El artículo analiza la migración de inmigrantes árabes a Colombia entre 1897 y 1930, enfocándose en su inserción en el espacio comercial del país. A través de guías, directorios y extractos notariales, se estudia su flujo migratorio, dispersión geográfica y los ejes comerciales que desarrollaron. Se argumenta que esta migración estuvo ligada al auge comercial impulsado por la revitalización de las economías de exportación, principalmente del café, pero también del platino, caucho y cueros. Este contexto permitió la consolidación de una geografía comercial que facilitó la inserción de los árabes, influenciando su dispersión y el modelo empresarial que adoptaron.
Latin America. Spanish America, Regional economics. Space in economics
We investigate the likelihood of individuals emigrating (internally over short distances, internally over long distances and internationally) from Christchurch following the 2010–2011 earthquakes that hit the city. We consider their socio-economic and demographic characteristics to see how these are associated with their migration decisions. To achieve this, we employed a difference-in-differences (DiD) approach and estimated a multinomial logistic regression model using individual-level income data from the Inland Revenue Department and demographic data from the Census. Our findings indicate that individuals in Christchurch were more likely to emigrate internally over short distances (only in the short-term) and internally over long distances (both in the short- and long-term) following the earthquakes. No significant consequence of the earthquakes on the probability of emigrating internationally was detected. Furthermore, we provide evidence that socio-economic characteristics partly shape the emigration decisions of affected individuals. Different emigration patterns are associated with variations in socio-economic characteristics, including age, ethnicity, education and employment sectors, as well as differences in migration responses of individuals born overseas and in New Zealand.
Regional economics. Space in economics, Regional planning
Purpose - This paper estimates the idiosyncratic risk (IDR) time series in the Brazilian economy and verifies its interaction with the Brazilian country risk indicators, measured by the EMBI+ (the Emerging Markets Bond Index).
Methods - This paper estimates various regression models to capture the dynamic nature of the variables. The models include the heteroscedastic conditional autoregressive models and vector error correction models (VECM).
Findings - The results show similarities or associations between the two indicators with interactions in the short and long run. The idiosyncratic risk proves to be a relevant indicator of the risk of economic activities implemented within the scope of the Brazilian economy and can help evaluate investments in related projects. This results also provide evidence of cointegration between the EMBI+ and IDR variations.
Implication - This result suggests an alternative way for obtaining estimates of the expected return required by economic agents in financing and investing in productive and infrastructure projects necessary for developing the Brazilian economy that provides greater employability and good social welfare.
Originality - This paper provides an alternative estimate of the time series proxy of idiosyncratic risk in the Brazilian economy. It also compares the results with the time series results obtained from the country risk measure EMBI+, widely used among resource managers in the international markets.
Economic growth, development, planning, Regional economics. Space in economics
Subject and purpose of work: The subject of this paper concerns theoretical and methodological approaches to the analysis of foreign economic activity of the region in the context of Euroregional cooperation, which is an important factor of socio-economic development of the country. The main purpose is to identify such economic categories as “foreign economic activity activation of the region”, “organizational and economic mechanism activation of foreign economic activity of the region in the context of Euroregional cooperation” as well as to develop a methodological scheme for the diagnostics of foreign economic activity of regions in the context of Euroregional cooperation.
Regional economics. Space in economics, Economics as a science
Antia Mfon Ekanem, Ajiero Ikenna Reginald, Anih Paul Chuks
The aim of the study is to examine the effect of periwinkle shell ash (PSA) blended with cement on the water absorption and shrinkage of lateritic blocks. The objectives that would help achieve the stated aim are to investigate the water absorption and shrinkage properties of lateritic blocks blended with periwinkle shell ash/cement. The following methods were used during the research: sedimentation test, standard proctor test, Atterberg’s limit test, smell and Nibble tests. Specific gravity of PSA, bulk density and porosity of PSA were carried out. 5 % of the cement and percentage replacement levels of 0 %, 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 % and 50 % of cement with PSA were used for block production. 21 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm blocks were moulded, cured and subjected to water absorption and shrinkage tests. Data were collected and analysed using graphs, correlation and regression analyses. Result shows that percentage water absorption for replacement levels 0 %, 10 %, 20 %, 30 % were 12.08 %, 16.38 %, 18.21 %, 19.95 %. Again, from 0 % replacement to 30 % replacement of cement with PSA, the linear shrinkage increased from 1.5 mm to 2.8 mm. It implies that up to 30 %, the maximum crack the block could form is 2.8 mm, whereas the maximum allowable crack width for walling materials is 3.0 mm. Therefore, percentage replacement of up to 30 % is recommended for use in lateritic block.
Real estate business, Regional economics. Space in economics
This research is secondary data research in the agricultural sub-sectors, those are food crops, horticulture, plantations, animal husbandry, agriculture and hunting services, forestry and logging, and fisheries in Pekalongan Regency in 2013-2017. Pekalongan Regency has a<br />relatively high number of Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) but has the lowest growth rate in the Pekalongan Residency. The purpose of this research is to analyze the basic and nonbasic agricultural sub-sectors, shifts-share in growth agricultural sub-sectors, and analyzing<br />leading agricultural sub-sectors. This research used analysis tools, they were Location Quotient, Shift-Share, and Overlay. The results of this research show that: basic subsectors are plantation and agriculture and hunting services, changes and shifts in the agricultural sub-sector show positive average value and horticulture, forestry and logging, and fisheries sub-sectors have a competitive advantage. Leading agriculture sub-sector in Pekalongan Regency in 2013-2017 was plantation crops.<br /><br />
Regional economics. Space in economics, Economics as a science
The article is devoted to the extension of boundaries of scientific ideas about the economic nature of rent relations in mesoeconomics. The article develops theoretical ideas on both the impact of globalization on the rent economy and the localization of rent relations. In this regard, I research the relations between the concepts of «raw economy» and «rent economy». Moreover, I consider a number of methods of the influence of rent relations on the economic development. The type of the rents in the economy corresponds to the directions of the globalization of these rents and is interconnected with the specific types of rent relations. The article reveals functional patterns as well as the tendencies of modern rent relations in local economic space. Integrating the specified tendencies, I have determined the tasks of rent economy at the regional level. The localization of rent relations in the globalizing regional economy will reveal the best ways for the regional development. The increasing value of the rent in regional economy has allowed the author to define the factors, which are common for both the globalizing rents and localizing rents. As a result of the research, I determine the directions of the transformation of the rent relations at the level of the regional economy. Firstly, the specific concentration of rents, which arose and localize in the territory of a region, transforms in a territorial rent. Secondly, the forms of rent relations are modified in their geographical localization in the economic space of a region. The third group of tendencies is connected to the comprehensive nature of changes in the development of rents in the territory of a region. And the last direction consists in the objective limitations of the development of the rent relations in the regional economy.
The ongoing changes in the pension system of Russia gave rise to a discussion about the degree of financial security of the pension rights, the ratio of «own» revenues and transfers of the federal budget to ensure payment of pensions. It can be assumed that the ideas about the schemes and directions of financial support for the pension system of the Russian Federation that have been developed in modern literature and society are rather limited. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is a comprehensive assessment of the types and directions of expenditure for pensions in the Russian Federation, conducted from the perspective of their display in the System of National Accounts (SNA). The article generalizes the cost-determination principles for pension support for households within SNA as well as allocates basic differences in the forms of the pension system and their description in accounts of SNA. I have classified the types and sources of financial flows of the pension system in the Russian Federation as well as highlighted the channels and dynamics of the financing of pension liabilities. I have compiled the flows of the Russian Federation’s pension system depending on various sources: the Pension Fund of RF, law enforcement agencies, justice system, etc. On this basis, I have undertaken a comparative analysis of the key parameters for various sources of funding: the average pension, the burden of pension deductions for wages, the ratio of employed and retired people in various forms of the pension system. The research shows that in Russia, there are several forms of pensions, different in scale and sources of funding. Using uniquely the data of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation for the analysis of properties of the pension system is incorrect from the point of view of both the basic principles of accounting of SNA flows and the real replacement of pensioner’s incomes. I prove that a significant part of the expenditure obligations for pension security is due the adoption by the government of increased social obligations, rather than a lack of income from the working population. The results of the research can be a basis for the calculation of pension liability in the Russian Federation.
The main purpose of the paper is the assessment of the European Union funds engagement in innovative undertakings in Polish voivodships. Firstly, it was made the considerations about innovations as an essential component of an integrated approach in terms of regions’ competiveness improvement. Furthermore, it was examined the differentiation in the participation of the EU funds in innovative undertakings between Polish voivodships. In this respect was applied cluster analysis, on base which was isolated space groups, which allow to comparison of the European Union funds involvement between voivodships of Poland. The research were based on data from Central Statistical Office of Poland — Local Data Bank — concerning particularly the Programme Innovative Economy. The scope of examinations contains period 2011–2015. The effects of examinations affects the ability to identify voivodships similar in scope of the accepted variables. This identification may contribute to create of comparative base actions taken to improve innovations, which could lead to an increase in the competitiveness of regions.
Since the 1990s, Lithuania lost almost one-quarter of its population, and some regions within the country lost more than 50% of their residents. Such a sharp population decline poses major challenges to politicians, policy-makers and planners. The aim of this study is to obtain more insight into the recent processes of socio-spatial change and the role of selective migration in Lithuania. The main focus is on understanding who lives in those regions which are rapidly losing population, and who is most likely to leave these regions. This is one of the first studies to use individual-level Lithuanian census data from 2001 and 2011. We found that low socio-economic status residents and older residents dominate the population of shrinking regions, and unsurprisingly that the most ‘successful’ people are the most likely to leave such regions. This process of selective migration reinforces the negative downward spiral of declining regions. As a result, socio-spatial polarization is growing within the country, where people with higher socio-economic status are increasingly overrepresented in the largest city-regions, while the elderly and residents with a lower socio-economic status are overrepresented in declining rural regions. This paper provides empirical evidence of selective migration and increasing regional disparities in Lithuania. While the socio-spatial changes are obvious in Lithuania, there is no clear strategy on how to cope with extreme population decline and increasing regional inequalities within the country.
Regional economics. Space in economics, Regional planning
Under the MDGs, poverty has been reduced but not eradicated. The post-2015 development plan is firming towards poverty eradication not merely to reduce it. One of the most widely held beliefs in development economics is that rapid and sustained economic growth is necessary for lifting living standards which in turn is necessary if poverty is to be eradicated. Debates on poverty alleviation and eradication have tended to focus on the best means of achieving or accelerating growth rates. This approach is reflective of the ‘trickle down’ theory which dominated development thinking in the 1950s and 1960s. More recently, the development community has shifted its focus from fostering any economic growth per se to achieving ‘shared growth’ – growth with a maximum pay-off in terms of poverty reduction. The increasing focus on the relevance of inclusive growth highlights the need to understand sectoral contribution to growth to provide insight into the formulation of sustainable national and global growth policies. We examine the relationship between the sectoral composition of economic growth and poverty reduction for the period 1987 to 2006 at a regional level for a cross section of developing countries. We used pooled cross section data with observation over time because of data limitations. Panel data estimation was employed because the characteristics of the data constitute that of panel data. It is necessary to highlight that the panel data set is unbalanced and unevenly spaced, with missing values arising in different years for different countries. While unbalanced panel estimations are able to be carried out with the econometric software at hand, many limitations arise, particularly concerning diagnostic testing. We provide a comparison of the estimated sectoral GDP elasticities of poverty and present evidence that growth in services is twice as effective as growth in both agriculture and industry in reducing absolute poverty. However, these results vary substantially across different income levels and across geographic regions. We maintain that while non-agricultural growth may induce substantial poverty declines by transitioning those marginally below the poverty line, it may fail to target those living in extreme or chronic poverty. Thus, if meaningful poverty reduction is to take place and become self-sustaining, broad-based growth in agriculture and rural economy still appears to be essential to poverty reduction policies. We argue that such a result warrants the attention of post-2015 development agencies and policy makers given the interrelationship between drivers of economic growth, job creation and poverty reduction.
The Balanced Scorecard originated by Kaplan and Norton translates strategy into tangible and measurable objectives in four perspectives: financial, customer, internal business process, learning and growth. These perspectives can be modified, extended and adapted to the specific characteristics of company. This popular and modern management tool is used to clarify strategy, vision, and mission. It enables executives to realize their strategy in the most effective way. In contemporary times, the Balanced Scorecard is gaining popularity and has an ever increasing number of applications in the areas of benchmarking, budgeting, Total Quality Management or cost management. Nowadays it is more and more often implemented in the management of universities. The article presents the example of developing the Balanced Scorecard model at Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin.
Jéssica Cocco, Higor Vendrame Ribeiro, Edinéia Aparecida dos Santos Galvanin
et al.
O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar e realizar previsões da intensidade da transformação antrópica na Bacia do rio do Sangue – Mato Grosso. As imagens Landsat-5 para os anos de 1990, 2000 e 2010, foram georreferenciadas, classificadas e processadas no software Spring e as classes temáticas foram quantificadas no software Arcgis. O grau de antropização foi verificado através do Índice de Transformação Antrópica. Foi realizada uma análise de regressão a fim de obter as previsões para o índice de transformação antrópica a cada cinco anos até 2050. Os resultados permitiram constatar que todas as classes sofreram alteração durante os 20 anos analisados, com o aumento da pastagem, agricultura, massas d’água e outros usos antrópicos; e diminuição da vegetação natural. Verificou-se um aumento do nível de antropização, passando de pouco degradado em 1990 para regular em 2000 e 2010. De acordo com a regressão aplicada o nível de transformação antrópica na bacia se manterá no estado regular até 2040, passando para degradado em 2045.