Hasil untuk "Germanic languages. Scandinavian languages"

Erkan Osmanović

Michał Gąska

Der vorliegende Beitrag setzt sich mit der Problematik des Übersetzens von den in einen literarischen Text eingebetteten fachsprachlichen Elementen auseinander. Anhand des Romans De verdovers der niederländischen Schriftstellerin Anna Enquist wird eruiert, wie die Übersetzerin des Werkes ins Deutsche in ihrer strategischen Herangehensweise an den zu übersetzenden Text mit den Elementen der medizinischen Fachsprache im Translationsprozess umgegangen ist. In Anlehnung an das Paradigma der anthropozentrischen Translatorik sowie die Annahmen der Scenes-und-Frames-Semantik, die eine theoretisch-methodologische Basis der dargebotenen Analyse darstellen, werden mögliche Gründe der getroffenen Entscheidungen erwogen, die zur Lösung der Translationsprobleme führten.

Sofia Pereswetoff-Morath

Stefanie Granzow, Tilman von Brand

Inklusion und Digitalisierung sind die aktuellen Herausforderungen der schulischen Bildung. Der Beitrag zeigt auf, wie eine Verbindung beider pädagogischer Säulen Synergieeffekte generieren kann. Am Beispiel des Videostreaming-Dienstes YouTube wird skizziert, dass digitale Medien die Teilhabe möglichst aller Lernenden am Literaturunterricht, aber auch an Gesellschaft und Kultur unterstützen können, indem sie eine Lernumgebung schaffen, die an die individuellen Interessen, Fähigkeiten und Begabungen der Schüler*innen anknüpft sowie authentische kulturelle Lerngegenstände fokussiert. Hierbei werden zunächst die Potenziale YouTubes für den (Deutsch-)Unterricht sowie der inklusive Ansatz des „Gemeinsamen Kommunikationskerns“, der eine fachliche Zuspitzung von Georg Feusers Konzept des „Lernens am Gemeinsamen Gegenstand“ darstellt, vorgestellt. Die Dynamiken, die die Verknüpfung vom Gemeinsamen Kommunikationskern mit YouTube erzeugen kann, werden abschließend anhand einer Unterrichtseinheit zum Thema „Verschwörungsnarrative“ exemplarisch konkretisiert.   YouTube in Inclusive German Lessons. Practical Considerations Using the Example of ‘Conspiracy Narratives’ Inclusion and digitization are the current challenges of school education. The article shows how a combination of both pedagogical pillars can generate synergy effects. Using the example of the video streaming service YouTube, it will be outlined that digital media can support the participation of as many learners as possible in a literature class but also in society and culture by creating a learning environment that links to the individual interests, abilities, and talents of the students and focuses on authentic cultural learning objects. First, the potential of YouTube for (German) classes as well as the inclusive approach of the „gemeinsamer Kommunikationskern „ which puts Georg Feuser‘s concept of „Lernen am Gemeinsamen Gegenstand“ in a nutshell, will be presented. The dynamics that can be generated by linking the “gemeinsamer Kommunikationskern” with YouTube are finally exemplified by means of a teaching unit on the topic of ‘conspiracy narratives’.

Theo J.D. Bothma, Rufus H. Gouws

Traditional dictionaries offer curated data to users. Users should therefore be able to find the correct data to solve their information need. However, users don't necessarily know the exact scope of lexicographic information. Dictionary articles can still demand considerable interpretation by the user to select the appropriate meaning or equivalent. In the e-environment, users can easily navigate between different e-sources. This is especially evident on various e-book platforms, where one can link multiple dictionaries and other sources to a text or search of the internet. Internet content is obviously not curated, and providing access to such data is therefore anathema to the traditional lexicographer. A traditional dictionary is the result of an application of data pushing procedures. The online environment enables the use of data pulling procedures that give users access to both curated and non-curated data. These issues are illustrated by means of a number of examples that show that a large number of different and disparate information sources are easily available to the user to satisfy any specific information need, and that the dictionary is one of a plethora of information sources. The information is therefore available on demand, without risking information overload. It is argued that, when optimising a network of information tools that constitutes a comprehensive search universe, the information retrieval structure should preferably have a circular network as application domain, rather than a linear continuum.

Michelle Waldispühl

Julia Miller, Deny A. Kwary, Ardian W. Setiawan

This article reports on an online cultural dictionary for learners of English as an Additional Language (EAL) in Australia. Potential users studying English for academic purposes in an Australian university pre-entry program informed each stage of the dictionary's creation. Consideration was given to the need for such a dictionary; terms to be included; information necessary for each entry (including audio and visual material); use of a limited defining vocabulary; example sentences; notes on each term's usage; and evaluation of user feedback once the dictionary had been launched online. Survey data indicate that users particularly value the dictionary's ease of use, example sentences, and specifically Australian content (including pronunciation given in an Australian accent). It is suggested that more entries be added, and that cultural dictionaries be created for other varieties of English, as well as for other languages.

Gredig Andi

Arnfinn Åslund

Autonomy is a central category in the aesthetics of modernity. It is connected with the historical processes that determines the place of art in society and with the development within particular art forms. As a methodological principle it has been important in the study of art and literature. Autonomy has been interpreted in many ways, and several aspects have been the subject of intense debate. This essay tries to shed some light on the matter by investigating three major figures in Norwegian poetry: Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson (1832–1910), Claes Gill (1910–1973) and Georg Johannesen (1931–2005). Together they cover a  period of over 150 years, from poetic realism to postmodernism. In their work we focus on the constellation of poetry and rhetoric. We ask how the tension between the two can take the form of a confrontation between autonomy and heteronomy, and how it makes possible certain dialectical interrelations between the two opposites.

Raphael Berthele, Matthew Whelpton, Åshild Næss et al.

Lexikos Lexikos

The full volume

Herbert Ernst Wiegand

<p>ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: In diesem Beitrag wird die Bildung, Darstellung und Leistung von hybriden textuellen Strukturen, die akzessive Einträge aufweisen, am Beispiel von Wörterbuchartikeln behandelt sowie erklärt, welche Eigenschaften hybride textuelle Einheiten haben. Ein Wörterbuchartikel eines Printwörterbuchs weist immer dann neben einer hierarchischen reinen eine hierarchische hybride Textkonstituentenstruktur auf, wenn in ihm mindestens ein funktionaler Angabezusatz auftritt, z.B. ein oben oder unten erweiternder oder ein binnenerweiternder. Da funktionale Angabezusätze Textsegmente mit Angabefunktion aber ohne Textkonstituentenstatus sind, werden sie durch nichtfunktionale Segmentation ermittelt, so dass neben funktionalen auch nichtfunktionale Textsegmente gegeben sind, die dann bei der Strukturbildung in die Trägermengen eingehen, so dass die Trägermengen aller hybriden hierarchischen Strukturen elementenheterogen, während die Trägermengen aller hierarchischen reinen Strukturen elementenhomogen sind. In den Strukturgraphen für hierarchische hybride Artikelstrukturen sind dann die Knoten für diejenigen Textsegmente, die den Hybridstatus der Strukturen bewirken, entweder durch Pfeilkanten für die textarchitektonischen oberhalb/unterhalb-Relationen mit den Knoten für die Textkonstituenten verbunden, so dass die Strukturgraphen architektonisch angereichert sind, oder durch besonders markierte Kanten, die die Knoten für die nichtfunktionalen Textsegmente und die für die binnenerweiternden funktionalen Angabezusätze mit den Knoten für die Textkonstituenten verbinden. Zu jedem Typ von hierarchischer reiner Artikelstruktur gehören mehrere Typen von hybriden Artikelstrukturen; entsprechendes gilt für hierarchische reine Angabestrukturen. Nur eine Auswahl aus den Typologien der hybriden Artikel- und Angabestrukturen wird behandelt sowie eine kleine Auswahl von hybriden textuellen Einheiten, die kriteriale Eigenschaften von zwei Textsegmentklassen aufweisen (vgl. die Stichwörter).</p><p>Stichwörter: ANGABERELATION, ELEMENTENHETEROGENE TRÄGERMENGE, FUNKTIONALER ANGABEZUSATZ, FUNKTIONAL-POSITIONALE SEGMENTATION, HIERARCHISCHE ARCHITEKTONISCH ANGEREICHERTE ARTIKELMIKROSTRUKTUR, HIERARCHISCHE HYBRIDE ANGABENKONSTITUENTENSTRUKTUR MIT GLOSSATBEDINGTER TEILSTRUKTUR, HIERARCHISCHE HYBRIDE ANGABENSTRUKTUR, HIERARCHISCHE HYBRIDE ARTIKELKONSTITUENTENSTRUKTUR, HIERARCHISCHE HYBRIDE ARTIKELMIKROSTRUKTUR, HIERARCHISCHE HYBRIDE EXHAUSTIVE ANGABENSTRUKTUR, HIERARCHISCHE HYBRIDE GLOSSATBEDINGTE ANGABESTRUKTUR, HIERARCHISCHE HYBRIDE FLACHE DOPPELGLOSSATBEDINGTE ANGABESTRUKTUR, HIERARCHISCHE HYBRIDE MINIMIERTE GLOSSATBEDINGTE ANGABESTRUKTUR, HIERARCHISCHE HYBRIDE TEXTKONSTITUENTENSTRUKTUR, HIERARCHISCHE HYBRIDE TIEFE DOPPELGLOSSATBEDINGTE ANGABESTRUKTUR, HIERARCHISCHE REINE TEXTKONSTITUENTENSTRUKTUR, HYBRIDE VERWEISKENNZEICHNUNG, NICHTFUNKTIONALE-POSITIONALE SEGMENTATION, ORDNUNGSRELATION, SEGMENTATIVE ISOLIERUNG, VERTIKALE ANGABEARCHITEKTUR</p><p> </p><p>ABSTRACT: Hybrid textual structures and hybrid textual units. A contribution to the theory of dictionary structures. In this contribution, the formation, presentation and performance of hybrid textual structures that display accessible entries are discussed by using examples from dictionary articles. The features of hybrid textual units are also explained. A dictionary article in a printed dictionary always displays both a hierarchical pure and a hierarchical hybrid text constituent structure, when it contains at least one functional item addition, e.g. an upward- or downward- or an internally-expanded one. Because functional item additions are text segments with an item function but without text constituent status, they are enabled by means of non-functional segmentation, so that both functional and non-functional text segments prevail. During the formation of structures they then enter the structure-carrying set so that the structurecarrying set of all hybrid hierarchical structures are element-heterogeneous whilst the structurecarrying set of all hierarchical pure structures are element-homogeneous. In the structural diagrams of hierarchical hybrid article structures, the nodes for those text segments that establish the hybrid status of the structures are connected with the nodes for the text constituents either by means of arrows for the text-architectonic upward/downward relations, so that the structural graphs are architectonically enriched, or by means of specially marked edges that connect the nodes for the non-functional text segments and those for the internally-expanded functional item additions with the nodes for the text constituents. To each type of hierarchical pure article structure belong various types of hybrid article structures. The same applies to hierarchical pure item structures. Only a selection from the typology of hybrid article and item structures are discussed as well as a small selection of hybrid textual units that display determining features of two text segment classes (cf. the keywords).</p><p>Keywords: ELEMENT-HETEROGENEOUS STRUCTURE-CARRYING SET, FUNCTIONAL ITEM ADDITION, FUNCTIONAL-POSITIONAL SEGMENTATION, HIERARCHICAL ARCHITECTONICALLY ENRICHED ARTICLE MICROSTRUCTURE, HIERARCHICAL HYBRID ARTICLE MICROSTRUCTURE, HIERARCHICAL HYBRID DEEP DOUBLE GLOSS-CONDITIONED ITEM STRUCTURE, HIERARCHICAL HYBRID EXHAUSTIVE ITEMS STRUCTURE, HIERARCHICAL HYBRID GLOSS-CONDITIONED ITEM STRUCTURE, HIERARCHICAL HYBRID ITEMS CONSTITUENT STRUCTURE WITH GLOSS-CONDITIONED PARTIAL STRUCTURE, HIERARCHICAL HYBRID ITEMS STRUCTURE, HIERARCHICAL HYBRID MINIMISED GLOSSCONDITIONED ITEM STRUCTURE, HIERARCHICAL HYBRID SHALLOW DOUBLE GLOSSCONDITIONED ITEM STRUCTURE, HIERARCHICAL HYBRIDARTICLE CONSTITUENT STRUCTURE, HIERARCHICAL HYBRIDTEXT CONSTITUENT STRUCTURE, HIERARCHICAL PURE TEXT CONSTITUENT STRUCTURE, HYBRID CROSS-REFERENCE MARKER, ITEM RELATION, NON-FUNCTIONAL-POSITIONAL SEGMENTATION, ORDERING RELATION, SEGMENTATIVE ISOLATION, VERTICAL ITEM ARCHITECTURE</p>

Radia Benzehra, Don R. McCreary

<p>ABSTRACT: The article sheds light on the necessity of finding new techniques to rank the users' preferences for English–Arabic dictionaries. The first section of the article reports the findings of an experimental technique devised for this particular purpose. The reviews for dictionaries on Amazon. com turn out to be a more valuable source of lexicographical information than had been expected. It will also be shown how the reviews can determine the future buyers' choice as to which English–Arabic or Arabic–English dictionary would meet their needs. Based on the Amazon reviews, the article devotes a section to investigate the microstructural features of some lexical entries in the Oxford English–Arabic Dictionary of Current Usage (OEAD). To learn more about the dictionary's microstructure, the next section analyzes a pre-selected list of 113 lexical units in an attempt to test the dictionary for the amount of information it provides for some high-frequency items. The article deals with the OEAD mostly from the point of view of encoding English-speaking users. The Modern Language Association (MLA) recently reported that from 1998 to 2002 there was a 92% increase in the number of Arabic programs throughout the United States, hence the pressing need for dictionaries designed with English-speaking users as the target group. The article suggests that an extensive linguistic revision of the OEAD will make it more systematic and userfriendly.</p><p>OPSOMMING: Die OEAD: Nuwe perspektiewe op Engels–Arabiese woordeboeke vir Engelssprekende gebruikers en gebruikersopnames. Hierdie artikel werp lig op die noodsaaklikheid om nuwe tegnieke te kry om gebruikers se voorkeure vir Engels–Arabiese woordeboeke in rangorde te plaas. Die eerste afdeling van die artikel doen verslag van die bevindings van 'n eksperimentele tegniek ontwerp vir hierdie bepaalde doel. Die resensies van woordeboeke op Amazon.com het geblyk 'n meer waardevolle bron van leksikografiese inligting te wees as wat verwag is. Daar sal ook getoon word hoe die resensies toekomstige kopers se keuse kan bepaal oor watter Engels–Arabiese of Arabies–Engelse woordeboek aan hul behoeftes sal voldoen. Met die Amazon-resensies as uitgangspunt, wy die artikel 'n afdeling aan die ondersoek van die mikrostrukturele eienskappe van sommige leksikale inskrywings in die Oxford English– Arabic Dictionary of Current Usage (OEAD). Om meer oor die woordeboek se mikrostruktuur te wete te kom, ontleed die volgende afdeling 'n voorafgekose lys van 113 leksikale eenhede in 'n poging om die woordeboek te toets vir die hoeveelheid inligting wat dit verskaf wat betref sommige hoëfrekwensie-items. Die artikel handel meestal oor die OEAD uit die gesigspunt van enkoderende Engelssprekende gebruikers. Die Modern Language Association het onlangs berig dat daar vanaf 1998 tot 2002 'n 92%-toename in die aantal Arabiese programme dwarsoor die Verenigde State was, vandaar die dringende behoefte aan woordeboeke vir Engelssprekende gebruikers as teikengroep. Die artikel suggereer dat 'n taalkundige hersiening van die OEAD dit meer sistematies en gebruikersvriendelik sal maak.</p><p>Sleutelwoorde: TWEETALIGE WOORDEBOEK, DEKODERENDE GEBRUIKERS, ENKODERENDE GEBRUIKERS, ENGELS–ARABIES, ENGELSSPREKENDE GEBRUIKERS, AANLEERDERS VAN ARABIES, LEKSIKOGRAFIE, MIKROSTRUKTUUR, RESENSIES, GEBRUIKERSVOORKEURE</p>

Gilles-Maurice de Schryver, D.J. Prinsloo

<p>Abstract: Good lexicographers are constantly striving to enhance the quality of their dictionaries. Since dictionaries are ultimately judged by their target users, there is an urgency to provide for the target users' needs. In order to determine such needs more accurately, it has become common practice to submit users of a dictionary to a series of tests to monitor their success in information rehieval. In most cases such feedback unfortunately comes too late so that it can at best be considered for. implementation in the next or revised edition of the dictionary. In this article it is argued that feedback from the target users should be obtained while the compilation of the dictionary is still in progress, a process referred to as "simultaneous feedback". This concept, which offers a new methodology for compiling dictionaries, overcomes the major problem 'of creating and publishing entire dictionaries before feedback from target users can be obtained. By this new methodology, the release of several small-scale parallel dictionaries triggers feedback that is immediately channelled to the compilation process of a main dictionary. As such, the target users constantly guide the compilers during the entire compilation process. After a theoretical presentation of the new concept, the feasibility of simultaneous feedback is illustrated with reference to the creation of a bilingual CiIuba-Dutch leamer's dictionary. It is shown how this main project has been successfully complemented by three parallel projects.</p><p>Keywords: SIMULTANEOUS FEEDBACK, NEW METHOOOLOGY, MAIN DICTIONARY, PARALLEL DICTIONARIES, TARGET USERS' DESIRES, QUESTIONNAIRES, ELECTRONIC CORPORA, WORD-FREQUENCY STUDIES, CONCORDANCES, AFRICAN LANGUAGES, CILUBÀ</p><p>Opsomming: Die konsep van "gelyktydige terugvoering": Onderweg na Innuwe metodologie vir die samestelling van. woordeboeke. Goeie leksikograwestreef voortdurend daama om die gehalte van hul woordeboeke te verbeter. Aangesien woordeboeke uiteindelik deur hul teikengebruikers beoordeel word, is dit uiters noodsaaklik dat aangebruikersbehoeftes voldoen moet word. Ten einde sodanige behoeftes noukeuriger te kan bepaal, ,is dit algemeen gebruiklik dat woordeboekgebruikers aan 'n reeks toetse onderwerp word teneinde hulle sukses ten opsigte van inligtingsinwinning te kan bepaal. Ongelukkig kom sodanigeterugvoer in die meeste gevalle te laat deurdat dit slegs in die volgende of hersiene uitgawe van die~oordeboek in berekening gebring kan word. In hierdie artikel word betoog dat terugvoeringvanaf die teikengebruikers verkry moet word terwyl die sames telling van die woordeboek nog aan diegang is, 'n proses waama verwys word as "gelyktydige terugvoering". Hierdie konsep wat 'n nuwemetodologie vir woordeboekmaak bied, ornseil die kemprobleem van die voitooiing en publikasievan volledige woordeboeke alvorens terugvoer vanaf die teikengebruikers verkry kan word. Deurhierdie nuwe metodologie lei die vrystelling van verskillende kleiner parallelle woordeboeke totterugvoer wat oruniddellik in die samestellingsproses van die hoofwoordeboek gekanaliseer word.Sodoende ontvang die samestellers deurlopend riglyne vanaf die teikengebruikers gedurende dievolle duur van die samestellingsproses. Na 'n teoretiese uiteensetting van hierdie nuwe konsep,word die uitvoerbaarheid van gelyktydige terugvoering gei11ustreer met verwysing na dievoitooiing van 'n Ciluba-Nederlandse aanleerderswoordeboek. Oaar word aangetoon hoe hierdiehoofprojek deur drie parallelle projekte aangevul word.</p><p>Sleutelwoorde: GELYKTYDIGE TERUGVOERING, NUWE METODOLOGIE, HOOFWOOROEBOEK,PARALLELLE WOORDEBOEKE, TEIKENGEBRUIKERS SE WENSE, VRAELYSTE, ELEKTRONIESE KORPUSSE, WOOROFREKWENSIESTUDIES, KONKOROANSIES," AFRIKA TALE, CILUBÀ</p>

Lexikos Lexikos

Publication announcements of dictionaries published in the previous year.

Ivan Cláudio Pereira Siqueira

Die Nähe zwischen Musik, Philosophie und Literatur in der deutschen Tradition und in ihren Methoden faszinierte João Guimarães Rosa zutiefst. Aus dem deutschen Beispiel heraus entwickelte er seine Methodenlehre der Organisation der brasilianischen traditionellen Lieder. Dieser Artikel diskutiert die allgemeine Wirkung der musikalischen Schreibtechniken in ausgewählten Kurzgeschichten aus dem Band Sagarana: In „O burrinho pedrês" und „Sarapalha" wird der Einfluss von Heideggers Philosophie diskutiert bei gleichzeitiger Berücksichtigung vom Wagnerischen Konzept des Grundmotiven: In „A hora e a vez de Augusto Matraga" werden die Beziehungen zu Wagners Parsifal analysiert.

Maria Smit

This publication, which results from Kreuder's "Habilitationsschrift" of 2001 at the University of Marburg, investigates the development of terminological reference works in Germany within the field of linguistics, and approaches in the compilation of these works. Kreuder (2003: 3) defines "special-field terms in linguistics" or "linguistic terminology" as those terms belonging to a special class of lexical items on a metalinguistic level by means of which information about language can be conveyed. His main aim is to determine how linguists and lexicographers presented special-field linguistic terms up to the late 1990s, and to establish the usability of a wide range of especially German linguistic dictionaries with regard to the needs of the intended users. In this investigation, the conceptual strong points and weak points of the dictionaries under discussion are specifically mentioned.

Androutsopoulos Jannis

Eduardo Manoel de Brito

<p>A fortuna crítica sobre Franz Kafka é pródiga em relacionar o modo de o escritor construir sua narrativa e algo dos próprios temas com a produção kleistiana. Como uma forma de refletir sobre isso, atentarei para dois críticos que expuseram aspectos desta relação em solo brasileiro: Otto Maria Carpeaux e Luiz Costa Lima . Distados várias décadas, os dois parecem, contudo, possuir certas linhas de confluência na abordagem kleistiana da obra de Franz Kafka. Após expor aspectos da relação Kleist-Kafka nos recortes da crítica brasileira, buscarei referências a Kleist em textos não literários de Kafka com a finalidade de encontrar neles um fundamento para o que é afirmado pelos críticos tratados neste ensaio.</p>