In 1725, artist Andrei Matveev sent his Allegory of Painting to Catherine I from Antwerp, where Peter the Great had sent him to study. Matveev’s Allegory remains the earliest known easel painting on an allegorical subject by a Russian painter. This article examines the circumstances surrounding the painting’s creation in Antwerp and explores its iconography and sources. It then considers the place of Matveev’s work amid the allegorical imagery produced in early eighteenth-century Russia. This study offers a possible new interpretation of the painting and sheds light on the role Antwerp and its artistic legacy played in fostering Russia’s emerging artistic culture.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics
Edición crítica, traducción y comentario de un calendario semanal que señala las horas favorables para efectuar una sangría en cada día de la semana. En apéndice se ofrece una explicación sobre el término iouius, que debe ser restituido en el texto y que hasta ahora no estaba atestiguado como nombre del jueves en ninguna fuente conocida.
History of the Greco-Roman World, Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
Este artículo ofrece a lgunos avances en el conocimiento de la figura del fiscal protector de indios durante el final de la época novohispana, ya en la segunda década del siglo XIX. Mediante un acercamiento a la figura de los últimos ocupantes de este cargo, los fiscales del crimen de la Real Audiencia de México, y sus posicionamientos sociales y políticos, así como el estudio de causas localizadas en el AGN mexicano, se analizan algunos pormenores sobre esta institución de eminente carácter colonial, alrededor de una década que sufrió fuertes tensiones sociales y cambios normativos. De esta forma, se arroja luz sobre su papel en la gestión y el control de los pueblos de indios, la defensa de sus intereses frente a la tesitura bélica o su colaboración con el régimen virreinal.
Laila Sari, Marjono Marjono, Sumardi Sumardi
et al.
Perwujudan nasional merupakan langkah utama yang dilakukan oleh Orde Baru pada masa pemerintahannya (1966-1998). Perwujudan budaya nasional di bidang kebudayaan dilakukan dengan karya sastra yang bertentangan dengan nasional. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui latar belakang, implementasi dan dampak dari kebijakan pelarangan karya sastra. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian sejarah dan pendekatan institusionalisme politik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa latar belakang pelarangan karya sastra adalah munculnya resistensi kebijakan sastra. Implementasi kebijakan pelarangan karya sastra berupa pelarangan buku sastra dan tersingkirkan pengarang.
Kata Kunci : Orde Baru, Karya Sastra, Literasi.
Introduction. The light played a big role in Byzantine culture. It was an integral part of the original architectural, artistic and symbolic design of the temple. For additional lighting inside the temple, polycandyla, lampadophoroi and candlesticks were used. Lighting devices are depicted on Byzantine mosaics, frescoes, icons, textiles and in manuscripts. Information about lighting devices is also contained in the typicons. Method. In 1930 and 2019–2021, during the excavations of the basilica erected by the Byzantines at the end of the 6th century on the Eski-Kermen plateau, fragments of Byzantine bronze candlesticks and a polycandylon were found. Their study is important for the reconstruction of the interior decoration of the once rich main city temple. Analysis and Results. These candlesticks and a polycandylon are only a small part of the lighting equipment of the main basilica of the city on the Eski-Kermen plateau. The considered lamps give an idea of the complex of church lighting, which was known only by mentions in monastic inventory inventories and typicons of the late 11th – 13th centuries. The increase in the value of candles in the artificial lighting of churches is a characteristic feature of the Komnenos period, which is intensified under the Palaiologoi. Apparently, a new set of lamps began to be used in the main basilica after its reconstruction.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, International relations
Sammendrag
Et sentralt spørsmål i forskning om norsk lensvesen er når og hvorvidt stedlige lensforvaltere, fogder, ble omvandlet fra lensherretjenere til kongelige embetsmenn. Selv om det har vært noe debatt om akkurat når prosessen ble sluttført, er historikere stort sett enige om at den begynte først etter reformasjonen og skjøt fart mot slutten av 1500-tallet. Spørsmålet er likeså relevant for studiet av forvaltningen av Færøyene, et norsk kongelig skattland og len, på 1500-tallet. Mens noen mener at fogden var lensherrens private tjener, hevder andre at han var kongens direkte underordnede ombudsmann. Denne artikkelen drøfter disse ulike oppfatningene. Fokuset ligger på det tidlige 1500-tallet, da lensforhold på Færøyene var i forandring. Det hevdes at kongen gjorde tydelige inngrep i færøysk forvaltning, og at fogder var «kongelige majestets fogder» tidligere enn deres motparter i Norge.
W artykule omówiono tryb powoływania, kompetencje i uposażenie urzędników centralnych/dworskich Księstwa Szczecińskiego w XVI i w pierwszych dekadach XVII w. Zwrócono uwagę na urząd marszałka nadwornego i jego zastępcy — podmarszałka. Do lat siedemdziesiątych XVI w. kompetencje zbliżone do marszałkowskich miał ochmistrz dworu, którego rolę z czasem sprowadzono do opieki nad fraucymerem
księżnej. Kontrolę nad kancelarią książęcą sprawował kanclerz. Ostatnim z centralnych urzędników Księstwa Szczecińskiego był rentmistrz krajowy, prowadzący nadzór nad prywatną szkatułą władcy.
Archaeology, History (General) and history of Europe
Peripheral arterial diseases comprise different clinical presentations, from cerebrovascular disease down to lower extremity artery disease, from subclinical to disabling symptoms and events. According to clinical presentation, the patient's general condition, anatomical location and extension of lesions, revascularisation may be needed in addition to best medical treatment. The 2017 European Society of Cardiology guidelines in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery have addressed the indications for revascularisation. While most cases are amenable to either endovascular or surgical revascularisation, maintaining long-term patency is often challenging. Early and late procedural complications, but also local and remote recurrences frequently lead to revascularisation failure. The rationale for surveillance is to propose the accurate implementation of preventive strategies to avoid other cardiovascular events and disease progression and avoid recurrence of symptoms and the need for redo revascularisation. Combined with vascular history and physical examination, duplex ultrasound scanning is the pivotal imaging technique for identifying revascularisation failures. Other non-invasive examinations (ankle and toe brachial index, computed tomography scan, magnetic resonance imaging) at regular intervals can optimise surveillance in specific settings. Currently, optimal revascularisation surveillance programmes are not well defined and systematic reviews addressing long-term results after revascularisation are lacking. We have systematically reviewed the literature addressing follow-up after revascularisation and we propose this consensus document as a complement to the recent guidelines for optimal surveillance of revascularised patients beyond the perioperative period.
Background: Lead exposure, even at low levels, is associated with adverse health effects in humans. We investigated the determinants of individual lead levels in a general population-based sample of adults from Florence, Italy. Methods: Erythrocyte lead levels were measured (using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry) in 454 subjects enrolled in the Florence cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study in 1992–1998. Multiple linear regression models were used to study the association between demographics, education and working history, lifestyle, dietary habits, anthropometry, residential history, and (among women) menstrual and reproductive history and use of exogenous sex hormones, and erythrocyte lead levels. Results: Median lead levels were 86.1 μg/L (inter-quartile range 65.5–111.9 μg/L). Male gender, older age, cigarette smoking and number of pack-years, alcohol intake, and residing in urban areas were positively associated with higher erythrocyte lead levels, while performing professional/managerial or administrative work or being retired was inversely associated with lead levels. Among women, lead levels were higher for those already in menopause, and lower among those who ever used hormone replacement therapy. Conclusions: Avoidable risk factors contribute to the lead body burden among adults, which could therefore be lowered through targeted public health measures.
Рассматриваются сфера труда и формировавшиеся на этой основе социально-трудовые отношения в постреволюционном советском обществе, которые всегда занимали важное положение среди государственных приоритетов большевистского режима. Целью исследования стал анализ причин, тенденций и результатов того, как трудовое право становилось инструментом доктринальных установок большевистского руководства, нацеленных на поступательное стирание граней между трудом наемным и обязательным и трудом обязательным и принудительным. Источниковая основа представлена документами и материалами ведущего ведомственного издания Наркомата юстиции РСФСР того периода – «Еженедельника советской юстиции», с начала 1930-х гг. переименованного в журнал «Советская юстиция». Показано, что государственная политика представляла собой противоречивый симбиоз доктринальных положений об «освобожденном труде» и прагматических решений об обязательности труда, трудовых мобилизаций и т. д. Этатизация данной сферы прошла несколько стадий, когда на смену директивности всеобщей трудовой повинности после окончания Гражданской войны пришла практика законодательного регулирования в форме Кодекса законов о труде 1922 г., объектом действия которого выступал труд по найму. В то же время сохранялся и имел постоянную тенденцию к расширению и дифференциации сегмент принудительного труда, часть которого (тюрьмы, колонии) регулировалась Исправительно-трудовым кодексом, тогда как другая (лагерная) была выведена из сферы действия не только КЗоТ, но и ИТК. Среди форм применения труда как меры уголовного наказания специфическое место занимал принудительный труд без нахождения под стражей как «мягкая» репрессия с кратким, до года сроком наказания. Массовое масштабное применение этой репрессивной меры в 1930-е гг. коснулось 4 млн чел., а с 1940 по 1955 г. за прогулы осуждению подверглись 11 млн чел. «Принудчики» стали обыденным элементом трудового потенциала страны и, по сути, символом симбиоза труда, обязательного и принудительного в раннесоветскую эпоху.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics
In the article was analyzed term "consulting" using different scientific approaches and was presented authorial view to its maintenance. It was proved that modern changes of enterprises functioning needed to be laid by strategy as control system of development. It was found out that development of enterprises was possible in conditions of effective innovations usage, rates of increasing were connected with the level of strategic management. Was formed authorial position concerning term "strategic consulting" as professional activity in the system of strategic enterprise management. It was set that strategic consulting was powerful source of informative and intellectual resources for increasing level of competitiveness and innovative development. From the point of view scientific approaches it is suggested to present full term of "strategic consulting" as combination system and processing approaches with features of innovativeness that in future will to assist realization of strategic aims and targets of enterprise-customer.
History (General) and history of Europe, Philosophy. Psychology. Religion
The article analyzes the design and operation of the portcullis blocking the corridor in the Bent Pyramid. It proves that the drawing of an activated portcullis demonstrated by D. Perring in 1939 is wrong. Egyptologists have been making references to the drawing for many years. The author concludes that a new type of portcullis was activated in the attempt of the robbers to enter the pyramid.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, Psychology
In 1912 Josef Strzygowski founded the ‘Section for East Asian Art History’ at the University of Vienna, which attracted many students who would continue their careers in museums and at universities and thus established East Asian art history as an academic field. This paper examines these early art historical engagements with East Asian art: First, I discuss the role of East Asian art in Strzygowski’s agenda of broadening art history’s geographical scope beyond Europe and in his argument about the dominance of ‘Nordic’ artistic traditions in Europe and in Asia. Secondly, I introduce the work of two early students at the ‘Section for East Asian Art History’ in Vienna, Karl With and Alfred Salmony. Their respective approaches to East Asian art exemplify a range of methodological concerns of their time, from stylistic narratives, the concept of ars una, comparative frameworks, to ideas about cultural or national ‘purity’ in the arts, and an interest in cross-cultural adaption and transformation of motifs and symbolism.