Hasil untuk "History of Central Europe"

Zbigniew Robak

Early medieval swords, Carolingian or Viking, are treated and usually discussed in the literature as finds related to elites. In real life, however, second-grade swords were also made, and old and used weapons were repaired and traded. Lower-quality items were used by people with aspirations who could not afford to acquire expensive signs of status. Here, the author describes the find of a Carolingian-type sword from Varín in Northwestern Slovakia, which is determined to be a difficult-to-classify, low-end, early medieval product. However, it fits into the historical context of Carolingian times, when a class of new European nobility was forming. These considerations shed new light on the genesis of this social group.

Josephine Porter

This paper poses the question, “how enlightened was German-speaking central Europe around 1800?” The initial idea was to explore how marginalized groups accessed the German Enlightenment. During the process of writing, it developed into a wider exploration of female Jewish identity. This revised and lengthened paper, therefore, has become a critical analysis of civil society’s perception of Jewish female participants and their unique identity in nineteenth-century Germany.

Agnieszka Půlpánová-Reszczyńska, Joanna Witan, Helena Březinová et al.

Článek je zaměřen na žárový pohřeb v bronzovém vědru, prozkoumaný v roce 2019 na pohřebišti v Nezabylicích (SZ Čechy) a datovaný do fáze B2b doby římské. Pohřby v kovových urnách doby římské jsou ve středoevropském barbariku obvykle spojovány s mužskými bojovníky. Naproti tomu antropologické určení spolu s rozborem výbavy hrobu z Nezabylic ukázaly, že v něm byla uložena kremace staršího dospělého jedince, nejspíše ženy. Prezentovaný soubor patří v Čechách do řídce doložené skupiny hrobů se třemi sponami ve výbavě. Přináší cenné poznatky na téma složení ženského kroje u polabských Germánů ve vyspělých fázích starší doby římské, zvláště s ohledem na výskyt železné kolínkovité spony. Výjimečnost souboru podtrhuje importované vědro östlandského typu sloužící jako urna. Studie ukazuje, že pohřby v obdobných kovových urnách jsou v Čechách z poloviny zastoupeny muži s výzbrojí a více než ze čtvrtiny dospělými ženami. Jejich přítomnost na nekropolích starší doby římské může být chápána jako manifestace a sebeprezentace elitních skupin labsko-germánské společnosti.

Martin Bauch, Christian Oertel

This paper aims to enhance our knowledge about late-medieval epidemic outbreaks in specific parts of Eastern Central Europe. The first part on modern-day Eastern Germany discusses narrative evidence and its use in the current research on plague history, before bringing in municipal records on testaments and conveyances from Görlitz and Stralsund for the reconstruction of seasonality and mortality rates, as well as funeral inscriptions and pictorial evidence from Erfurt as indirect indicators of plague waves. After a brief discussion of the scarce narrative sources, the second part of the paper concerning Bohemia works with the evidence of the Libri Confirmationum, a source originating from the chancellery of the archbishops of Prague. Every new appointment to a benefice was supposed to be approved by one of the vicars general of the archbishop, and this confirmation usually gives the reason for the vacancy. Expanding on Eduard Maur’s research, death statistics and their frequency are analyzed statistically. The paper provides insight into new evidence for the reconstruction of plague waves, mortality rates and seasonality, and thereby highlights the characteristics of the plague in Eastern Central Europe.

Ajkay Alinka

The only complete copy of Tamás Balásfi’s Epinicia Benedicto Nagi known today is preserved among the old books at the Batthyaneum in Alba Iulia (Gyulafehérvár). This work was published in Pozsony in 1616. According to current knowledge, only three copies of this small volume, consisting of about forty pages, have survived. The copy in the Hungarian National Library is missing the entire first sheet (A), including the title page and dedication, as well as two pages from the end. This small book is particularly significant for the study of Péter Pázmány’s controversial writings before his archbishopric, representing the final piece in a series of polemics (1614–1616) written against the Lutherans of Western Transdanubia. Pázmány became archbishop in 1616 and was either unable or unwilling to continue engaging in this controversy, leaving Tamás Balásfi to conclude the polemic on his behalf. At the end of this paper, I will provide a transcription of a missing part from the Budapest copy: the Latin dedication at the beginning of the book.

Fatma SUSAM

This historical analysis delves into the concept of patient safety during the reign of Hammurabi, the sixth king of Babylon, from approximately 1792 to 1750 BCE, comparing it to various historical periods. Patient safety, a central element of modern healthcare, is explored in the context of Hammurabi's legacy, primarily his Code, one of the earliest known legal codes in human history. The legal provisions addressing medical practices within the Code reveal the paramount importance placed on preserving life and well-being in ancient Babylon, laying the groundwork for contemporary patient safety principles. The study compares patient safety practices in Hammurabi's time to different historical eras, including Old Egypt, the era of Hippocrates, the Ottoman Empire, 19th-century Europe, and the present day, offering valuable insights into the evolution of medical care and ethical standards. Notably, Hammurabi's era demonstrated a nuanced approach to medical ethics, incorporating principles of proportional punishment for medical malpractice. The comparative analysis highlights the remarkable progress in patient safety and healthcare practices over time, underlining the enduring commitment to safeguarding patient well-being and the establishment of accountability for medical practitioners. This comprehensive examination of patient safety practices across diverse historical periods underscores the significant advancements made in healthcare and patient care, ultimately reinforcing the importance of preserving and improving the well-being of individuals in need.

Katri Ratia

Rainbow Gatherings are one of the earliest forerunners of transformative events, with a history spanning five decades. These noncommercial, cocreated, and inclusive meetings have a global spread, offering radical alternatives to social organization and political processes. This essay examines the alternative political model of Rainbow Gatherings through the lens of material culture studies. The analysis follows an object biography of the ritual artifact known as the Talking Stick, central to Rainbow’s political practices, and explores the meaning of the object in material, symbolic, and instrumental senses. Drawing on ethnographic field work at fourteen Rainbow Gatherings across Europe, the essay concludes that organizational models contribute to the transformational potential of events.

Sylwia Jędrzejewska

Bearing in mind the interdisciplinary nature of the origin of Slavs, in the process of reviewing the issue in relation with archaeology, the debate and the results of research carried out by representatives of other areas of science must be taken into consideration. The goal of this article is a review of the published results of an analysis of fossil and contemporary genetic material, coupled with discussing interpretation thereof in relation with the issue at hand. The work presents a selection of surveys which, according to the author, provide representatives of humanities with insight into the latest state of research. The presentation is preceded by introductory information about the examined material and the analysis methods as well as the conditioning factors. A methodological challenge was faced in the form of connecting data provided by geneticists and the findings from other disciplines, including archaeology, as indicated in the final part of the article.

Stanislav Bárta

Marika Asztalos, Dinçer Ayaz, Yusuf Bayrakcı et al.

Using two mitochondrial DNA fragments and 13 microsatellite loci, we examined the phylogeographic structure and taxonomy of two codistributed snake species (Natrix natrix, N. tessellata) in their eastern distribution area, with a focus on Turkey. We found evidence for frequent interspecific hybridization, previously thought to be extremely rare, and for backcrosses. This underscores that closely related sympatric species should be studied together because otherwise the signal of hybridization will be missed. Furthermore, the phylogeographic patterns of the two species show many parallels, suggestive of a shared biogeographic history. In general, the phylogeographies follow the paradigm of southern richness to northern purity, but the dice snake has some additional lineages in the south and east in regions where grass snakes do not occur. For both species, the Balkan Peninsula and the Caucasus region served as glacial refugia, with several mitochondrial lineages occurring in close proximity. Our results show that the mitochondrial divergences in both species match nuclear genomic differentiation. Yet, in the former glacial refugia of grass snakes there are fewer nuclear clusters than mitochondrial lineages, suggesting that Holocene range expansions transformed the glacial hotspots in melting pots where only the mitochondrial lineages persisted, bearing witness of former diversity. On the other hand, the deep mitochondrial divergences in N. tessellata across its entire range indicate that more than one species could be involved, even though lacking microsatellite data outside of Turkey prevent firm conclusions. On the contrary, our microsatellite and mitochondrial data corroborate that N. megalocephala is invalid and not differentiated from sympatric populations of N. natrix. For Cypriot grass snakes, our analyses yielded conflicting results. A critical assessment of the available evidence suggests that N. natrix is a genetically impoverished recent invader on Cyprus and taxonomically not distinct from a subspecies also occurring in western Anatolia and the southern Balkans. Based on combined mitochondrial and nuclear genomic evidence we propose that for grass snakes the following subspecies should be recognized in our study region: (1) Natrix natrix vulgaris Laurenti, 1768, southeastern Central Europe and northern Balkans; (2) Natrix natrix moreoticus (Bedriaga, 1882), southern Balkans, western Anatolia, and Cyprus; and (3) Natrix natrix scutata (Pallas, 1771), eastern Anatolia, Caucasus region, Iran, northeastern distribution range (from eastern Poland and Finland to Kazakhstan and the Lake Baikal region). Thus, Natrix natrix cypriaca (Hecht, 1930) becomes a junior synonym of N. n. moreoticus and Natrix natrix persa (Pallas, 1814) becomes a junior synonym of N. n. scutata. Due to insufficient material, we could not resolve the status of Natrix natrix syriaca (Hecht, 1930) from the Gulf of İskenderun, southeastern Turkey.

Nerijus Babinskas

Suzana Marjanić

Antropologija prosjačenja i ekohistorija zbirke Podgorske pripovijetke (1889.) Vjenceslava Novaka, gdje se često ističe antologijska Podgorska lutrijašica (Vijenac, 1889.), u odnosu na dijadu očevi/majke – kćeri/sinovi, dokumentira subalteran odnos iz pozicije časti prosjačkoga štapa u kojemu su roditelji pokvarenom smatrali djecu koja su se sramila prosjačenja. U drugome dijelu članka navedena Novakova tematika antropologije prosjačenja i solidarnosti postavljena je u kontekst sa socijalnim feljtonima Miroslava Krleže. U tjedniku Narodna zaštita namijenjenom, prema atribuciji u podnaslovu, ratnim nemoćnicima i siročadi, Krleža je 8. studenoga 1917. objavio feljton, kao svoj prvi članak o sirotinji, Kako stanuje sirotinja u Zagrebu? Drugi Krležin članak o sirotinji, feljton Narod koji gladuje, koji određuje kao varijantu o sijerku/metlama kojima se Hercegovci "hrane kao pogačom", pisan je na temu potresnih primjera strategija preživljavanja Hercegovaca koji su, u arealu borbi vlastitih izgladnjelih tijela, bili prisiljeni hraniti se sijerkom.

Jiří Mikulec

The study introduces an effort to achieve salvation for criminals who were sentenced to death during the Baroque period. It is based on a probe into the instructions for the treatment of people sentenced to death written for Roman Catholic priests and published during the 17th century. The author follows the spiritual preparations for an execution in the context of the Baroque concept of ‘good death’, which formed the core of the ‘Ars Moriendi’ literature. The texts are treated as normative historical sources, which influenced the period practice, but also were marked by it.

MIRKO BELAVIĆ

U radu se govori o djelovanju Podružnice Hrvatskog planinarskog društva Zavižan u Sv. Jurju, a temelji se na podatcima koji su pronađeni u Samoborskom muzeju, gdje su pohranjeni. Iznesene su činjenice o osnivanju, članovima i aktivnostima Podružnice. Navedeni su datumi održavanja skupština Podružnice i razlog prestanka njezina djelovanja te zalaganje vodstva Podružnice na rješavanje problema oko održavanja kuća na Zavižanu i u Rožanskim kukovima. Sveti Juraj se nalazi na putu prema sjevernom Velebitu i Senjskom bilu, pa je stoga osnivanje Podružnice značajno za planinare koji su posjećivali te krajeve jer su tu mogli dobiti informacije o stanju staza i kuće na Zavižanu.

MATIJA DRONJIĆ

Autor donosi sintezu višegodišnjih terenskih istraživanja Podgorja na temu predaja o tzv. "starom narodu", zakopanom blagu, fantastičnim bićima te događajima na granici stvarnosti i nemogućeg. Na temelju činjenice kako su mnogi zabilježeni sadržaji duboko usađeni u pripovjedačke tradicije lokalnog stanovništva i odnose se na točno određene lokacije, autor pokušava ocrtati konture predajnog krajolika prostora između Velebita i mora.

Tomáš Černušák

Intuition and forsight were very important preconditions of the papal nuncios. These features enabled them to act in the spirit of Curia diplomacy without any direct consultations with Rome if the situation required this. However, the nuncios' right or wrong steps could have led to unpleasant consequences, which can be seen on two examples from the Prague nunciature from the turn of the 16th and 17th century.

MIRA KOLAR DIMITRIJEVIĆ

U gradu Senju koji je bio kula pravaštva osnovane su na početku Prvoga svjetskog rata dvije podružnice Crvenog križa, obje pravaške orijentacije, ali međusobno suprotstavljene zbog različitih gospodarskih interesa. Jedna grupa je bila vezana uz obitelj Devčić a druga uz obitelj Krajacs. Loši odnosi unutar senjskih pravaša i ova podijeljenost odrazili su se i na radu senjskog Crvenog križa, koji je već u samom startu izgubio mogućnost uspješnog djelovanja, a umjesto otvorenja ratne bolnice napustili su Senj i gradski i kotarski liječnik i ostala je u gradu samo apoteka i mala bolnica. Senjski pravaši izgubili su do Prvoga svjetskog rata svoje najznačajnije ljude što je bilo posljedica privrednog propadanja od zadnje četvrti 19. stoljeća koje je započelo propašću jedrenjaštva i željezničkog zaobilaženja Senja.

ZORISLAV HORVAT

Turske su kule, bez obzira koliko slabo bile sačuvane, dio naše kulture, baštine i povijesti, dio naše realnosti. Njihova slaba sačuvanost posljedica je nebrige, koja se vuče još od dana oslobođenja od Turaka – Osmanske vlasti, kao dio narodnog i političkog (ne)raspoloženja kroz više od 160 godina vlasti i usađena neprijateljstva. Od razvijenih srednjovjekovnih hrvatskih krajeva turski su ratovi doveli život do ruba egzistencije i do opustošene zemlje. Tih 160 i više godina osmanske vlasti i strahova od njihova protagonista svjedoče i brojne kule raznih aga i begova hrvatskih i slavenskih imena(!). No, te su im kule trebale biti zaštita od okolna muslimanska stanovništva: čini se da im to krajem 17. stoljeća nije pomoglo. Ove kule također svjedoče koliko se malo osmanska vlast brinula za stanje tog, za njih, zabačenog dijela sandžaka u tom Carstvu. Pa i ovakva je Lika razvila svoje običaje i inačice u gradnji, koji su bili spoj provincijalizirane domaće, lokalne arhitekture i isto takve turske. Bila je ponešto različita od prethodne, srednjovjekovne hrvatske, ali i od one u matici, u susjednoj Bosni, a još više od onih važnijih, bližih Stambolu. Moglo bi se reći da su turske kule ustvari specifična ruralna arhitektura ovih krajeva – Like i Krbave. Nakon oslobođenja ovih krajeva, nastaje praznina u gradnji i oblikovanju jer se napušta prethodna varijanta arhitekture, a osjeća se traženje novih putova, pa čak i okretanje prema hrvatskoj srednjovjekovnoj arhitekturi pri gradnji novih i obnavljanju starih sakralnih objekata. Nažalost, Lika i Krbava nisu ni novim vlastima u Beču i Grazu, osim vojničke, bile važne. Ostao je tek niz planova nekih objekata i utvrđenja za obranu novih granica između dva carstva. Stare, turske kule su zaboravljene...

Ilja I Brusentsov, Alexey V Katokhin, Irina V Brusentsova et al.

Opisthorchis felineus or Siberian liver fluke is a trematode parasite (Opisthorchiidae) that infects the hepato-biliary system of humans and other mammals. Despite its public health significance, this wide-spread Eurasian species is one of the most poorly studied human liver flukes and nothing is known about its population genetic structure and demographic history. In this paper, we attempt to fill this gap for the first time and to explore the genetic diversity in O. felineus populations from Eastern Europe (Ukraine, European part of Russia), Northern Asia (Siberia) and Central Asia (Northern Kazakhstan). Analysis of marker DNA fragments from O. felineus mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and 3 (cox1, cox3) and nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) sequences revealed that genetic diversity is very low across the large geographic range of this species. Microevolutionary processes in populations of trematodes may well be influenced by their peculiar biology. Nevertheless, we suggest that lack of population genetics structure observed in O. felineus can be primarily explained by the Pleistocene glacial events and subsequent sudden population growth from a very limited group of founders. Rapid range expansion of O. felineus through Asian and European territories after severe bottleneck points to a high dispersal potential of this trematode species.

ANTONIA DOŠEN

Početkom 20. stoljeća Gospić nije imao kamenoklesara, ni kipara ni bilo kakve obrtničke radnje koja bi zadovoljila potražnju građana za stalno potrebnim nadgrobnim spomenicima ili općine za gradskom javnom skulpturom i skulpturalnom plastikom. Glavni ulaz u gospićko gradsko groblje Marije Magdalene sadrži grobnice još iz druge polovine 19. stoljeća, te su one, uz neogotičku kapelicu Marije Magdalene podignutu 1856. godine na groblju, svjedočanstvo nekih prošlih dana kada je Gospić doživljavao ubrzan gospodarski razvoj i napredak. Autor mnogih nadgrobnih spomenika na groblju je Stjepan Vukelić, koji je 1900. godine u Gospiću, uz suradnju još dvojice klesara Tome Zorice i Josipa Beuca, otvorio "Prvu ličku klesaonu za gradnju i umjetnost". U razdoblju od 1900. godine do početka Prvog svjetskog rata, Vukelić je bio najzastupljeniji klesar na gospićkom području, pa mu je osim nadgrobnih spomenika pripisan i rad na pilu Krista Spasitelja u Kaniškoj ulici u Gospiću.