Hasil untuk "History of Spain"

J. Taubenberger, A. Reid, A. Krafft et al.

A. Lobo, Pedro Saz, Guillermo Marcos et al.

A. Reid, T. Fanning, J. Hultin et al.

M. Fernández-García, M. Fernández-García, M. Fernández-García et al.

<p>During the Late Pleistocene, stadial and interstadial fluctuations affected vegetation, fauna, and human groups that were forced to cope with these pronounced spatial–temporal climatic and environmental changes. These changes were especially abrupt during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3. Here, we reconstruct the climatic trends in northern Iberia considering the stable isotopic composition of ungulate skeletal tissue found in archaeological deposits dated between 80 and 15 <span class="inline-formula">ka cal BP</span>. The carbon and oxygen isotopic composition preserved in the carbonate fraction of tooth enamel provides a reliable and high-resolution proxy of the food and water consumed by these animals, which is indirectly related to the local vegetation, environment, and climate, allowing us to estimate palaeotemperatures and rainfall intensity. This study presents new isotope data from 44 bovine, equid, and cervid teeth from five archaeological sites in the Vasco-Cantabrian region (El Castillo, Axlor, Labeko Koba, Aitzbitarte III interior, and El Otero) and one in northeastern Iberia (Canyars), where human evidence is attested from the Mousterian to the Magdalenian. The carbon isotope values reflect animals feeding on diverse C3 plants in open environments and point to differentiated ecological niches for equids and bovines, especially during the Aurignacian in the Vasco-Cantabrian region. Temperature estimations based on oxygen isotopic compositions and rainfall obtained from carbon isotopic compositions indicate colder and more arid conditions than nowadays for the human occupations from the Late Mousterian to the Aurignacian. The contemporary northeastern Iberian site shows slightly lower temperatures related to an arid period when animals mainly grazed in open landscapes. In the Vasco-Cantabrian region, during MIS 2, the Gravettian data reflect a landscape opening, whereas the Magdalenian points to warmer (but still arid) conditions.</p>

M. Martínez-González, C. D. L. Fuente-Arrillaga, J. Núñez-Córdoba et al.

Abel Lorenzo-Rodríguez

This article will analyze the miracle of St. Ildefonsus’ chasuble (606–667) from the point of view of miracles of punishment. In comparison to previous studies, on this occasion, the Toledan story will be reconsidered not only together with that of St. Bonitus of Clermont (620–700), but also in light of the similarities with the miracle of the bishop Adaulfus II of Compostela (ninth century), and the possible late antique inspiration of both from the <i>Libellus Precum</i> and from Gregory of Tours´ hagiographies. The stories that involve Ildefonsus and Adaulfus have strong similarities in the development of their sainthoods and in the importance that is given to liturgical vestments. Both are sanctified as prelates, which is due to their miraculous possession of external attributes because of their merits when facing unfair trials.

Javier Morentin‐Encina, Elena Noguera Pigem, María Barba Núñez

The two‐way relationship between inclusion and participation makes municipal child participation organisations and experiences a key means of guaranteeing the inclusion in community life of children and adolescents, who are traditionally excluded from decision‐making and the promotion of changes in the realities of their lives. One of the main objectives of municipal child participation organisations is to ensure that these spaces are inclusive. This means that they must promote equality of guarantees and conditions in the development of the right to participation from a perspective that addresses the different axes of inequality, not only in access to these spaces but also in the relational dynamics that take place in them. Based on a theoretical reflection on inclusion and participation, this article analyses the data from a questionnaire applied to 279 people (191 technical figures and 88 elected authorities) from 179 municipalities in Spain, which seeks to describe the state of child and adolescent participation in municipalities that are part of the International Association of Educating Cities, Child Friendly Cities, or both. A qualitative analysis is made of those issues related to the strategies used to promote inclusion within the Children’s Councils, as well as in the initiatives promoted in the field of child participation. The results show agreement in considering Children’s Councils to be inclusive bodies, but the means and procedures used do not always guarantee this inclusiveness.

Joshua D Thomas, N. Richardson, J. Eldridge et al.

We present updated orbital elements for the Wolf–Rayet (WR) binary WR 140 (HD 193793; WC7pd  + O5.5fc). The new orbital elements were derived using previously published measurements along with 160 new radial velocity measurements across the 2016 periastron passage of WR 140. Additionally, four new measurements of the orbital astrometry were collected with the CHARA Array. With these measurements, we derive stellar masses of $M_{\rm WR} = 10.31\pm 0.45 \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$ and $M_{\rm O} = 29.27\pm 1.14 \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$. We also include a discussion of the evolutionary history of this system from the Binary Population and Spectral Synthesis model grid to show that this WR star likely formed primarily through mass-loss in the stellar winds, with only a moderate amount of mass lost or transferred through binary interactions.

S. Aalberse, A. Backus, P. Muysken

Heritage languages, such as the Turkish varieties spoken in Berlin or the Spanish used in Los Angeles, are non-dominant languages, often with little prestige. Their speakers also speak the dominant language of the country they live in. Often heritage languages undergo changes due to their special status. They have received a lot of scholarly attention and provide a link between academic concerns and educational issues. This book takes a language contact perspective: we consider heritage languages from the perspective of their history, their structural properties, and their interaction with other surrounding languages.

M. Karlsson, Thérèse H. Nilsson, Stefan Pichler

J. Padilla, C. Castro, Pablo Doncel et al.

The Multidimensional Driving Style Inventory (MDSI; Taubman - Ben-Ari et al., 2004) is a well-known and useful instrument that allows us to identify not only "maladaptive" Driving Styles (DS) in order to modify them, but also "adaptive" DS to encourage safe driving. The aim of this study was to adapt the MDSI to the Spanish spoken in Spain and to the rules and driving habits of Spaniards. The Argentinian version of the MDSI was taken as the source version. The sample consisted of 1173 drivers, who completed the Spanish version of the MDSI. The factor structure was analysed by means of an Exploratory Factor Analysis (AFE) and a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (AFC). The 6-factor structure of the Argentinian version of the MDSI was replicated with higher internal consistency values for each of the DS. The original Argentinian and the Spanish versions share 23 items, indicating a relevant overlap in the construct. A cluster analysis grouped the DS into two groups: maladaptive and adaptive. Significant associations were found between DS measures and demographic variables (gender, age, and education level), driving history and theoretically related constructs like the Domain-Specific Risk-Taking Scale (DOSPERT); Lapses, Errors, Violations; Angry Driving; and Sensitivity to Rewards. The Spanish MDSI provides valid measures that could help us understand complex driving behaviours and promote safe driving.

M. Miravitlles, J. J. Soler-Cataluña, M. Calle et al.

C. Boix‐Fayos, A. Calvo-Cases, A. Imeson et al.

Alharilla Montilla-Ibáñez, A. Martínez-Amat, R. Lomas-Vega et al.

M. Miravitlles, J. Soler-Cataluña, M. Calle et al.

M. Barrecheguren, M. Román-Rodríguez, M. Miravitlles

Background Some patients share characteristics of both COPD and asthma. As yet, there is no gold standard to identify patients with the so-called asthma–COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS). Objective To describe the differences between ACOS patients and the remaining COPD patients, and to compare the clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with ACOS by two different criteria: previous diagnosis of asthma before the age of 40 years; and the diagnostic criteria of the Spanish guidelines of COPD. Methods Multicenter, observational, cross-sectional study performed in 3,125 COPD patients recruited in primary care and specialized outpatient clinics. Patients with COPD and a history of asthma before the age of 40 years were diagnosed with ACOS and compared to the remaining COPD patients. Subsequently, ACOS patients were subdivided based on whether they fulfilled the Spanish guidelines of the COPD diagnostic criteria or not, and they were compared. Results ACOS was diagnosed in 15.9% of the patients. These patients had different basal characteristics compared to the remaining COPD patients, including a higher frequency of women and more exacerbations despite lower tobacco exposure and better lung function. They were more likely to have features of asthma, such as a positive bronchodilator test, higher peripheral eosinophilia, and higher total immunoglobulin E. Within the ACOS group, only one-third fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of the Spanish guidelines of COPD; these individuals were not significantly different from the remaining ACOS patients, except for having more exacerbations and poorer lung function. Conclusion ACOS patients diagnosed on the basis of a previous diagnosis of asthma differed from the remaining COPD patients, but they were similar to ACOS patients diagnosed according to more restrictive criteria, suggesting that a history of asthma before the age of 40 years could be a useful criterion to suspect ACOS in a patient with COPD.

Camille Lacau Saint-Guily

<p>Los <em>Cahiers de Civilisation espagnole contemporaine</em>, fundados por Jacques Maurice y dirigidos actualmente por Manuelle Peloille (con Gérard Brey y Serge Buj como directores adjuntos), vienen desde hace algunos años tratando de paliar el vacío historiográfico que existe en Francia en materia de filosofía española contemporánea, y concretamente en historia cultural del pensamiento y de las ideas. Últimamente se han publicado dos dossiers en torno a este tema.</p><p><strong>Palabras claves:</strong> Los <em>Cahiers de Civilisation espagnole contemporaine</em><em>, </em>filosofía española contemporánea, ausencia historiográfica, Francia.</p><p><strong>Abstract:</strong></p><p>The <em>Cahiers de Civilisation espagnole contemporaine</em>, created by Jacques Maurice and directed at the present time by Manuelle Peloille (with Gérard Brey and Serge Buj as assistant directors), have tempted for several years to get round the historiographical blank that exists in France in terms of Spanish contemporary philosophy, as well as cultural history of thought and ideas. The latest records on these topics have shown this point, examining the link between philosophy and Spain.</p><strong>Key words</strong>:<em> </em>The<em> </em><em>Cahiers de Civilisation espagnole contemporaine</em>, the Spanish contemporary philosophy, historiographic absence, France.

Miguel Ángel Giménez Martínez

The Second Republic did not try to put an end to religion and the Catholic Church, but to lay the foundations for the laicization of the State and the secularization of society. The measures adopted in this sense, nevertheless, turned to be a failure. And that was not because their content was inappropriate, but because they achieved a polemical nature within the fragmented party system. In this way, the religious problem served as a symbolic agent of affirmation and consolidation of the different political organizations. The dynamic of the parliamentary regime, characterized by the predominance of the Cortes within the interorganic relations, strengthened the controversial dimension of the religious question: political parties developed a confrontation strategy in Parliament that negatively affected the efficacy of the legislation approved. Only the Government and the Presidency of the Republic looked for an agreed solution. However, the weakness of the consecutive Cabinets and the restricted capacity for mediation recognized to the president in the 1931 Constitution hampered the triumph of a commitment strategy that would have corrected the outcome of events.

Irene Salvo García

La réception des sources mythologiques dans la General estoria se distingue de ce qu'elle est dans les lettres médiévales européennes. Deux lectures antérieures à l'atelier alphonsin qui interprètent la mythologie permettent son incorporation à des fins historiographiques : l'évhémérisme, qui explique les dieux païens comme des rois, et l'allégorie, qui élimine les traits surnaturels du mythe. Les deux approches sont l'origine et l'explication de l'usage historiographique d'Ovide par les auteurs de la General estoria, de sorte que les Métamorphoses sont conçues comme la Bible des gentils et la source fondamentale des récits sur les rois non bibliques. Néanmoins, l'utilisation in extenso de cette œuvre, de même que celle d'autres œuvres ovidiennes, ne s'explique pas exclusivement par la conception médiévale de l'interprétation des mythes : l'atelier historiographique conçoit les gentils comme les prédécesseurs des chrétiens, ce qui renforce l'utilisation d'Ovide parmi les auctores fondamentaux pour le récit historique. Dans ce travail, nous proposons une synthèse des idées sous-jacentes à cette conception alphonsine des faits des gentils et de l'utilisation large de la mythologie dans la construction de l'estoria qui en résulte. Cette synthèse permet de mettre en évidence l'originalité et le caractère innovant de la compilation alphonsine dans le contexte européen de l'atelier.

Fernández Arrillaga, Inmaculada