Hasil untuk "History of Central Europe"

Tuya XiLin, Xiao-Lei He, Ya-Qiong Bi et al.

Koumiss is an acidic dairy beverage made from the raw milk of mares fermented by lactic acid bacteria and yeast, exhibiting country- and region-dependent differences. Koumiss development history dates back over a thousand years and this beverage has a broad consumer market in China, Russia, Europe, and Central Asia. Koumiss is rich in nutrients such as proteins, unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, and it displays multiple health benefits, including blood pressure- and cholesterol-reducing, parasitic disease treatment, antioxidant, sleep-improving, and immune regulatory effects. Research on koumiss fermentation as well as on the related strains and components has recently become a hot topic. However, the microbial diversity in koumiss, direct-vat starter development, industrial production, and the koumiss-related health benefits and underlying effector mechanisms require further exploration. To contribute to koumiss product development, this study summarised the key areas and hotspots in koumiss research and focused on the research progress related to the nutritional components, microbial diversity, health benefits, and production process of koumiss. This overview could help to identify bacterial types in koumiss, provide a reference for direct-vat starter development, and shed light on the health benefits of koumiss. Finally, this study would serve as a useful reference for koumiss quality control and koumiss product stability improvement.

Martina Đodan, Darko Smerdel, Valeriu Norocel-Nicolescu et al.

Coppices are traditional silvicultural form which is defined and regarded in quite diverse ways throughout its long history. This is the oldest way of forest management known to man, so this form is broadly spread throughout the Europe and the world. It encompasses different tree species and site conditions. This resulted in numerous and diverse approaches to coppice management, which are not only the result of site conditions and biology of tree species, but also of geo-political placement and complex historical and socio-economic circumstances. This is the situation present at Lika region, which is a quite interesting case study for analysis of coppice management. Moreover, it could be regarded as the example of specific coppice management case study for the Southeast Europe, distinctly differing from coppice management in Central Europe. Research provides insight into shaping of complex issues of coppice management in Lika region under specific bio-geographical, ecological, historical, and socio-economic circumstances. This is compared with examples of coppice management from European surrounding, so neglected coppices from Lika region are placed in the concept of contemporary coppice management regarded from recent scientific and expert perception. For example, research excluded coppices in Lika region as the ones with the longest rotations out of all European countries, low intensities of silvicultural efforts and conversion of European beech coppice which could be significantly optimized.

Olena M. Abrazumova

The article analyses the history of research and study of jewellery production by the people of the Middle and Upper Dnieper region in the late Roman period. One of the most recognizable products of the area and time in question are ornaments with carved enamels. The first attempts to understand them started over a century ago. During the first half of the 20th century, the ethnocultural affiliation of the circle of carved enamel decorations was debatable. With the selection of Kyiv culture (the indicated original products of applied art being among the signs thereof), another dimension is added to the study of enamelled jewellery. Modern archaeologists have not tired of the chronology, cataloguing and classification, technological, the artistic and stylistic aspects of the production of jewellery and metal parts of clothing of the Kyiv culture, or attempts at understanding of the phenomenon of recessed enamels. The rapid growth of the finds of jewellery and elements of clothing with carved enamels has led to another perception of their distribution and habitation, and the origins of the style of the jewellery of Kyiv masters.

Driussi Paolo

Hungarian displays a characteristic syntax, that within the generative approach was called non-configurational. For this reason its description is at least unusual, and it cannot be taught with the same formal concepts used for most of the other European languages.

Petro Medvіd'

Jarosław Reszczyński

The overview refers to the publication Kulturelle Vernetzung in Europa. Das Magdeburger Recht und seine Städte (eds. G. Köster, Ch. Link, H. Lück, Dresden: Sandstein Verlag, 2018). It contains 23 articles devoted to the shaping of urban centres in Central-Eastern Europe, based on an interdisciplinary approach. These centres developed from the 13th through the 18th centuries, following the Magdeburg legal model, under the influence of its legal culture. A similar economic and social context shaped comparable circumstances and transformation trends in these centres, regardless of ethnic diversity. Cities established under Magdeburg law shared a network of cultural links, both material and spiritual. The starting point of most of the texts is the history of urban law, and its transfer and adaptation to new areas. However, they also refer to the legal language, the development of written culture in law, the history of the cities’inhabitants and ethnic groups, and the history of urban development, archeology, and art.

Milan Kranjčević

Gacki čakavski govori s područja Otočca slabije su istraživani i dokumentirani. Ovim radom nastoji se ukazati da se i u ovako raritetnim temama mogu pronaći brojne fonološke i morfološke značajke govorā. Metoda istraživanja terensko je istraživanje, prije čega je konzultirana sva objavljena dijalektološka građa (npr. Rȋčnik gȁcke čakãvšćine, Kompolje – Narodni život i običaji, Tako se nekada živjelo i radilo u Gackoj i dr.). Za gacku čakavštinu tipično je da blagdani muških svetaca uglavnom nose imena ženskog roda (Jȍsipova, Jũrjeva, Ilȋnja…). Isto je i s nepersonaliziranim blagdanima srednjeg roda (Spȁsova, Tȇlova), gdje se zapravo radi o pridjevima koji su postali imenice (Jȍsipova ili Kižȅva mȁša…). Kod nekih se javlja metateza (Fajbȁnova – Fabijanovo; Lozȃrija – Rozalija, MB od Ružarija). Potvrđen je izostanak fonema /h/ (Dȏva – Duhovi, Mijȍlja − Miholje), a ponegdje se javlja i kontrakcija (Dȏva – Du(h)ova). Mogu se pronaći inače rijetki brojni pridjevi (na Blȁgovisti trȏjega mȇsa). Evidentna je i dosljedna primjena Jakubinski-Meyerova pravila u refleksiji jata (Svićnȉca, Stȉpanja, Tȇlova, Cvetnȉca, Čȉsta srȇda).

Catherine Baker

Your Face Sounds Familiar, a celebrity talent television format developed by the Dutch production company Endemol and first broadcast in Spain in 2011, has entertained audiences in more than forty countries with the sight of well-known professional musicians impersonating foreign and domestic stars through cross-gender drag and, on many national editions, cross-racial drag, with results that would widely be regarded as offensive blackface where this has already been extensively challenged as racist in public. In central/south-east Europe, however, blackface is sometimes justified by arguing that it cannot be a racist practice because these countries have not had the UK and USA’s history of colonialism and racial oppression. Through a study of the Croatian edition Tvoje lice zvuči poznato (2014–), where until 2020 blackface had rarely been publicly challenged, this paper explores how far a critical race studies lens towards blackface can also be applied there.

Václav Podlešák

This study describes the story of the Anna student resistance group, which was active in Brno between 1949 and 1951. Jan Strejcius, Zdeněk Janík, Milan Obrovský and Jiří Linhart formed the core of the group, which focused on the production of anti-communist printed materials with the purpose of activating Czechoslovak citizens and breaking the information embargo imposed by the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. In comparison with other Third Resistance student groups, it is clear that Anna was active for a longer than average period of time.

Stanislav Bárta

Charlie Smith

In 1583 the Habsburg emperor Rudolf II established Prague as his Residenzstadt and thus shifted the political center of gravity within Central Europe to his Bohemian capital. As a result, the city emerged as the focus of Europe’s intellectual and creative universe. Rudolf, whose curiosity was legendary, amassed a celebrated cabinet of curiosities with objects from afar afield as India. His imperial court attracted the Renaissance’s best artists and architects, while also cultivating an esoteric enclave in which alchemists vied for the sovereign’s patronage. Indeed, Rudolf sponsored the fervent exploration of alchemy in an attempt to create harmony within his discordant world. This article further demonstrates the ubiquity of alchemical intrigue within Prague, revealing a lexicon which served numerous interests both within and without the royal court. Alchemy, Hermetic philosophy, and mystical theosophy were indelibly inscribed onto the urban canvas by Rudolf II but were also pursued by various actors throughout the Holy Roman Empire and beyond. Whether as a pathway to apotheosis sought by European rulers or as route to fame and favor for interlopers of the state, alchemy was a mutable concept that spawned expansive connections throughout Central Europe.

Piotr Węcowski

Autor przedstawia korespondencję dwóch historyków, Karola Buczka i Gerarda Labudy, z lat 1954-1956. Listy te pisane były od momentu wyjścia K. Buczka z więzienia w 1954 r. aż do zawieszenia mu kary więzienia w połowie 1956 r. Pokazują one stan ducha krakowskiego historyka, jego myśli, niepewność co do przyszłości, a także próbę powrotu do życia naukowego.

Jan Zavřel, Jarmila Čiháková

V práci jsou prezentovány archeologické nálezy dokládající metalurgii neželezných kovů raně středověkého stáří získané při výzkumech na Malé Straně v Praze. Patří k nim zejména tavicí kelímky (tyglíky) a miskovité střepy běžné keramiky využité druhotně v metalurgii. Méně běžné jsou další druhy nálezů a situace svědčící o práci s neželeznými kovy (prubířské kameny, kadlub ad.). Část souboru byla podrobena EDS–SEM analýzám. Vyhodnocení jejich výsledků přispělo k poznání druhů získávaných a zpracovávaných neželezných kovů, resp. jejich slitin, i k částečnému objasnění postupů využívaných při jejich výrobě či testování kvality rudních surovin a hutnických meziproduktů.

Roman Bezsmertnyi

The article discusses the possibility of the formation and further geopolitical influence of the Baltic-Black Sea Union. The idea of this interstate union is long-standing in European history and international relations in Eastern Europe. Its main goal is to create such a structure in the region that could unite the interests of the countries of the whole European space in ensuring security. The topic of the Baltic-Black Sea Union became relevant after the outbreak of the Ukrainian-Russian war in 2014. Accordingly, the countries of the central region were faced with the question of ensuring their own defense. However, this question cannot be considered separately from Ukraine. And it is she who should play a key role in his decision. Given this situation and the need to deter the aggression of the Russian Federation, the only means that can be effective is only force. In addition to a purely military threat, there is also a political and economic threat. The foundations for this are laid by cooperation between Germany and Russia. Therefore, the formula for the future of the Baltic-Black Sea Union should be of a military-political nature with the participation of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe.

Anna Tarnowska

<p>Der Beitrag bezieht sich auf die Frage der Rechtsstellung der polnischen Bevölkerung in Preußen und im Deutschen Reich (nach 1871) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Provinzen Posen und Westpreußen. Die Verfasserin untersucht die gesetzlichen Bestimmungen über die Polen im Bereich der Grundrechte und überprüft dann die Anwendung des Gesetzes in der Verwaltungspraxis. Schließlich bezieht sie sich auf die Rechtsschutzmechanismen des preußisch-deutschen Rechtsstaates.</p>

SINTIJA ČULJAT

Rad obrađuje načine književne artikulacije Podgorja u pripovjednoj prozi Vjenceslava Novaka (Pavao Šegota, Pod Nehajem, Posljednji Stipančići, Tito Dorčić, Dva svijeta). Podgorje nije ubilježeno kao idealizirani zavičajni prostor na rubu Austrijskoga Carstva, već je prometnuto u poetičko sredstvo propitkivanja osobnog i kolektivnog identiteta dionika toga prostora, čiji se marginalni položaj promišlja i kao posljedica konfliktnih i nepostojanih dijelova hrvatske samobitnosti. Pomak u obradi mjesta priče iz središta na rub kao i prijelazi između semantičkih polja velegrada i provincije čine pripovjednu izvedbu kojom Novak obogaćuje svoju realističku poetiku, slikajući razmjere političke i klasne tranzicije u razdijeljenomu, zakutnomu hrvatskomu prostoru, predmetu izvanmatične europske književne proizvodnje. Podjelu na središte i periferiju proisteklu iz razdiobe političke i gospodarske moći devetnaestostoljetne Europe Novak svojom fikcionalnom konfiguracijom prostora poravnava i kao vrijednosnu razdjelnicu. Dvojbe oko pripadnosti izvornome krajoliku čine narativnu strukturu europskoga realističkoga romana na prijelomu devetnaestog i dvadesetoga stoljeća. Pripovjedna topografija Vjenceslava Novaka proširuje hrvatski okoliš krajolikom manjega primorskoga grada i Podvelebitskoga priobalja čijoj izvornoj protežnosti i raznolikosti pridaje značenja izrasla iz napetosti u tumačenju odnosa središta i provincije. Novakovi pripovjedni eskursi o posebnosti Podgorja prepleću se s općim referencijama geopolitičkoga pojma europske provincije što se podjeljuju tomu rubnomu prostoru.

Milan Salaš

Dva na stejném místě náhodně objevené bronzové artefakty (hrot, botka) jsou reliktem celého kopí, které bylo původně úmyslně zaraženo hrotem do země. Hrot představuje vzácný typ s úzkým, ostře nasazeným listem s ricassem. Je datován do staršího stupně doby popelnicových polí a na Moravě představuje import jižní provenience. Obdobné prvkové složení se zvýšeným obsahem cínu u obou artefaktů svědčí o společném technologickém i geografickém původu. Podle tvaru hrotu a ricassa bylo toto kopí určené pro kontaktní boj a používané – podobně jako meč – k bodání i sekání. Kopí se nalezlo v úžlabině poblíž skalní stěny na jižní hranici krasové oblasti a 5–7 km severně od sídelního území kultury středodunajských popelnicových polí. Jeho zaražení do země lze proto chápat nejspíše jako symbolickou součást rituálního aktu na okraji neosídleného krasového území, svým způsobem mystického a transcendentního prostoru.

Markus Jeitler

The paper contains an overview of the development and erection of the Viennese town fortifications during the reign of Ferdinand I, its medieval requirements, difficult financing and contemporary influences on the construction work. Furthermore, a brief comparison with other residences, namely Graz, Wiener Neustadt and Prague, is made.

Petr Květina, Jiří Unger, Petr Vavrečka

The aim of the article is to demonstrate the possibility of presentation of prehistoric sites in locations where there is neither any preserved construction, nor any relic of the original landscape. Such sites usually meet with indifference both from the public and from institutions involved in preservation of historical monuments. This problem, however, does not relate only to the limited capacity to imagine features of which there is no visual evidence in the landscape. The problem consists also in the vast structural difference between the world of prehistoric societies and today’s reality. Bylany near Kutná Hora (Czech Republic), where one of the most important excavations of a Neolithic settlement area in Europe was undertaken, represents a model example of such a situation, no doubt typical for most prehistoric and early historic sites. The possibility of creating virtual and augmented reality proved to be a potential tool to grasp the invisible and to describe the disappeared proved to be. This concept represents a potentially powerful tool for digital heritage management.