LINGUISTIC PROPERTIES OF LOCAL TAXES FOR KRAKÓW BAKERS FROM THE YEARS (1573–1630)
In the National Archives in Kraków, within the series Libri taxarum victualium et rerum mechanicarum, under reference number 29/667/115, there is a folder containing manuscript documents of exceptional value for historical and linguistic research: Voivodeship Price Regulations for Bakers from July 15, 1573 to August 16, 1630. These regulations are subjected to a linguistic analysis in the present article which is divided into four parts. The first part addresses the generic features of the price regulations, as the structure of these documents for bakers is relatively uniform. It can be captured within a certain compositional framework, allowing the hypothesis that the regulations represented a distinct genre of official text in the 16th and 17th centuries. The second part reviews selected characteristic phonetic features of these documents, namely: the realization of nasal vowels, closed vowels, the pronunciation of e before j in the ending -ej>ėj and in the suffix of the comparative degree of adverbs, vowel changes in dependent positions (i. e., the development of i, y before l, ł into e), the influence of other half-open vowels on preceding vowels, the pronunciation of l’, the anticipation of palatalization, and the unification of consonants in terms of voicing in medial position and at word boundaries. The third part, focused on inflection, examines the following forms of adjectives and nouns: instrumental singular of the pronominal-adjectival declension; genitive, dative, and locative singular as well as genitive plural of the feminine declension; accusative singular of vowel-stem feminine nouns; the expansive use of the -ow ending from the -ŭ- declension to other masculine nouns in this case; the locative singular of the -ŏ- stem declension; remnants of the dual number in the regulations. In the fourth part, an analysis of the superlative forms of adjectives and the puzzling form jemny/odjemny is presented.
Notre recherche a pour vocation d’étudier les intentions dans lesquelles on pourrait
intégrer la culture du brouillon dans le chemin de l’apprentissage de la production d’écrits. Elle s’est
effectuée en contexte plurilingue algérien avec des élèves de 4èAM, en vue de les aider dans l’accès à
l’écrit en langue étrangère. Elle adopte une méthodologie empirique qualitative et ouvre des
perspectives sociodidactiques qui mettent le focus sur les qualités de l’élève (ce qu’il sait faire) plus
que ses difficultés (ce qu’il ne sait pas faire) et sur le profit issu des interactions dans la classe.
Philology. Linguistics, Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar
The purpose of this study is to examine the metaphors of surrealist-style novels from the perspective of cognitive linguistics. In which of the following are the most common areas of origin and destination of surreal metaphors? And what are the metaphors of surreal works in terms of objectivity and origin? The novels selected in this study were surreal novels from different authors around the world. In this study, one hundred pages of these 6 novels were studied. The metaphors were extracted and analyzed in the context and then the origin and destination of these metaphors were identified based on the origin and destination areas of Koveces's theory, and finally, Objective and abstract areas of origin and destination were identified. The results show that the surreal metaphors are more intangible and the source and destination domains are both more objective, although abstract domains are also present and most abundant in the human and machine origin domain. In the field of destination, it is about man and nature, and we continue to understand the importance of the human subject in this style of work.
El propósito de este artículo es presentar los resultados del primer estudio sobre el marcador discursivo en plan en el castellano hablado por los jóvenes de Mallorca. Realizado a partir de datos procedentes de tres corpus del siglo XXI, el PRESEEA-Palma (2007-2010), el Corpus Oral Juvenil del Español de Mallorca, COJEM (2011) y un corpus de conversaciones a través de WhatsApp, CORWAS (2020-2021), el trabajo permite observar los cambios en las funciones de este marcador en una microdiacronía que ofrece avances determinantes sobre su proceso de gramaticalización. Las viejas funciones de en plan no desaparecen, pero se suman otras nuevas, como la de apoyo conversacional, documentada en el corpus de wasaps.
El presente artículo aborda la autotraducción como proceso (re)configurador y legitimador de un ethos autoral en la obra de la actriz e instapoeta Carla Quevedo. A partir de las nociones de medio y modo como parte esencial de los textos abordados, que deben entenderse en clave semiótica, estudiamos las instancias de autotraducción intermedial, multimodal e interlingüística como procesos que permiten dar cuenta de la construcción y reconstrucción del ethos. Así, además de ocuparnos de los discursos en torno a la figura de Quevedo, analizamos el pasaje de los poemas publicados en Instagram a su publicación en papel en el poemario bilingüe me peleé a los gritos con el manager del spa, de 2019. También estudiamos los traslados entre el inglés y el español que se evidencian dentro del mismo poemario. Entendemos que la autotraducción del medio digital al medio impreso, por un lado, y del inglés al español, por otro, habilitan un retrabajo del ethos de artista de la figura que se asocia a Carla Quevedo. El análisis reconoce en esa reconfiguración una herramienta que permite la legitimación de una faceta del ethos vinculada a la escritura y la autoría.
Sulaiman Ismail, Yuslina Mohamed, Zainur Rijal Abdul Razak
et al.
Kajian ini membincangkan aspek penggunaan sintaksis nahu Arab yang terdapat di dalam sistem nahu bahasa Arab dan bentuk kesilapan penggunaannya di dalam penulisan pelajar bahasa Arab di Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM). Responden kajian terdiri daripada lepasan sekolah dan ma’ahad agama seluruh negara. Umum mengetahui bahawa bahasa Arab tidak asing kepada para pelajar ini yang terdiri daripada kalangan pelajar pengajian agama dan mereka telah lama mengikuti pembelajaran bahasa ini secara formal bermula dari sekolah rendah hingga ke peringkat menengah sebelum memasuki pusat-pusat pengajian tinggi negara. Namun masih banyak kesilapan yang mereka lakukan sewaktu menggunakan bahasa ini khususnya ketika menerapkan aspek sistem sintaksis bahasa Arab yang betul dalam penulisan. Teori Analisis Kesilapan oleh S.P. Corder yang memperkenalkan empat dimensi klasifikasi kesilapan pelajar sewaktu mempelajari bahasa diterapkan ketika penulis menjalankan kajian ini. Data kajian dikumpulkan melalui ujian bertulis yang diadakan terhadap sekumpulan 25 pelajar yang baharu mendaftar di universiti ini. Dapatan kajian ini membuktikan wujud kecenderungan pelajar untuk melakukan kesilapan dalam aspek ortografi, leksikon, nahu dan struktur ayat. Namun kesilapan yang paling ketara dan banyak dilakukan oleh pelajar adalah dari aspek penggunaan nahu. Malah dapatan kajian juga menunjukkan pelajar berulang kali melakukan bentuk kesalahan yang sama dan kekerapan kesalahan ini menunjukkan bahawa pelajar menghadapi masalah kemampuan linguistik (linguistic competence) dalam bahasa sasaran yang sedang mereka pelajari. Hal ini sekaligus membabitkan implikasi pedagogi yang perlu melihat keadah pemulihan (remedial) yang berkesan bagi membantu pelajar mengatasi kelemahan tersebut. This study discusses the use of Arabic syntax in the Arabic language system and the types of errors found in the writings of students taking Arabic at Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM). Participants of the study were students from religious schools and institutions nationwide. It is generally known that these students whose educational background include graduating from religious schools are accustomed to Arabic, and they have long practiced the formal Arabic language learning since elementary to high schools before entering higher institutions. However, the students still make errors when using the language especially when implementing the correct Arabic syntax in their writings. Therefore, to conduct this study, S.P Corder’s Theory of Error Analysis which introduces the classification of four dimensions of students’ errors in language learning was referred. The data were collected through a writing test from 25 students who had just enrolled into the university. The findings of this study showed that most of the students tend to make errors in various categories namely orthography, lexicon, grammar and sentence structure, and grammar is the most frequent errors made by the students. In fact, the findings also indicated that the students committed the same errors repeatedly which also implied that they have issues with their linguistic competence in learning Arabic. This also involves the pedagogical implications of effective remedial strategies to help students to overcome these weaknesses.
Reseña de la obra de Alcalde Peñalver, Elena y Santamaría Urbieta, Alexandra, Aproximación a la traducción financiera inglés-español. Textos, términos y recursos documentales. Granada: Comares 2019. 152 pp.
In a dictatorial or repressive context, movement can be said to be one of the most fundamental and disruptive forms of (aesthetic) resistance. Through exile, migration, travel or correspondence, bodies, ideas and objects are permanently displaced, searching constantly for lines of flight that are impossible to pin down by any political regime. When associated with art, the elusive and ever changing nature of movement can transform objects into events, creating an affective network of images, words, objects, ideas and relations. The ideological potential of movement can be found acutely in artist’s publications, or art in the form of printed matter, such as artist’s books or mail art, which have the potential to circumvent physical limitations imposed by repressive apparatuses. Also, movement triggers imagination to put together all the elements of the network thus constructed and put into motion, also entailing (different levels of) collaboration. This exercise entails taking a closer look to the material and historical circumstances of these objects that become deeply imbedded with ideology. So, by looking at the triangulation movement-time-history, I aim to investigate some ways women artists have used printed matter to revised, confront and debunk totalizing narratives, such as women’s role in society, capitalism, slavery, colonialism, etc., that have been sustained by and have themselves sustained the repressive and dictatorial regimes that operated in Portugal and in Brazil.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, Philology. Linguistics
To be able to communicate fluently in a foreign language is the number one goal for many language learners. However, it seems that the teaching of oral skills in language classrooms does not have an important role. There are many reasons: the higher status of written language, teaching to the tests (of written language), teaching the textbook (with emphasis on written language), and lack of knowledge of how to teach speaking. The purpose of the article is to discuss the issue of how foreign language (FL) speaking can be taught based on 1) how speaking is learned and 2) how speaking proficiency is defined. More specifically, 1) How do learning theories translate into teaching speaking at classroom level? and 2) What is the significance of the current understanding of language proficiency as reflected in the models of communicative competence and the Common European Framework (Council of Europe, 2001) and its Companion Volume with New Descriptors (Council of Europe, 2018) to the teaching of speaking in formal foreign language contexts? On the basis of the theoretical and research reviews, some pedagogical implications and suggestions for research are provided. The pedagogical implications concern the teaching of fluency and formulaic sequences, the teaching of spoken grammar, the teaching of linguistic, sociolinguistic and pragmatic competences. Classroom applications of the sociocultural theory include pair and group work, communicative activities with opportunities for the negotiation of meaning, and creative spoken production. It is suggested that teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) be applied as a means to integrate theory with classroom applications. Suggestions for related research are provided.
فناوری دیجیتالی میتواند تأثیر مهمی در آموزش زبان داشته باشد. این تأثیر باعث میشود معلمان درس زبان انگلیسیمطالب درسی را بهتر به زبان آموزان آموزش بدهند و کیفیت آموزشی معلمان را نیز بهبود بخشند. هدف اصلی تحقیق حاضر، از طرفی، ارزیابی سواد دیجیتالی معلمان زبان انگلیسی ایران و از طرف دیگر، بررسی تفاوت بین سواد دیجیتالی و جنسیت، سطح تحصیلات، و تجربه تدریس آنها است. بههمین منظور، 239 معلم زبان انگلیسی نسخهای تطبیقی از مدل سواد دیجیتالی اینجی[1] (2012) را تکمیل کردند. برای تحلیل دادهها از نرمافزار SPSS (نسخه 21) استفاده گردید. نتایج تحلیل دادهها نشانداد که سطح سواد دیجیتالی معلمان زبان انگلیسی، از نظر نوع نگرش، مباحث فنی، و ابعاد عاطفی-اجتماعی نسبتا بالا بود، اما دربعد شناختی، سواد دیجیتالی آنها تقریبا پایین بود.. تفاوت معناداری در سطح سواد دیجیتالی معلمان زن و مرد، تجربة تدریس و جنسیت آنها وجود نداشت، اما تفاوت معناداری در زمینة سواد دیجیتال معلمان شرکتکننده با در نظر گرفتن سطح تحصیلات آنان وجود داشت.
Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar, Indo-Iranian languages and literature
L’article se propose, dans le cadre de la sociolinguistique urbaine, de présenter le parler de la ville d’Errachidia, appelé parler beldi, en mettant l’accent sur le rapport identitaire des locuteurs avec leur parler et leur ville. L’enquête que nous avons menée a montré que les Rachidis, désirant afficher un certain particularisme identitaire, se sont donné le sobriquet « Ouzzoune » ; et tout « Ouzzoune » digne de ce nom ne doit parler que le parler beldi qui sent l’odeur des origines rurales ksouriennes. L’emploi du parler beldi est une forme de marquage territoriale à l’intérieur de la ville et une sorte de résistance à la culture urbaine des grandes villes marocaines.
Computational linguistics. Natural language processing, Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar
The present study sets out to examine the realisation of the speech act of expressing sympathy in Persian, which, notwithstanding its significant communicative role, has not received the attention it deserves. More precisely, drawing on data collected through open role-plays and retrospective interviews, and using rapport management theory (Spencer-Oatey 2005), this study is an attempt to scrutinise Persian speakers’ sympathy expressions in a situation exhibit-ing solidarity between the interlocutors. Results show that by employing 12 distinct strategies, Persian speakers respect behavioural expectations through expressing involvement, empathy and respect in the context of sympa-thising. Also, they respect and mostly enhance their own and the interlocutor’s identity and respectability face. In addition, their interactional goals are strongly relational.
Computational linguistics. Natural language processing, Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar
The language of advertising has for long proved a profitable resource for the teaching and learning of foreign languages at different educational levels, as well as for cultural and discourse studies, among others. Research paths and possibilities in the field are usually concerned with the domain of morphosyntax, pragmatics and semiotics in their widest sense, and the study of a wide range of specific language devices including terminology, loanwords and neologisms, the imperative mode, and images, for example. The peculiarities of advertising messages (combining verbal and non-verbal elements), their predominant persuasive function, and the large variety of texts produced in this sector are solid reasons for language trainers and scholars’ interest.
Este artigo tem em mira explorar os efeitos do sentido decorrentes da intermediação entre linguagem verbal e não verbal no processo de constituição do texto/discurso. Baseia-se a pesquisa na seguinte indagação: “A combinação palavra e imagem é complementar na conformação do texto?” “Existe autonomia da imagem?” A investigação conclui ser a associação entre as duas linguagens o meio mais eficaz para interpretação dos sentidos transmitidos pelo texto/discurso.