim do comércio de dados pessoais e pelo fim dessa nova modalidade de capitalismo que despersonaliza os indivíduos? Para responder a tais questionamentos, utilizou-se o método dedutivo para a composição textual do presente trabalho, mediante a revisão de literatura, em especial sobre textos que tratam do direito à privacidade, dos direitos da personalidade e do direito constitucional, aliados à análise da legislação constitucional e infraconstitucional sobre o assunto. Ao final, conclui-se que esse “novo” modelo de capitalismo não só é moralmente reprovável, como se encontra em desacordo com os valores e fundamentos do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, notadamente a dignidade humana (art. 1, III, da CF/88), representando perigos para os usuários, suas liberdades individuais e, até mesmo, para o sistema democrático.

Sahra Svensson-Hoglund, Jennifer D. Russell, Jessika Luth Richter et al.

The Circular Economy (CE) concept continues to garner significant attention from stakeholders. Yet, what a CE entails in its realized state remains insufficiently articulated, particularly for product users. This study introduces a multilevel systems model that conceptualizes an economy-wide, fully implemented CE from the perspective of the product user. The focus is on the foundational tenets of CE theory, namely the flows of materials, products, and components in the specific context of durable consumer products. The model's development follows a sequential method and is empirically tested and refined through a Delphi study involving 14 experts in CE and sufficiency. First, this model clarifies the composition, elements, and structure of the consumption system in a realized CE. Notably, elements often relegated to the background, such as contextual settings, are foregrounded to enable a more comprehensive analysis of factors involved in CE behaviors. The model provides a structured foundation for systematic exploration of potential implications for product users, which can be expanded in future research to include additional dimensions (e.g., social and ecological). Second, the multileveled nature of the model and mapping of the diverse flows and interactions shaping product users' reality in a realized CE allows for systematic integration of consumption (i.e., more concrete from the perspective of the product user) and production (i.e., more abstract) systems. As such, the model introduces an integrated product-system lens for bridging multi- and interdisciplinary areas of sustainable consumption and production. The paper concludes by outlining avenues for future research and potential applications of the model.

S. Dzhenzher, V. Sakbaev

We consider random operators $Ω\to \mathcal{L}(\ell_p, \ell_p)$ for some $1 \leqslant p < \infty$. The law of large numbers is known in the case $p=2$ in the form of usual law of large numbers. Instead of sum of i.i.d. variables there may be considered the composition of random semigroups $e^{A_i t/n}$. We obtain the law of large numbers for the case $p \leqslant 2$.

Reshma Anna-Thomas, Sarah Burke-Spolaor, Casey J. Law et al.

We report on the detection of radio bursts from the Galactic bulge using the real-time transient detection and localization system, realfast. The pulses were detected commensally on the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array during a survey of unidentified Fermi $γ$-ray sources. The bursts were localized to subarcsecond precision using realfast fast-sampled imaging. Follow-up observations with the Green Bank Telescope detected additional bursts from the same source. The bursts do not exhibit periodicity in a search up to periods of 480 s, assuming a duty cycle of < 20%. The pulses are nearly 100% linearly polarized, showing circular polarization up to 12%, and exhibit variable scattering on timescales of months. The arcsecond-level realfast localization links the source confidently with the Fermi $γ$-ray source and places it nearby (though not coincident with) an XMM-Newton X-ray source. Based on the source's overall properties, we discuss various options for the nature of this object and propose that it could be a young pulsar, a magnetar, or a binary pulsar system.

Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius, Nina Baranowska, Philipp Hacker et al.

This brief paper provides an introduction to non-discrimination law in Europe. It answers the questions: What are the key characteristics of non-discrimination law in Europe, and how do the different statutes relate to one another? Our main target group is computer scientists and users of artificial intelligence (AI) interested in an introduction to non-discrimination law in Europe. Notably, non-discrimination law in Europe differs significantly from non-discrimination law in other countries, such as the US. We aim to describe the law in such a way that non-lawyers and non-European lawyers can easily grasp its contents and challenges. The paper shows that the human right to non-discrimination, to some extent, protects individuals against private actors, such as companies. We introduce the EU-wide non-discrimination rules which are included in a number of EU directives, and also explain the difference between direct and indirect discrimination. Significantly, an organization can be fined for indirect discrimination even if the company, or its AI system, discriminated by accident. The last section broadens the horizon to include bias-relevant law and cases from the GDPR, the EU AI Act, and related statutes. Finally, we give reading tips for those inclined to learn more about non-discrimination law in Europe.

Yongming Chen, Miner Chen, Ye Zhu et al.

Judicial efficiency is critical to social stability. However, in many countries worldwide, grassroots courts face substantial case backlogs, and judicial decisions remain heavily dependent on judges' cognitive efforts, with insufficient intelligent tools to enhance efficiency. To address this issue, we propose a highly efficient law article recommendation approach combining a Knowledge Graph (KG) and a Large Language Model (LLM). First, we construct a Case-Enhanced Law Article Knowledge Graph (CLAKG) to store current law articles, historical case information, and their interconnections, alongside an LLM-based automated construction method. Building on this, we propose a closed-loop law article recommendation framework integrating graph embedding-based retrieval and KG-grounded LLM reasoning. Experiments on judgment documents from China Judgments Online demonstrate that our method boosts law article recommendation accuracy from 0.549 to 0.694, outperforming strong baselines significantly. To support reproducibility and future research, all source code and processed datasets are publicly available on GitHub (see Data Availability Statement).

Danny José Cevallos C.

Este trabajo revisa la institución del amparo dentro del Estado constitucional de Derecho, en la cultura jurídica del civil law. Se defiende la tesis de que la institución procesal del amparo no es teóricamente necesaria –en sentido lógico– para la existencia del Estado constitucional; las razones para justificar su implementación son entonces de tipo práctico. Se argumenta también que, con base en el constitucionalismo jurídico y tomándose en serio el proceso de constitucionalización de los ordenamientos, es posible estipular una concepción general del amparo e inferir un modelo óptimo, ajustado a las propiedades del Estado constitucional, que armoniza lo relevante de los actuales modelos europeo y latinoamericano y diluye sus problemas. Este modelo óptimo es el que deben tener presente quienes decidan implementar o mantener (con ajustes) la institución procesal del amparo.

Héctor Enrique Lama More

El emplazamiento judicial promovido por el propietario contra el poseedor ad usucapionem es, en el derecho comparado, un supuesto de interrupción al que se le denomina interrupción civil. El autor aborda este acto procesal y sus efectos a la luz de nuestro ordenamiento jurídico patrimonial y establece que con ello no se produce interrupción alguna, ni del término ni de la usucapión misma. Para ello, realiza un breve análisis histórico de la usucapión y la prescripción, distinguiendo una figura de la otra y, señalando que con la primera se adquiere la propiedad con vista solo al poseedor, mientras que con la segunda esta opera, además, con vista también al propietario, es decir, verificando si este fue o no diligente. Asimismo, el autor explica la razón por la cual en la legislación comparada que cita se regulan la suspensión del plazo prescriptorio y la interrupción civil –que están referidas a la conducta del propietario–, las que son inexistentes en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico.

Maxwell Cobar, Carlos Montalvo

This paper details the implementation of a two stage underactuated control law for a CubeSat to reduce all angular rates to zero. This CubeSat has a diagonal inertia matrix where the principal axes of inertia are not equal. This is needed for momentum transfer between axes as shown by previous work in this area. The momentum transfer will provide control to the uncontrolled axis to reduce all angular rates of a CubeSat to zero. The underactuated control utilizes actuators on only two axes but still reduces all three angular rates to zero. The first stage utilizes one axis to control the uncontrolled axis to zero and then the second stage reduces the other two axes to zero. This control law is similar to other piece wise control laws but the difference lies in only using one axis to control the third axis. The control mechanism is an integrated two axis propulsion system. The control law is derived to show its viability and a fully non-linear six degree of freedom simulation tool is utilized to verify the derivation. The simulation tool is developed by the Facility of Aerospace Systems and Technology. Simulation results are shown for a 1U, 2U, and 6U CubeSat with three and two axis control. The two stage underactuated control law is compared to a proportional controller as well as a feedback linearization control law for comparison.

Consejo Ejecutivo

Mahshid Tajedini, Manochehr Tabibian, Masoud Elahi

Objective: The development of justice in civil societies and overcoming existing inequalities requires the provision of philosophical foundations and the principles of the realization of the concept of urban justice. Efforts to achieve this goal are made by explaining the thinking course of various philosophers on the subject of justice and how to implement its implementation process. Hence, the new paradigm of urban justice is based on the three dimensions of justice (law, ethics, and civilization) and four basic dimensions (substantive, formal, distributive, and structural). Accordingly, the realization of this paradigm in Farahzad Tehran is evaluated. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of the urban justice paradigm on decreeing environmental inequalities. Methods: The present research is applied-developmental in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the research method used. The method of data collection was documentary and field. Also, the statistical population of the study consists of residents, users, experts and city officials.The results were analyzed in SPSS software based on descriptive statistics (qualitative, average, and standard deviation items) and inferential statistics (weighting of Bogardus, one-sample t-test, and Pearson correlation items). Results: The results of the Bogardus scale data indicate a large social distance and an undesirable level of acceptance among the residents of Farahzad. In addition, the data of one-sample t-test and Pearson correlation analysis in Delphi questionnaire and measuring the application of local paradigm of urban justice in the ratified plan of urban-oriented organizing of Farahzad, show the favorable status of this plan in terms of law and ethics against the unfavorable conditions of socialism dimension, from the viewpoint of experts. Conclusion: Therefore, The results of the research indicate the existence of deep gaps and shortcomings in the field of realization of various aspects of urban justice in Farahzad area compared to the surrounding areas. On this basis, the existence of a direct relationship between distributive justice and structural justice in the field of urban justice paradigm is shown. These funds will be adopted and monitored in the formal dimension of urban justice and based on interactive policies.

Zhi Wu Jiang, Hang Ding, Er Qiang Li

In 1687, Sir Issac Newton published The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy in which the law of universal gravitation was derived. It is the first inverse-square law discovered in nature, combined with Coulomb's law in 1785, the two famous inverse-square laws become part of the foundation of physics. Why does nature prefer inverse-square laws over the laws of other forms? The question is still arousing broad discussion, and it is an important topic in physics. So far, the origin of inverse-square law is still under exploration although from the point of reductionism, the law of universal gravitation can be treated as the approximation of Einstein's general relativity under weak gravitation, and Coulomb's law could be derived from quantum electrodynamics. Here we discover a new inverse-square law between evaporating droplets deposited on a high energy solid substrate. For binary droplets, we show that the evaporation from a source droplet will create a surface tension gradient in the precursor film of a target droplet, resulting in a long-range inverse-square law force acting on the target droplet, and that the inverse proportion decay of the source vapor concentration in the space essentially contributes to the inverse-square form of the force. Furthermore, the inverse-square law force here is shown to hold for all experimental parameters tested, and other systems such as pure-liquid-droplet system and thermocapillary system, and it satisfies the superposition principle, not only suggesting exciting directions for future droplet research and applications, but also benefiting understanding of nature's predilection for inverse-square law.

Surya Kant Sahu, Abhinav Java, Arshad Shaikh et al.

Benford's Law (BL) or the Significant Digit Law defines the probability distribution of the first digit of numerical values in a data sample. This Law is observed in many naturally occurring datasets. It can be seen as a measure of naturalness of a given distribution and finds its application in areas like anomaly and fraud detection. In this work, we address the following question: Is the distribution of the Neural Network parameters related to the network's generalization capability? To that end, we first define a metric, MLH (Model Enthalpy), that measures the closeness of a set of numbers to Benford's Law and we show empirically that it is a strong predictor of Validation Accuracy. Second, we use MLH as an alternative to Validation Accuracy for Early Stopping, removing the need for a Validation set. We provide experimental evidence that even if the optimal size of the validation set is known before-hand, the peak test accuracy attained is lower than not using a validation set at all. Finally, we investigate the connection of BL to Free Energy Principle and First Law of Thermodynamics, showing that MLH is a component of the internal energy of the learning system and optimization as an analogy to minimizing the total energy to attain equilibrium.

Laras Astuti, Heri Purwanto

Penyalahgunaan penggunaan internet banyak dilakukan oleh anak-anak terutama dalam aktivitas seksual. Kajian ini penting untuk dianalisis karena banyaknya anak-anak yang terjerat tidak hanya menjadi korban tetapi juga menjadi pelaku dalam aktivitas tersebut yang dikenal dengan kejahatan “seks mayantara”. Contoh dari kejahatan “seks mayantara” antara lain cyber pornografi, cyber prostitution, dan cyber sex. Penegakan hukum terhadap tindak pidana tersebut dapat dilihat melalui pendekatan terhadap undang-undang antara lain, KUHP, Undang-Undang ITE, dan Undang-Undang Anti Pornografi. Melalui pendekatan normatif ditemukan bahwa penegakan hukum tersebut dapat dilihat dari penerapan sanksinya yang disesuaikan dengan batas umur anak, tindak pidana yang dilakukan sebagaimana yang tertuang dalam Undang-Undang Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak. Prosedur penyelesaian terhadap anak sebagai pelaku harus mengutamakan proses diversi sepanjang syarat diversi terpenuhi.

Casey J. Law, Ben Margalit, Nipuni T. Palliyaguru et al.

The last decade has seen the rapid, concurrent development of new classes of energetic astrophysical transients, including Fast Radio Bursts, Superluminous Supernovae, and ultralong gamma-ray bursts. We consider the implications of an emerging consensus on the origin of these diverse phenomena as different signatures of magnetar birth. We describe how magnetar-powered radio transients from milliseconds to gigaseconds will be used to address diverse physical questions related to the stellar evolution and death, the circum- and intergalactic medium, and fundamental physics on scales ranging from the quantum to cosmological. We argue that high-sensitivity radio interferometer concepts in development will be critical to accessing this science. There is also a growing need for scientists with expertise in new statistical tools and software techniques.

Tatsuru Kobayashi, Kumiko Tanaka-Ishii

Taylor's law describes the fluctuation characteristics underlying a system in which the variance of an event within a time span grows by a power law with respect to the mean. Although Taylor's law has been applied in many natural and social systems, its application for language has been scarce. This article describes a new quantification of Taylor's law in natural language and reports an analysis of over 1100 texts across 14 languages. The Taylor exponents of written natural language texts were found to exhibit almost the same value. The exponent was also compared for other language-related data, such as the child-directed speech, music, and programming language code. The results show how the Taylor exponent serves to quantify the fundamental structural complexity underlying linguistic time series. The article also shows the applicability of these findings in evaluating language models.

Giorgio Gaja

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2016 1(3), 791-801 | Article | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. The role of the ECHR in the interpretation of the Charter. - III. The role of international instruments other than the European Convention. - IV. The interpretation given by the relevant treaty body. - V. The effects of international instruments on the level of protection. | (Abstract) This article examines how international instruments for the protection of human rights may affect the interpretation of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (Charter). In doing so, it first reflects on the role of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in the interpretation of the Charter. The paper then considers the role of other international instruments, as they may be relevant in the interpretation of the Charter. The need to consider these instruments appears particularly clear when the explanations relating to the Charter refer to them in a manner suggesting that the instrument and the Charter protect corresponding rights. When an instrument is relevant, there is the need to take into account the interpretation given by the relevant treaty body established for reviewing the application of the specific instrument, such as the European Court of Human Rights with regard to the ECHR, or the Human Rights Committee with regard to the UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Finally, the paper recalls that the Charter may not be invoked in order to restrict the protection of rights protected by international instruments, thus barring the possible attribution of negative effects to the Charter under EU law.

Jelena Matijašević-Obradović, Nenad Stefanović

DOMESTIC violence has recently become a very significant problem. Available information indicate that domestic violence has serious social and individual consequences and that its victims are more often women and children than adult males. Domestic violence is a very complex phenomenon. There is no single view of behaviors considered to be violent. Domestic violence usually involves a physical abuse, and, according to some authors, both sexual abuse and psychological violence are regular companions of a physical violence. If we take into consideration the causes of such a manifested violent behavior, it is recognized that the transition period is, among other things, characterized by the high degree of instability and existential uncertainty, so the factors leading to the manifestation of the range of possibilities of a violent behavior in a family, are really numerous and very distinct. The main attention of this paper is focused on the provisions of the Family Law relating to the above matter, the Criminal Code, which regulates criminal offense of domestic violence, and the Law on prevention of domestic violence.

Rudi Salam Sinaga

Good Governance emphasizes attention to realize that there are some essential elements in good governance namely Accuntability, Participation, predictability, and Transparency. Another important thing is not to lose should be fulfilled in the realization of good governance is to honor law enforcement presence that is jointly supervised by public. This study aims to examine the reality of the phenomenon of conflict between the discourse of anti-corruption commission (KPK) with the Indonesian National Police (INP) related discourse “gecko versus crocodile”. This study will look at how the existence of Civil Society in conducting excitations to the creation of good governance in Indonesia, Study on chaotic discourse Versus the Police Commission. This research was descriptive qualitative method of data collection techniques using analytical approach to literature and media discourse. The results of this study indicate the presence of public power that collectively perform excitation in to the realization supermacy of law.