Hasil untuk "Philosophy (General)"

S. Leslie, Andrei Cimpian, Meredith Meyer et al.

R. Burns, R. Burns

P. M. Calvi, G. Michele, M. Kowalsky

B. Massumi

Kevin P. Murphy, Stuart J. Russell

B. Hogan, F. Costantini, E. Lacy

Qinghua Zhu, Joseph Sarkis

F. Samejima

A. Coffey, P. Atkinson

J. Fleetwood

Christopher J. Berry

Henrique Gomes

Symmetry is often treated in philosophy of physics as an interpretive problem. A particularly lively dispute concerns local symmetries: do they indicate surplus structure that ought to be expunged, or are they merely a harmless redundancy? One influential response favours the second option for certain theories -- those dubbed internally sophisticated. And indeed, in much of physics practice, local symmetries are left implicit: one simply works "up to isomorphism'' without pausing over invariance. But not always. In some settings, local symmetry and invariance become pressing practical concerns for physicists. Yet philosophical discussions of sophistication have paid little sustained attention to when, and why, this happens. Surveying textbook general relativity (GR) and gauge theory, I identify the settings in which diffeomorphism invariance or gauge invariance must be handled explicitly. (Here a setting is a choice of representational framework or background assumptions within which one formulates and uses the theory -- for instance, linearisation, an initial-value formulation, or a Hamiltonian $3+1$ formalism.) I propose an operational criterion -- background-relative sophistication (BRS) -- and argue that it accounts well for the pattern: it marks just where symmetry can stay implicit and where it must be made explicit. Quantum and subsystem settings raise a further difficulty: there, certain tasks (superposition and gluing) force symmetry into view even for theories that are BRS.

Zhipeng HUANG, Zuxun LU, Peigang WANG et al.

Since the implementation of the new healthcare reforms, China's healthcare industry has achieved significant development. However, pressing issues such as bypassing primary care for specialist visits, preference for high-level medical resources, passive health awareness, and doctor-patient conflicts remain severe. These problems may be attributed to the lag in the construction of residents' healthcare-seeking culture. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the concept, structural dimensions, and value functions of healthcare-seeking culture. From the dual perspectives of healthcare value cognition and healthcare-seeking cultural choices, it elucidates the profound impact of healthcare-seeking culture on residents' medical behaviors and the order of healthcare-seeking activities. Addressing the current confusion in residents' healthcare-seeking culture, the paper proposes practical approaches, including implementing a hierarchical diagnosis and treatment system, enhancing public education on healthcare culture, fostering harmonious doctor-patient relationships, and optimizing the allocation of medical resources. The aim is to promote the scientific and rational transformation of residents' healthcare-seeking culture, provide new references for regulating social healthcare-seeking order, enhancing public health outcomes, and supporting the implementation of the Healthy China strategy.

Carlos Pérez Wic, Pablo Cavero López, Elvira Rodríguez Tenorio et al.

El creciente impacto de la inteligencia artificial (IA) en los entornos educativos hace necesario comprender cómo su implementación influye en la satisfacción laboral del profesorado, especialmente cuando intervienen factores personales que pueden modular dicha experiencia. En este marco, el estudio se plantea analizar de qué manera variables sociodemográficas como el género y la edad condicionan la satisfacción laboral docente asociada al uso de IA, atendiendo a posibles diferencias en la forma en que el profesorado percibe e incorpora estas tecnologías en su práctica diaria. Para ello, se aplicó un cuestionario a 51 docentes con el fin de comparar las percepciones entre hombres y mujeres e identificar posibles diferencias según distintos rangos de edad. El análisis confirma diferencias significativas según el género, siendo los hombres quienes reportan mayor satisfacción, mientras que la edad no constituye un factor determinante. Este estudio evidencia la necesidad de políticas formativas inclusivas que reduzcan brechas y favorezcan una integración equilibrada de la IA en la práctica docente.

Yiyan Wang, Thomas Ågotnes

This paper explores how insights from the philosophy of collective agency can inform the development of coalition logic, focusing particularly on the conceptual distinctions among intentionality, preference, and coalitional power as foundational elements. While the interdisciplinary discussion mainly adopts a philosophical perspective, we also propose specific directions for broadening and refining coalition logic through philosophical theories. This expansion sheds light on phenomena often overlooked by logicians, including unstable joint actions, exogenous power, and the role of coalitional structures.

Ward Struyve

While Einstein was guided by the principle of general covariance in formulating general relativity, Kretschmann later argued that this principle lacks physical significance, since any space-time theory can be reformulated in a generally covariant form. This critique has prompted an ongoing debate over how to distinguish substantive general covariance from mere formal general covariance. Some proposals for defining substantive general covariance are based on the requirement that a theory be derivable from a diffeomorphism-invariant action. The present work aims to critically assess these proposals by examining canonical examples of Kretschmannian formulations of special relativistic theories. It will be shown that these formulations -- which seem merely formally generally covariant -- can always be derived from a diffeomorphism-invariant action. Although these actions involve auxiliary variables, these variables are trivial in the sense that they are either pure gauge or dynamically fixed by the other variables. Consequently, the theories described by these actions are arguably equivalent to the original Kretschmannian formulations. This stands in contrast to the actions proposed by Rosen and Sorkin, which include non-trivial auxiliary variables and hence seem to describe distinct physical theories. More recently, Freidel and Teh have suggested an additional criterion for substantial general covariance, namely that the action should also yield a non-trivial corner charge associated to diffeomorphism invariance. However, this too appears insufficient, since such actions can always be constructed.

Hodek M. García, Marcelo Salgado

By implementing a full non-linear treatment of $f(R)$ gravity in static and spherically symmetric spacetimes, we analyze two scenarios. The first one within the context of the solar-system tests where we try to recover the chameleon effects without any approximations in the equations (e.g. linearization) from $f(R)$ models that are compatible with cosmology. The second scenario deals with a quadratic $f(R)$ model that is tested in neutron stars. This scenario, which is associated with strong gravity, is completely independent from the first one, but exploits the fact that the equations and formalism are basically the same in both applications. The difference between the two goals lies mainly in the values of the constants involved in the specific $f(R)$ models and the equation of state (EOS) of the central object (Sun or neutron star), but the numerical techniques and the general form of the field equations remain valid in both situations. For the neutron star problem we employ for the first time and in the context of $f(R)$ gravity a multiple algebraic polytropic EOS that mimics accurately realistic EOS in several density ranges. By doing so we avoid the numerical interpolation needed when a realistic EOS is given in tabulated form. Furthermore, we compare our results with the latest data, which includes the most massive neutron star known to date of about $2.35 M_\odot$ from PSRJ0952-0607.

Moritz Reintjes, Ruochen Xia

We give the first general construction of solutions of the static spherically symmetric Einstein-Euler equations, the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff (TOV-)equation, with prescribed density functions allowed to be discontinuous and non-uniform; these solutions describe stellar phase transitions in General Relativity. Boundedness of the resulting pressure functions solving the TOV-equations, from the boundary down to the stellar center, is obtained by identifying a novel condition on the prescribed density, in generalization of the classical Buchdahl limit. Moreover, we introduce a new necessary condition for the existence of such bounded pressure functions, which in the special case of a uniform density state reduces to the classical Buchdahl limit on the stellar mass-radius relationship. We present various examples to study the stellar mass-radius relationships resulting from our new conditions.

М. Maulsharif

Глобальные влияния и местные условия формируют разнообразные культурные идентичности и становится важным иметь надежные инструменты для их измерения. Целью исследования является измерение глобально-локальных отношений, отражающие различные аспекты культурной динамики, формирующей молодежную идентичность в Казахстане, на основе оптимизированной и адаптированной  шкалы  глобальной идентичностей GIS. Научная и практическая значимость: Поскольку глобальные влияния проникают в локальные пространства, они меняют традиционные структуры и отношения, вызывая необходимость в надежных методологиях, которые могут уловить нюансы этих преобразований. Такие измерения позволяют исследователям и практикам лучше понимать и решать конкретные потребности и проблемы, с которыми сталкивается эта демографическая группа в быстро глобализирующемся мире. Методология: исследование оптимизирует и адаптирует GIS для изучения культурных предпочтений казахстанской студенческой молодежи. Данные собраны опросным методом. Участники отобраны равными соотношениями из двух групп: этнически гомогенные (казахи, N 225) и гетерогенные (другие, N225). Проанализированы всего 426 случаев в программе IBM SPSS. Для охвата разных ориентаций идентичности на основе GIS созданы конструкции "глобалисты", "локалисты", "глокалисты" и "негативисты". Основные результаты, анализ и выводы: Анализ данных с использованием парных t-тестов показал, что большинство утверждений показывают статистически значимые различия между оценками глобалистов и локалистов. Результаты отражают преобладание глобализма, но с сохранением традиционных локальных идентичностей. Это сочетание говорит о поколенческом сдвиге к глобальной идентичности, независимо от этнической принадлежности. В целом, это исследование вносит ценный вклад в продолжающийся дискурс о глобальной и местной идентичности, особенно в постколониальном контексте, таком как - Казахстан, расширяя академическое понимание динамики культурной идентичности. Практическое значение: исследование предоставляет значимую информацию для будущих исследованй, которые смогут расширяться за счет панельных исследований для отслеживания изменений в восприятии идентичности более широкого круга молодежи со временем, особенно в ответ на глобальные события или национальные изменения в политике. Ключевые слова: глобальные и местные отношения, конструкт идентичностей, өлшей, GIS, студенты.

Carlos CAÑETE

En los últimos años se han planteado varias críticas al modelo de orientalismo propuesto por Edward Said. Entre ellas destacan, por ejemplo, las advertencias acerca de la existencia de discursos orientalistas en fecha muy anterior a la señalada por Said o de corrientes orientalistas, como las ibéricas, que no encajan en el modelo antagonista propuesto por aquél. Este trabajo partirá de los textos sobre el Sáhara argelino elaborados por Yves Alliaume en las décadas centrales del siglo XX para ofrecer una reinterpretación de la relación entre los discursos orientalistas y la práctica de la colonialidad en Argelia. Para ello, se centrará en las nociones de lo “bereber” y del estatus del islam entre las poblaciones locales para mostrar como la caracterización de las sociedades en el periodo colonial no partía de unas distinciones culturales netamente definidas, sino que se articulaba a través de valoraciones sociales que conectan el ámbito colonial con el metropolitano. De todo ello surge una dimensión de la antropología del norte de África raramente advertida hoy día, pero que ya fue señalada en su momento por Franz Fanon y que aparece recurrentemente en los textos del Yves Alliaume. Esta relectura social puede servir para recomponer la noción del orientalismo dentro de la noción foucaultiana de discurso que la inspiró, así como para explorar su compleja relación con la práctica de la colonialidad desde una perspectiva glocal.