China is a global leader in fruit production, and fruit picking mainly relies on manual labor, which helps to select fruits according to fruit size and quality to reduce loss in this way. Different techniques and tools can be adopted according to the characteristics and picking needs of each fruit crop. However, the present picking field is faced with the problem of decreasing human resources and aging problem. Meanwhile, the traditional manual picking method has become unable to meet the demand for fast and efficient picking. To solve the problem of labor shortage, the research and development of automated fruit picking equipment with integrated computer vision have become the key to solve the problem of labor shortage. It can effectively improve the efficiency and quality of fruit picking. Automatic picking equipment combined with computer vision often uses object detection algorithms to identify objects, and object detection algorithms can be divided into both traditional algorithms and deep learning-based object detection algorithms. Traditional algorithms identify the position and bounding box of a specific object in an image or a video, usually by preprocessing the image (Scaling, grayscale or normalization), feature extraction (using traditional hand-designed features or automatic learning based on machine learning), classification or regression (confirming object class and location), and non-maximum suppression to further optimize and filter detected objects. When traditional fruit detection algorithms process images in complex environments, their limited expression ability and robustness are easily affected by illumination, occlusion and other factors, resulting in a decline in recognition accuracy. Furthermore, with the increase of feature complexity and computation amount, the algorithm processing speed will be reduced. When changing scenes, adding fruit types and updating features, the feature extractor needs to be redesigned and adjusted, and in special cases, the entire system needs to be retrained. Compared with traditional fruit detection algorithms, the fruit detection algorithm based on deep learning can extract and learn rich features from a large amount of data, and has higher accuracy and robustness when processing noisy data. When changing new environments and adding new categories, the fruit detection algorithm based on deep learning can improve the recognition ability and recognition accuracy of the model through transfer learning, data enhancement, multi-model combination, feature fusion and multi-modal data. Fruit detection algorithms based on deep learning can be divided into two categories: one-stage target detection algorithm and two-stage target detection algorithm. The one-stage object detection algorithm achieves end-to-end detection by using a single convolutional neural network to directly predict the target location and category. This method achieves fast detection while maintaining high accuracy, transforms the problem of target detection into a regression problem, and completes the location and classification of the target directly. In the training and deployment phase of the algorithm, the first-stage object detection algorithm uses pruning and quantization techniques to reduce the model size, which is suitable for running in mobile devices or embedded systems with limited resources. The two-stage target detection algorithm is called the target detection algorithm based on region of interest or region suggestion, which is usually divided into two stages: 1) Generate a large number of candidate regions by selective search, regional suggestion network (RPN) and other methods; 2) Through the network processing including classifiers and boundary box regressors, the candidate region is identified and accurately located. Traditional algorithms are effective in simple scenarios, but are often limited by design features in complex environments. Algorithms based on deep learning are more suitable for automated fruit picking due to their high efficiency and accuracy. This paper summarizes the improvement and application of traditional object detection algorithm and deep learning-based object detection algorithm. Also, this paper summarizes the improvements and applications of traditional spherical fruit detection algorithms and deep learning-based spherical fruit detection algorithms, and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of these algorithms in different use scenarios. This paper summarizes the fruit picking recognition algorithm and puts forward the future development trend of the algorithm. With model optimization and lightweight as the starting point, the efficient network architecture or model compression technology is adopted to reduce computational complexity and model size, improve model processing speed and adapt to mobile automatic picking equipment. It is required to enhance data processing, improve model generalization by preprocessing and synthesizing data, and optimize model adaptability in changing environments. The accuracy and robustness of model recognition are improved by combining spectral, infrared, laser and other sensor data. The model adaptive adjustment algorithm should be developed to adjust strategies and parameters according to real-time feedback and adapt to different fruit picking operations and different picking environmental conditions. In the fruit picking recognition algorithm based on deep learning, YOLO can directly predict the boundary box and category probability of the target in a single forward propagation to achieve near real-time detection, which is very important for the fruit picking robot in the orchard that needs fast response. The end-to-end design of YOLO simplifies the training inspection process, reduces complexity, and enables faster deployment in picking robot systems. In the changeable environment of orchards and groves, YOLO can effectively distinguish between fruit and background, improving the accuracy of detection. With the continuous research by domestic scholars, YOLO algorithm is also continuously iteratively optimized, and its ability to detect the objects of different sizes and shapes is significantly improved, which can adapt to the maturity degree, size and occlusion of fruits, and improve the detection performance in complex environments.
Data heterogeneity is the result of increasing data volumes, technological advances, and growing business requirements in the IT environment. It means that data comes from different sources, may be dispersed in terms of location, and may be stored in different structures and formats. As a result, the management of distributed data requires special integration and analysis techniques to ensure coherent processing and a global view. Distributed learning systems often use entropy-based measures to assess the quality of local data and its impact on the global model. One important aspect of data processing is feature selection. This paper proposes a research methodology for multi-level attribute ranking construction for distributed data. The research was conducted on a publicly available dataset from the UCI Machine Learning Repository. In order to disperse the data, a table division into subtables was applied using reducts, which is a very well-known method from the rough sets theory. So-called local rankings were constructed for local data sources using an approach based on machine learning models, i.e., the greedy algorithm for the induction of decision rules. Two types of classifiers relating to explicit and implicit knowledge representation, i.e., gradient boosting and neural networks, were used to verify the research methodology. Extensive experiments, comparisons, and analysis of the obtained results show the merit of the proposed approach.
Seyed Ghafour Alavi, Mansour Kazemi rad, Mohsen Moayyed
et al.
IntroductionMolybdenum-copper deposit of Shele boran is located in East-Azarbaijan province, northeast of Ahar. The area is dominated by the oldest rocks including Paleocene-Eocene andesitic-dacitic units into which Oligocene sub-volcanic intrusions have penetrated. Quartz-sulfide, quartz-oxide, and sulfide vein-veinlets were developed within the intrusion bodies that exhibit typical stockwork texture. Three types of hydrothermal hypogene alterations, potassic, phyllic and propylitic are developed in these bodies. The Oligocene intrusive bodies range, in composition, from granite, tonalite to porphyry microdiorite. The major constituent minerals including plagioclase, alkali-feldspar, quartz, biotite and hornblende accompanied by minor amounts of clinopyroxene, apatite, sphene, zircon. and common textures granular porphyry to porphyroid, and porphyritic textures. The parent magmas are high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonite showing LILE positive anomalies with high LREE/HREE ratio. These bodies were emplaced in a post-collision volcanic arc and an active continental margin setting.Regional GeologyThe studied area, a part of Arasbaran exploration area, lies in the north-west of Iran and is one of the copper-molybdenum-gold metallurgical states, known as the Ahar-Arasbaran zone. The area, due to its special geological features and in terms of gold, copper mineralization, Molybdenum is of special importance. This zone is divided into two eastern and western parts by the Rasht-Takestan fault. The eastern part consists of basic to acidic tuffs belonging to shoshonite to alkaline magmatic series, and the western part contains andesitic to rhyodacite lavas and several granitoid masses with high-K calc-alkaline and shoshonite. Qaradagh, Shiverdagh batholiths and Haft-Cashmeh as well as Songun porphyry stocks are among the most important intrusions igneous masses related to mineralization in Arasbaran metallogenic zone, where skarn, porphyry, stockwork and epithermal mineralizations occurred. One of the prominent features of this zone is the extensive Tertiary magmatic activity, initiated in the Paleocene-Eocene and reached its peak along with the extensive folding of volcanic and pyroclastic units, and the emplacement of intrusive masses in the Oligocene (Pyrenean phase). The oldest rock units in this area are Paleocene-Eocene volcanic and pyroclastic deposits with andesite-dacite, andesite to basaltic andesite and associated tuffs, penetrated by sub volcanic Oligocene porphyroid masses.Research methodology Simultaneously with the preparation of the geological map of the region with the scale of, a number of samples were taken from the surface units and boreholes that were drilled for the exploration of molybdenum and copper. On the base of lithological diversity, 45 samples of intrusive rocks were collected. Following petrography study, 15 samples with the least amount of alteration were analyzed by XRF and ICP-MS methods and by combining the information obtained from field observations, microscopic studies as well as the main and rare elements analyses using the GCDkit software, petrogenesis and the formation of intrusive rocks of the region have been investigated. Petrography According to the petrographic studies, plagioclase, potassium feldspar, quartz, biotite and hornblende are the main rock-forming minerals. Clinopyroxene, apatite, zircon, and sphene as the minor and chlorite, sericite, calcite, and clay minerals as the secondary minerals. The presence of porphyric granular, porphyroid and porphyry textures microcrystalline in the background are notable.Geochemistry As the Co/Th, Ce/Yb versus Ta/Yb and Th/Yb versus Ta/Yb diagrams demonstrate, the parent magma has shoshonite and high-K calc-alkaline nature. On Nb vs. Y, Rb vs. (Ta+Yb), Ta vs. Yb, and Rb vs. (Y+Nb) the diagrams, the bodies under study were emplaced in a post-collision volcanic arc and an active continental margin setting.On the spider diagram of intrusive masses normalized to chondrite, the studied samples show LREE enrichment, enrichment of LREE compared to HREE and negative anomaly of Nb and Zr indicate the dependence of these rocks on it shows calc-alkaline magmatic series. On the normalized diagram compared to the primary mantle, clear and distinct negative anomalies of Ti, Zr, P, Pr, Y, Nb and also positive anomalies of K, U, Pb, Cs, Nd are observed. The P, Ta, Ti and Nb negative anomalies on spider diagram with a specific enrichment of LILE (i.e. K, Sr, Sm, Th and Cs) are of the important characteristics of magmatic rocks associated with volcanic arcs, caused by the action of fluids derived from subduction. The negative Nb anomaly indicates the magmas related to the active continental margin environments and can be caused by the contamination of the crust and fluids released from the subducting lithosphere. The change process of these samples is compatible with the characteristics of the geo-structural environment related to subduction.Discussion and Conclusion The parent magma of the intrusion bodies has shoshonite and high-K calc-alkaline affinity. It should be noted that shoshonite and high-K calc-alkaline has also been reported in the volcanic units of Sonajil area of Harris. These masses display positive and distinct anomalies of K, Th, Sr, Sm, Cs, Rb, Ba as well as Ta, Ti, Zr, Nb, P, Pr, Y, Yb negative anomalies, the important features of the magmatic rocks related with volcanic arcs. The P, Ta, Ti and Nb negative anomalies on spider diagram along with a specific enrichment of LILE including K, Sr, Sm, Th and Cs are the important characteristics of magmatic rocks associated with volcanic arcs. Thus, the order of changes in these samples is consistent with the features of the geological environment related to subduction. These bodies were emplaced in a post-collisional volcanic arc and an active continental margin setting. The obtained data are consistent with the previous studies carried out on Oligocene granitoid intrusive masses of Western Alborz Zone-Azerbaijan (i.e., Moayyed, 2001, Aghazadeh et al., 2010).Acknowledgments We would like to thank all those who have cooperated in this research. Also, we would appreciate the editor-in-chief of the editorial board of Petrology magazine and the referees for their careful review and valuable suggestions.
Microplastics, ubiquitous in our environment, are significantly impacted by the hydrodynamic conditions around them. This study utilizes CFD to explore how various breaker types influence the dispersion and accumulation of microplastics in nearshore areas. A special focus is given to the impact of wave dynamics and particle size, particularly on buoyant microplastics in spilling breakers. It was discovered that spilling breakers, common on gently sloping seabeds, encourage broad dispersion of microplastics, notably for smaller-sized particles. Plunging breakers exhibit a similar pattern but with less dispersion and an initial forward movement of neutral and heavy particles. Surging breakers feature minimal dispersion and a distinct oscillatory motion. It has been observed that medium-sized particles with a 1 mm diameter in this work exhibit the most substantial forward movement, likely due to an optimal balance between inertia and viscosity, enabling an effective response to wave momentum. Larger particles, influenced mainly by inertia, tend to show less dispersion and advection. Meanwhile, smaller particles, more affected by viscosity, demonstrate greater dispersion, interacting extensively with wave-induced turbulence. This study reveals the significance of inertia in the behavior of microplastics over slopes, emphasizing the importance of considering inertial effects for precise modeling of microplastic movement in nearshore areas.
Mirte Korpershoek, Sally C. Reynolds, Marcin Budka
et al.
Humans are well known to have made paintings and engravings on rock surfaces, both geometric motifs with an unclear representation, and representative motifs that refer to their activities and aspects of their environment. This kind of art is widespread across time and space and has throughout history been subjected to various kinds of approaches. Typically, rock art research focuses on its role in the development of the hominin brain and the capability of abstract thinking, as well as on interpreting representative and non-representative motifs. Ethnography and cognitive research have often stressed that rock art is the result of ritual practises and the expression of a shamanic belief system. However, representative motifs may also shed light on a region’s ecological and human prehistory. Here, we give an overview of the general development of rock art study: we highlight the development of artistic behaviour in humans by discussing aesthetic preferences, and the creation of simple geometric motifs and eventually representative motifs, before describing the theories that developed from the earliest study of rock art. These have largely focused on classification and interpretation of the motifs, and often centred on Palaeolithic material from Europe. We then move on to discuss how ethnography among rock art creating communities often suggests important relationships between specific animals in both the realms of spiritual belief systems and within the local environment. Lastly, we highlight how rock art reflects the local penecontemporaneous environment when it comes to depictions of animals, plants, technologies, humans and their activities. We argue that animal depictions are a useful subject to study on a large scale, as it is the most widespread representative motif, and the most appropriate subject to study when the goal is to draw conclusions on environmental changes. Rock art can fill gaps in the local archaeological record and generate new questions of it, but also offer new insights into the history of local human–animal interaction: animal species depicted and/or referred to in rock art are likely to have been a selection of spiritually important animals and a comparison to known information on human interactions with local species may reveal patterns among which animals are selected for local rock art depictions and which are not. Interregional comparison can in turn shed light on whether humans in general tend to ascribe meaning to the same types of animals. We end the review with suggestions for future study, with a special role for computational methods, which are suitable for the analysis of large databases of visual imagery.
Suzanawati Abu Hassan, Yeong Kin Teoh, Diana Sirmayunie Mohd Nasir
et al.
It shows that motorbikes are widely employed as a primary means of transportation for everyday movement despite the hot environment and frequent downpours, as they discovered that a motorcycle was more effective and efficient due to the congestion. Transport is currently becoming highly important to support all human activities. Because different clients place different values on other brands, the study stresses the need to know about the various motorbike manufacturers and models available on the market. By understanding customer preferences and demands, motorcycle dealers can enhance profitability and buyer satisfaction by offering products that meet or exceed expectations in design, price, availability of special offers, and reliability. The Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process is used in this study to choose the top motorcycle brand names and rate the importance of four criteria. The financial features, promotion and types of motorcycles were employed in this study’s Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) comparison of each motorcycle brand. These criteria are analysed in detail to give buyers essential insights for making well-informed decisions and optimising their daily satisfaction while minimising costs. The findings of this research contribute to the existing knowledge of decision-making methodologies and provide practical implications for motorcycle businesses in Kota Bharu. The outcome demonstrates that, among the scores of possibilities, Honda is the finest brand for people to purchase concerning related criteria is 0.3881, followed by Suzuki (0.3029), Yamaha (0.2615), and Modenas (0.0476). It is also demonstrated by the approach that finances are the most crucial factor to consider before a buyer engages in a motorcycle purchase by having the highest weight score, which is 0.5920, followed by features (0.2439), motorbike kinds (0.1157) and promotions (0.0484).
Elżbieta Karnas, Patrycja Dudek, Ewa K. Zuba-Surma
In the last few decades, the practical use of stem cells (SCs) in the clinic has attracted significant attention in the regenerative medicine due to the ability of these cells to proliferate and differentiate into other cell types. However, recent findings have demonstrated that the therapeutic capacity of SCs may also be mediated by their ability to secrete biologically active factors, including extracellular vesicles (EVs). Such submicron circular membrane-enveloped vesicles may be released from the cell surface and harbour bioactive cargo in the form of proteins, lipids, mRNA, miRNA, and other regulatory factors. Notably, growing evidence has indicated that EVs may transfer their bioactive content into recipient cells and greatly modulate their functional fate. Thus, they have been recently envisioned as a new class of paracrine factors in cell-to-cell communication. Importantly, EVs may modulate the activity of immune system, playing an important role in the regulation of inflammation, exhibiting broad spectrum of the immunomodulatory activity that promotes the transition from pro-inflammatory to pro-regenerative environment in the site of tissue injury. Consequently, growing interest is placed on attempts to utilize EVs in clinical applications of inflammatory-related dysfunctions as potential next-generation therapeutic factors, alternative to cell-based approaches. In this review we will discuss the current knowledge on the biological properties of SC-derived EVs, with special focus on their role in the regulation of inflammatory response. We will also address recent findings on the immunomodulatory and pro-regenerative activity of EVs in several disease models, including in vitro and in vivo preclinical, as well as clinical studies. Finally, we will highlight the current perspectives and future challenges of emerging EV-based therapeutic strategies of inflammation-related diseases treatment.
Introduction
Saffron is one the most expensive crops and like other agricultural products, attacked by pest such as bulb Mite Rhizoglyphus robini Claparede (Acari: Astigmata). The bulb mite is one of the most important soil pest attacking plants with bulbs, corms and also tubers. In Iran it has been reported by Rahimi and Kamali (1993) for the first time on saffron corms from Gonabad and Qaen cities. Also it has been recorded that the bulb mite feeding on soil born fungi (Diaz et al., 2000; Nesvorna et al., 2012). On the other hand, there are many saprophytic fungi into the soil of saffron fields. Subsequently it may question whether the mite is primary or secondary pest on saffron corms. Despite many literatures on biology and ecology of Rhizoglyphus mites, there is not sufficient evidence on understanding the biology, behavior and colonization of R. robini regarding its damage to saffron corms when arriving after establishment of the soil born fungi.
Materials and Methods
To investigate the impact of soil-borne fungi on the biology of the bulb mite, we obtained a cohort of even-aged eggs from the mites in our stock culture. These eggs were then transferred to individual experimental units and monitored until they reached adulthood. Daily observations were made and recorded.
To assess mite fecundity, we selected thirty young ovipositing females and divided them into two groups: one group was exposed to fungal infection while the other group was not. Each saffron corm was placed in a 50mm Petri dish lined with wet filter paper. A starved mated female was added to each dish, and every three days for a period of 21 days, the number of eggs laid per dish was counted and then removed. The number of eggs per day per female was calculated based on these counts.
To study the attraction of bulb mites to the fungus, saffron corm sections with and without fungal infection were placed in a 50mm Petri dish. Four sections, with equal distances from each other and from the center, were arranged. Female R. robini mites were introduced into the dish, and after a four-hour period, the number of mites on each section was recorded.
For evaluating the population dynamics of the mite, we used four types of saffron corms: healthy corms, corms infected by the fungus, mechanically injured corms, and corms both infected and injured. Each experimental unit consisted of three saffron corms of the same size placed in an 80mm Petri dish. Five adult mites were added to each unit. Continuous observations were made daily to track the initial penetration and colonization of the mites in each treatment. The numbers of all motile stages of mites in each experimental unit were recorded using a stereomicroscope. These observations continued until the corms were completely destroyed by the feeding mites.
Results and Discussion
After culturing of sections of infected corms and mite body, the fungi, Penicillium spp., Aspergillus niger Vantieghem, Embelisia sp. and Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht were isolated and identified mutually in both samples. As the fungus F. oxysporum was the most abundant species, then it was used in the experiments. The fungus significantly affected the generation time (from egg stage to egg produced by adult) of the mite (Table. 1). Also mite fecundity was significantly higher on infested corms with the fungus than on non-infested ones (t = 10.79, d.f.= 27.31, P<0.001)(Figure 1). An obvious attraction of the females was observed toward fungal infected sections and significantly more mites were recorded on them than non-infected ones (W = 400, P<0.001)(Figure. 2).These findings are supported by some other studies (Czajkowska, 1995; Kasuga and Honda 2006; Ofek et al., 2013). Higher fecundity and faster development when mites were fed on the fungus on the infected corms are probably due to availability of a special nutrient source (mycelium). The ability of the bulb mite to digest fungi has been attributed to chitinase-producing symbiotic bacteria (Zindel et al., 2013). Based on the evidence provided by this study and previous ones (Okabe and Amano, 1990; Ofek et al., 2013), the mite R. robini was attracted more to fungal infected corms, it might because of metabolites and alcoholic secretions of the fungi. These findings demonstrate the suitability of saffron corms infected with soil fungi for development and population increase of the Robine mite.
The result on mite penetration and population dynamics on four types of treated corms indicated that the mite on infected corms penetrated within two weeks and thereafter population increased exponentially until the end of 5th week. In comparison on healthy corms and even injured ones the mite showed almost no increase during first three weeks and it was not able to penetrate and develop a stable colony on these corms. Also on infected and injured treatment similar population dynamics was observed as on infected ones (Figure. 3). These observations implying that the mite for penetrating into healthy corms encounters some difficulty and considerable time is needed to establish and colonized on such environment. Okabe and Amano (1991) has been found similar results and suggested that earlier penetrations of mites result in a faster population growth and colonization.
Conclusion
For many years the saffron bulb mite has been considered as a primary pest and historically control strategies has relied on the use of chemical miticides (for disinfection and etc.,) and some non-chemical methods. Subsequently the role of soil born fungi has receiving limited attention in this regards. According to the results of the present study, this acarine pest relies on the soil born fungi to penetrate and establish on the saffron corms. In other words, a close relationship exists between fungal infection and damage by R. robini on saffron bulbs. It suggest that for improving management strategies in regards of this pest, we should consider the role of saprophytic fungi as a main cause which provides condition for the bulb mite colonization and occurring damage. Further researches is proposed using appropriate methods to suppress soil born fungi and subsequent the bulb mite damage on saffron.
The article is devoted to the study of the concepts of “legal status”, “administrative and legal status” and “special administrative and legal status”. This article presents the author’s views on the content of the concepts of legal status, administrative and legal status and special administrative and legal status, considers the types of special administrative and legal status, subjects (carriers) of special administrative and legal, formulates the definition of “administrative guardianship”. examples of legislative acts containing legal norms regulating special administrative and legal status are given.
 It is established that the general administrative-legal status is inherent in all persons, while the special administrative-legal status covers the circle of those people who are endowed with special rights and responsibilities in a certain sphere of public administration. These special rights and responsibilities arise on the basis of holding a certain position (for example, the administrative and legal status of a police officer, civil servant, serviceman) or in the case of a citizen’s will and special permit (firearms permit, hunting permit). Legal status requires the will of a state body to grant such a person or group of people such administrative and legal status. in territories with a special legal regime, it is acquired in the absence of the will of a person - a resident of the territory to obtain a special administrative and legal status. The presence of a special administrative and legal status can not only expand residents of territories with a special legal regime.
Geography is the link between humans and the environment, and the balance between the two will lead to the stability of the environment. Tourism operates within the framework of a special spatial model, which is one of these spatial models of sustainable tourism. The development of the tourism industry, especially in less developed countries, is an effective factor in combating poverty and increases the incomes of different groups, reduces unemployment and economic prosperity, and thus improves the quality of life of people and increases social welfare. Tourism is not only considered as a potential tool to solve some problems in rural areas, but also as an integral element of rural development strategy. The village, the first permanent human settlement, the place of activities Agriculture and the work environment, effort, production and other efforts of human productivity of the land.Rural development is a multidimensional phenomenon that today requires policy to focus on the development of innovative ideas and projects It is a business initiative in rural areasRural tourism is one of the types of tourism that is associated with many other patterns of tourism, but its characteristic feature is the establishment in rural areas and its expansion has led to the introduction of modern methods of agriculture in rural areas and a very important source for skilled labor , Especially poor rural women and immigrants in the field of tourism and agriculture. Meanwhile, agri tourism, as a type of rural tourism, with significant effects on local motivation and economy, opportunities for diversification of activities, ultimately leads to increased public awareness. In terms of the importance of agriculture in improving life and also plays an important role in the sustainable development of agriculture in rural and urban areas.Therefore, agricultural tourism (agrotourism or agrotourism) has often been proposed as a sustainable development option to revive the rural economy and diversify income sources . By examining the potential of agricultural and tourism activities By combining these two elements under the title of agricultural tourism, it can be presented in line with the theory of sustainable tourism and a new strategy for the development of rural areas, which can be a factor for sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas,be in different villages.. At present, tourism is one of the largest and most diverse industries in the world and its rapid growth has led to many social, economic and environmental changes. Rural tourism is an effective tool that leads to increased productivity and efficiency of human resources, prevention Their migration in order to create new job opportunities, the interaction of cultures and rural development. Agri tourism as a subset of rural tourism is a strategy for rural development and reduces the problems of rural communities such as unemployment, low agricultural productivity, migration. Increasingly, cities and suburbs, especially in arid and semi-desert areas such as villages in Yazd province The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the development of rural entrepreneurship affected by agricultural tourism in the index villages and the purpose of tourism in Yazd province Which can be a factor for sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas. From the perspective of agriculture, agricultural tourism means expanding farm operations, using agricultural products in new and innovative ways, improving the flow of farm income and The development of new consumer markets is known. As a result, awareness of local agricultural products and the importance of preserving agricultural land through agri tourism increases.. , Local experts, villagers and managers of tourism industry using Cochran sampling method from among the residents of 30 key villages of Yazd province, the main research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by university professors in the field of tourism and its reliability was based on alpha coefficient.Cornbach 783 /. Was obtained. Data analysis was performed using Smart PLS2.0 and Spss22 software and the research results were presented using a one-sample t-test and structural equation modeling. Economic, social and cultural development indicate that the findings show that variables such as village, tourist, farmer or garden are among the primary drivers (pillars) of agricultural tourism and despite these four pillars of agricultural tourism has become meaningful And the research results indicate that variables such as structures, government support, tourists' motivation,cultural and their education with the focus on agricultural tourism are factors in rural development with effective results (economic and social and cultural growth and , development and development of work culture and entrepreneurship). Keywords: Agri Tourism ; Development, Leading Villages of Yazd: Rural Entrepreneurship ;Rural Tourism
O. V. Petrova, O. R. Chepyuk, S. D. Makarova
et al.
The publication raises the question of the role of master’s degree in the system of modern higher education. Based on a survey of opinions (three-party survey) of key stakeholder groups (employers; students in higher education programs; managers of master’s degree programs; master’s degree teachers), the authors consider possible options for developing master’s degree as one of the key stages of higher education in Russia. The authors conclude that university development programs in the field of master’s degree education should be designed taking into account the high level of uncertainty in the external environment, which means that they should provide for scenario modeling of the future of the entire scientific and educational ecosystem. The study uses the classification of four types of the future labor market (“technological world”, “world of social responsibility”, “world of entrepreneurship” and “world of corporations”) as the main hypothesis about the options for such scenario planning. The study results are visualized in the form of a roadmap for the strategic development of the Russian master’s degree programs, highlighting key trends for each of the development options. The practical result of the study was the identification of the main “gaps” in the positions of stakeholders on the status of the master’s degree program and effective models of its implementation. The conclusions and results of the publication will be interesting for the purposes of the university strategic management, the formation of a development strategy for the master’s degree, as well as the development of special programs for interaction with employers and students.
A. I. Shinkevich, S. S. Kudryavtseva, Yu. N. Khakimullin
et al.
Problem statement (Relevance): the article reflects the
current directions of improving the environmental safety
of petrochemical production through the development and implementation of environmental innovations that
meet the requirements of new technological methods of
production. Objective: development of methodological
tools for assessing resource efficiency and analysis of
the processes of introducing environmental innovations
in the petrochemical complex. Methods applied: general
scientific methods are used — system analysis, causeand-effect relationships, description and generalization; as
well as special methods — graphical analysis, component
analysis, factor analysis, descriptive statistics. Informational
and analytical materials of the Ministry of Economic
Development of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of
Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation, Rosstat,
the Oslo Guide, government programs are used as an
information base for the study. Originality: the factors of
environmental innovations in the petrochemical industry
are systematized, the coefficients of elasticity between
the costs and the resulting indicators of eco-innovations
in the petrochemical industry are calculated. Result: the
article shows that among the main types of environmental
innovations introduced in the petrochemical industry
are the reduction of material and energy costs, the
reduction of carbon dioxide emissions, the reduction of
the negative impact on the environment, the replacement
of petrochemical materials with safer ones, recycling of
petrochemical waste; it is revealed that the primary factor
influencing the intensification of the introduction of
environmental innovations in the petrochemical industry
is the result of the introduction of eco-innovations at
industrial petrochemical enterprises, which is reduced
from the intensity of costs for environmental innovations
in this industry. Practical relevance: the conclusions
and results presented in the article can be applied in
the development of strategies and programs to improve
environmental safety in the production of petrochemical
products along the entire value chain in this industry.
In addition, the toolkit proposed in the article may be
a prospect for further development and improvement of
the methodology for studying the impact of eco-innovation
on increasing the efficiency of the petrochemical
complex.
The Sociolinguistic Aspect of Ukrainian Russian Child Bilingualism on the Basis of a Survey of Ukrainian Families
The article explores the linguistic situation in Ukraine, where a key sociolinguistic peculiarity is the large-scale spread of various types of Ukrainian–Russian bilingualism. A special focus is put on bilingualism among children speaking two closely related languages, which represents a current language situation beyond any historical or political context. The article describes the peculiarities of the formation of child bilingualism, which are a result of the changing priorities of the primary and secondary tools of communication. The article presents the findings of a survey covering the family environment, undertaken in order to identify key trends in children's speech in Ukraine. This knowledge subsequently allows for the tracing of the correlation between a mother tongue / parents' second language, the language of family communication, and the national language in Ukraine. Moreover, it helps when it comes to the decision of whether or not to introduce bilingual practices in the early stages of the linguistic personality formation of a child. The concept of a ‘bilingual linguistic personality' is covered, and certain aspects pertaining to how bilingual children perceive the world are listed. The article takes into consideration the issues and criteria of the ‘mother tongue' concept in bilingual settings. The notion of ‘linguistic code switching' is characterized, as well as its impact on the formation of bilingual communicative competence in children. A focus is laid on the use of mixed forms of Ukrainian–Russian bilingualism in the context of the communicative practices of bilingual children. The article also examines a peculiar type of bilingualism, typical of a certain category of bilingual pre-schoolers and primary school children, in which each party of a communicative act tends to preserve their dominant language in an informal setting.
Socjolingwistyczny aspekt ukraińsko-rosyjskiej dwujęzyczności dzieci na podstawie badań rodzin ukraińskich
W artykule przedstawiona zostaje sytuacja językowa na Ukrainie, gdzie kluczową osobliwością socjolingwistyczną jest masowe rozprzestrzenianie się różnych typów i rodzajów dwujęzyczności ukraińsko-rosyjskiej. Szczególny nacisk kładzie się na dwujęzyczność dzieci, posługujących się blisko spokrewnionymi językami, która reprezentuje rzeczywistą sytuację językową poza jakimkolwiek kontekstem historycznym lub politycznym. Opisano specyfikę formowania się dwujęzyczności dzieci przez pryzmat zmieniającego się priorytetu pierwotnego i wtórnego medium społecznego dla dziecka. Wyniki badania obejmują środowisko rodzinne, którego analiza jest metodą identyfikacji kluczowych trendów w mowie dzieci na Ukrainie, co pozwala następnie na śledzenie korelacji między językiem ojczystym / drugim językiem rodziców, językiem komunikacji rodzinnej a językiem narodowym na Ukrainie. Ponadto pomaga rozważyć możliwość wprowadzenia / niewprowadzania praktyk dwujęzycznych na wczesnych etapach kształtowania się osobowości językowej dziecka. Omówiono też koncepcję „dwujęzycznej osobowości językowej” i wymieniono pewne aspekty postrzegania świata przez dzieci dwujęzyczne. Rozważono kwestie i kryteria koncepcji „języka ojczystego” w środowiskach dwujęzycznych. Scharakteryzowano pojęcie „przełączania kodu językowego”, a także jego wpływ na kształtowanie się dwujęzycznych kompetencji komunikacyjnych u dzieci. Nacisk położono na wykorzystanie mieszanych form dwujęzyczności ukraińsko-rosyjskiej w kontekście praktyk komunikacyjnych dzieci dwujęzycznych. Poddano analizie osobliwy typ dwujęzyczności, typowy dla pewnej kategorii dwujęzycznych przedszkolaków i dzieci ze szkół podstawowych, kiedy każda strona aktu komunikacji ma tendencję do zachowania swojego dominującego języka w nieformalnym otoczeniu.
Computational linguistics. Natural language processing, Semantics
The article is devoted to the text as a multifaceted concept that a pupil is faced with both when perceiving the educational content and producing his / her own oral and written answers. The emphasis in the article is made on the two most frequent types of speech used in various school subjects, that is description and reasoning. The purpose of the work is to systemize the philological knowledge about the text, its kinds and methods of its creation, since it is necessary to know for organizing the environment for language development.
During the study the following methods were used: comparative method, generalization, comparison, systemization, theoretical analysis of research and methodological literature on text theory, stylistics, genre studies and methods of teaching Russian.
As a conclusion specific features for describing an object and a portrait of a person are presented; the main types of classification are introduced and principles of their building-up are formulated. A special attention in regard to the essays is paid to the laws of logic. Various examples from school text books are given.
It is concluded that taking into account all the achievements accumulated in the theory of text, stylistics, genre studies, as well as methods of teaching Russian for creating an environment for language development, will allow teachers to improve the perception of tasks by students and will contribute to the formation of skills for creating written and oral answers.
Education (General), Theory and practice of education
In this era of startling developments in the medical field there remains a serious worry about the hazardous potential of various by products which if not properly addressed can lead to consequences of immense public concern. Hospitals and other health care facilities generate waste products which are evidently hazardous to all those exposed to its potentially harmful effects. Need for effective legislation ensuring its safe disposal is supposed to be an integral part of any country's health related policy. This issue is of special importance in developing countries like Pakistan which in spite of framing various regulations for safeguarding public health, seem to overlook its actual implementation. The result unfortunately is the price wehave to pay not only in terms of rampant spread of crippling infections but a significant spending of health budget on combating epidemics which could easily have been avoided through effective waste disposal measures in the first place. Waste classified under the heading 'bio-hazardous' includes any infectious or potentially infectious material which can be injurious or harmful to humans and other living organisms. Amongst the many potential sources are the hospitals or other health delivery centres which are ironically supposed to be the centres of infection control and treatment. Whilst working in these setups, health care workers such as doctors, nurses, paramedical staff and sanitation workers are actually the ones most exposed and vulnerable to these challenges. Biomedical waste may broadly be classified into Infectious and toxic waste. Infectious waste includes sharps, blood, body fluids and tissues etcwhile substances such as radioactive material and by-products of certain drugs qualify as toxic waste. Furthermore health institutions also have to cater for general municipal waste such as carton boxes, paper and plastics. The World Health Organisation has its own general classification of hospital waste divided into almost eight categories of which almost 15% (10% infectious and 5% toxic) is estimated to be of a hazardous nature while the remaining 85% is general non hazardous content.1A recent study from Faisalabad, Pakistan has estimated hospital waste generation around 1 to 1.5 kg / bed /day for public sector hospitals in the region,2while figures quoted from neighbouring India are approximately 0.5 to 2 KG / hospital bed /day.3 Elsewhere in the world variable daily hospital waste production has been observed ranging from as low as 0.14 to 0.49 kg /day in Korea4 and 0.26 to 0.89 kg/day in Greece5to as high as 2.1 to 3.83 kg/day in Turkey6 and 0.84 to 5.8 kg/day in Tanzania.7Ill effects of improper management of hospital waste can manifest as nosocomial infections or occupational hazards such as needle stick injuries. Pathogens or spores can be borne either through the oro-faecal or respiratory routes in addition to direct inoculation through contact with infected needles or sharps. Environmental pollution can result from improper burning of toxic material leading to emission of dioxins, particulate matter or furans into the air. The habitat can also be affected by illegal dumping and landfills or washing up of medical waste released into the sea or river. Potential organisms implicated in diseases secondary to mismanagement of hospital waste disposal include salmonella, cholera, shigella, helminths, strep pneumonia, measles, tuberculosis, herpesvirus, anthrax, meningitis, HIV, hepatitis and candida etc. These infections can cause a considerable strain on the overall health and finances of the community or individuals affected. The basic principal of Public health management i.e 'prevention is better than cure' cannot be more stressed in this scenario as compared to any other health challenge. Health facilities must have a clear policy on hazardous waste management. To ensure a safe environment hospitals need to adopt and implement international and local systems of waste disposal. Hospital waste management plan entails policy and procedures addressing waste generation, accumulation, handling, transportation, storage, treatment and disposal. Waste needs to be collected in marked containers usually colour coded and leak proof. Segregation at source is of vital importance. The standard practice in many countries is the Basic Three Bin System ie to segregate the waste into RED bags/ boxes for sharps, YELLOW bags for biological waste and BLUE or BLACK ones for general/ municipal waste. All hospital staff needs to be trained in the concept of putting the right waste in relevant containers/ bags. They need to know that more than anything else this practice is vital for their own safety. The message can be reinforced through appropriate labelling on the bins and having posters with simple delineations to avoid mixing of different waste types. Sharps essentially should be kept in rigid, leak and puncture-resistant containers which are tightly lidded and labelled. Regular training sessions for nurses and cleaning staff can be organised as they are the personnel who are more likely to deal with waste disposition at the level of their respective departments. Next of course is transportation of waste products to the storage or disposal. Sanitary staff and janitors must be aware of the basic concepts of waste handling and should wear protective clothing, masks and gloves etc, besides ensuring regular practice of disinfection and sterilization techniques.8Special trolleys or vehicles exclusively designed and reserved for biomedical waste and operated by trained individuals should be used for transportation to the dumping or treatment site. Biomedical waste treatment whether on site or off site is a specialised entity involving use of chemicals and equipment intended for curtailing the hazardous potential of the material at hand. Thermal treatment via incinerators, not only results in combustion of organic substances but the final product in the form of non-toxicash is only 10 to 15% of the original solid mass of waste material fed to the machine. Dedicated autoclaves and microwaves can also be used for the purpose of disinfection. Chemicals such as bleach, sodium hydroxides, chlorine dioxide and sodiumhypochlorite are also effective disinfectants having specialised indications. Countries around the world have their own regulations for waste management. United Kingdom practices strict observance of Environmental protection act 1990, Waste managementlicensing regulations 1994 and Hazardous waste regulations 2005 making it one of thesafest countries in terms of hazardous waste disposal. Similar regulations specific for each state have been adopted in United States following passage of the Medical Waste tracking act 1988. In Pakistan, every hospital must comply with the Waste Management Rules 2005 (Environment Protection Act 1997), though actual compliance is far from satisfactory. It is high time that the government and responsible community organisations shape up to seriously tackle the issue of bio hazardous waste management through enforcement of effective policies and standard operating procedures for safeguarding the health and lives of the public in general and health workers in particular.