Hasil untuk "History"

Laura Russo, Caleb Allen, Cameron S. Jorgensen et al.

Scientists have long been fascinated by magnetoreception, the innate capacity of many animals to sense and use the Earth's magnetic field for navigation. In eusocial insects like honey bees, magnetoreception has been linked to communication and foraging. However, little is known about magnetoreception's phylogenetic patterns and relationship to species traits and natural history. Here, we demonstrate that putative magnetoreception based on ferromagnetic particles is widespread across a diversity of bee species (72 out of 96 species tested), with no phylogenetic signal. We also detected such putative magnetoreception in non-bee outgroups, suggesting this magnetic capacity predates the evolution of the Anthophila. While magnetic signals were found across a diversity of life history traits, the strength of the magnetic signal varied within and between species, and increased with body size and social behavior.

Weiqin Chen, Xinjie Zhang, Dharmashankar Subramanian et al.

Transformer models (TMs) have exhibited remarkable in-context reinforcement learning (ICRL) capabilities, allowing them to generalize to and improve in previously unseen environments without re-training or fine-tuning. This is typically accomplished by imitating the complete learning histories of a source RL algorithm over a substantial amount of pretraining environments, which, however, may transfer suboptimal behaviors inherited from the source algorithm/dataset. Therefore, in this work, we address the issue of inheriting suboptimality from the perspective of dataset preprocessing. Motivated by the success of the weighted empirical risk minimization, we propose a simple yet effective approach, learning history filtering (LHF), to enhance ICRL by reweighting and filtering the learning histories based on their improvement and stability characteristics. To the best of our knowledge, LHF is the first approach to avoid source suboptimality by dataset preprocessing, and can be combined with the current state-of-the-art (SOTA) ICRL algorithms. We substantiate the effectiveness of LHF through a series of experiments conducted on the well-known ICRL benchmarks, encompassing both discrete environments and continuous robotic manipulation tasks, with three SOTA ICRL algorithms (AD, DPT, DICP) as the backbones. LHF exhibits robust performance across a variety of suboptimal scenarios, as well as under varying hyperparameters and sampling strategies. Notably, the superior performance of LHF becomes more pronounced in the presence of noisy data, indicating the significance of filtering learning histories.

Jonathan Schiff, Tejaswi Venumadhav

Recent cosmological data and astrophysical observations, such as the Hubble tension and the increasing preference from galaxy surveys for dynamical dark energy, have begun to challenge the standard $Λ$-cold dark matter cosmological model. Primordial magnetic fields (PMFs) offer a mechanism to alleviate these tensions within the framework of the standard model. These fields source excess small-scale baryon clumping, which can speed up recombination and shrink the comoving sound horizon at the surface of last scattering. Computing the modified recombination history requires coupling the radiative transport of Lyman-$α$ photons to compressible magnetohydronamic simulations. Since doing so is generically computationally intractable, we have developed a linearized treatment which self-consistently computes the modified recombination history in the presence of PMF induced baryon clumping for fields with red-tilted spectra. The clumping factors we find are too small to alleviate outstanding cosmological tensions, but our general framework can be applied to other PMF spectra, and provides a significant theoretical step towards a complete account of recombination in the presence of small-scale baryon clumping.

Marco Iori

This paper presents the initial findings of a qualitative study investigating the relationship between ethics and education in Italian preschool settings. The research employs the methodology of Constructivist Grounded Theory (CGT) to emphasise the indispensable role of promoting ethical awareness in early childhood education. The preliminary results from the interpretation of intensive interviews with preschool teachers indicate that the structuring of ethically significant educational experiences can be a factor in the growth of ethical awareness. From a theoretical and practical perspective, the study posits that stimulating ethical awareness from early childhood can prevent the rise of an increasingly widespread phenomenon: ethical illiteracy.

John Soltis, Lehman Garrison

Using a scale-free $N$-body simulation generated with the ABACUS $N$-body code, we test the robustness of halo mass accretion histories via their convergence to self-similarity. We compare two halo finders, ROCKSTAR and COMPASO. We find superior self-similarity in halo mass accretion histories determined using ROCKSTAR, with convergence to 5% or better between $\sim10^2$ to $10^5$ particles. For COMPASO we find weaker convergence over a similar region, with at least 10% between $\sim10^2$ to $10^4$ particles. Furthermore, we find the convergence to self-similarity improves as the simulation evolves, with the largest and deepest regions of convergence appearing after the scale factor quadrupled from the time at which non-linear structures begin to form. With sufficient time evolution, halo mass accretion histories are converged to self-similarity within 5% with as few as $\sim70$ particles for COMPASO and within 2% for as few as $\sim30$ particles for ROCKSTAR.

Fengran Mo, Abbas Ghaddar, Kelong Mao et al.

In this paper, we study how open-source large language models (LLMs) can be effectively deployed for improving query rewriting in conversational search, especially for ambiguous queries. We introduce CHIQ, a two-step method that leverages the capabilities of LLMs to resolve ambiguities in the conversation history before query rewriting. This approach contrasts with prior studies that predominantly use closed-source LLMs to directly generate search queries from conversation history. We demonstrate on five well-established benchmarks that CHIQ leads to state-of-the-art results across most settings, showing highly competitive performances with systems leveraging closed-source LLMs. Our study provides a first step towards leveraging open-source LLMs in conversational search, as a competitive alternative to the prevailing reliance on commercial LLMs. Data, models, and source code will be publicly available upon acceptance at https://github.com/fengranMark/CHIQ.

Xuemei Tang, Zekun Deng, Qi Su et al.

Natural Language Processing (NLP) plays a pivotal role in the realm of Digital Humanities (DH) and serves as the cornerstone for advancing the structural analysis of historical and cultural heritage texts. This is particularly true for the domains of named entity recognition (NER) and relation extraction (RE). In our commitment to expediting ancient history and culture, we present the ``Chinese Historical Information Extraction Corpus''(CHisIEC). CHisIEC is a meticulously curated dataset designed to develop and evaluate NER and RE tasks, offering a resource to facilitate research in the field. Spanning a remarkable historical timeline encompassing data from 13 dynasties spanning over 1830 years, CHisIEC epitomizes the extensive temporal range and text heterogeneity inherent in Chinese historical documents. The dataset encompasses four distinct entity types and twelve relation types, resulting in a meticulously labeled dataset comprising 14,194 entities and 8,609 relations. To establish the robustness and versatility of our dataset, we have undertaken comprehensive experimentation involving models of various sizes and paradigms. Additionally, we have evaluated the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the context of tasks related to ancient Chinese history. The dataset and code are available at \url{https://github.com/tangxuemei1995/CHisIEC}.

Nick P. Petropoulos

Data are given, commentary is supplied and explanations are provided with regard to the technical, the organizational and, of course, the human history connected to the time of research, which resulted to the paper entitled "Soil sampling and Cs-137 analysis of the Chernobyl fallout in Greece", written by late Professor S.E. Simopoulos. This paper has been provided in Greek translation within an issued honorary volume (ISBN 978-960-254-714-4). Reasonably, the narration starts with the review of the political, the financial and the social situation of Greece around 1986. Subsequently, an analysis is given on the then available means, the persons involved, the methods used, the lessons learned and any other connection with the oral history of the NTUA's Nuclear Engineering Laboratory and other relevant Greek Laboratories. For this history, written proof is now scarce and the persons available to pass it on are growing less and less. N.P. Petropoulos, now Laboratory member and then student of Professor S.E. Simopoulos was in charge of preparation of this text.

Nada Soliman

Abstract This article looks into the implications of urban informality in Katherine Boo’s Behind the Beautiful Forevers: Life, Death and Hope in a Mumbai Slum (2012) as represented in slum life and urban poverty. It aims to investigate the impact of urban poverty on the everyday practices of slum dwellers and their endeavors to escape the trap of poverty in an attempt to highlight the human dimension of the slum. The article seeks to unravel multi-layers of the interaction between people and poverty and the differing models of resistance to poverty and social exclusion depicted in the nonfiction narrative. The article examines slum life from a descriptive sociological perspective with a detailed description of how people survive in poverty. The study of the culture of slums entails an analysis of the survival techniques and everyday practices of slum dwellers, the relations and patterns of behavior among the different categories of people inhabiting a slum, and the outcomes of the interplay between place, culture, and power relations in such communities. This is implemented through an eclectic sociological approach that comprises theories of space, culture, and resistance as proposed by James Scott, Theodore W. Schultz, and Henri Lefebvre.

Tuleubayeva S.A.

On April 25–26, 2024, in the spiritual capital of the Turkic world, the city of Turkestan, an international conference “Golden Horde and its heritage” was held, dedicated to the 800th anniversary of the formation of the Ulus of Jochi and the chairmanship of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). The event was organized by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the SCO Secretariat, the Scientific Institute for the Study of Ulus Jochi, the Akimat of the Turkestan Region and the International Kazakh-Turkish University, H.A.Yasawi. The conference was attended by more than 40 leading scientists, experts and researchers from Kazakhstan, Russia and Tatarstan, Uzbekistan and Karakalpakstan, Egypt, Qatar, Kuwait, and Turkey. The main goal of the conference was to create a platform where representatives of the academic and modern scientific and educational communities could discuss the role and significance of the Golden Horde in world history, exchange views on new conceptual approaches and trends in the study of this very relevant and at the same time controversial and insufficiently studied topics at national and regional levels, and to develop strategies for future collaborative research.

Томас Зоммерер, Галина Івасюк, Константін Трайш

У даній статті мова йде про процес легітимації та делегітимації ОБСЄ в українському медійному просторі у 2011-2021 рр. Було зроблено спробу проаналізувати оціночні кон-тексти згадок про ОБСЄ у вказаний період, простежити динаміку зміни довіри до організації на фоні її видимості, а також встановити причинно-наслідкові зв’язки та тенденції. Мета даної статті – дослідити динаміку легітимації та делегітимації ОБСЄ в українському медійному просторі у період війни на Донбасі, а також у довоєнні роки. Для реалізації даної мети було поставлено такі завдання: 1) простежити динаміку політизації ОБСЄ в українському медійному полі; 2) проаналізувати взаємозв’язок між процесами політизації та легітимації ОБСЄ в Україні; 3) визначити тенденції легітимації та делегітимації ОБСЄ в українському медійному просторі. Методика дослідження. Для реалізації поставлених завдань ми опираємося перш за все на методи контент-аналізу, інтент-аналізу, історичного та кількісного аналізу матеріалів ЗМІ. У результаті було досліджено динаміку (де)легітимізації ОБСЄ в українському медійному просторі впродовж 2011-2021 рр. на фоні процесу політизації цієї організації. На основі аналізу даних зроблено висновки, що процес (де)легітимізації ОБСЄ в українському медійному просторі пов’язаний в основному із її залученістю у дипломатичне врегулювання військового конфлікту на Донбасі. Водночас, окрім власне діяльності організації, важливими факторами (де)легітимізації постають і покладені на ОБСЄ сподівання і розчарування, а також зміни у системі міжнародних відносин.

H. Butterfield

Christopher Solinas, Douglas Rebstock, Nathan R. Sturtevant et al.

Historically applied exclusively to perfect information games, depth-limited search with value functions has been key to recent advances in AI for imperfect information games. Most prominent approaches with strong theoretical guarantees require subgame decomposition - a process in which a subgame is computed from public information and player beliefs. However, subgame decomposition can itself require non-trivial computations, and its tractability depends on the existence of efficient algorithms for either full enumeration or generation of the histories that form the root of the subgame. Despite this, no formal analysis of the tractability of such computations has been established in prior work, and application domains have often consisted of games, such as poker, for which enumeration is trivial on modern hardware. Applying these ideas to more complex domains requires understanding their cost. In this work, we introduce and analyze the computational aspects and tractability of filtering histories for subgame decomposition. We show that constructing a single history from the root of the subgame is generally intractable, and then provide a necessary and sufficient condition for efficient enumeration. We also introduce a novel Markov Chain Monte Carlo-based generation algorithm for trick-taking card games - a domain where enumeration is often prohibitively expensive. Our experiments demonstrate its improved scalability in the trick-taking card game Oh Hell. These contributions clarify when and how depth-limited search via subgame decomposition can be an effective tool for sequential decision-making in imperfect information settings.

Rui An, Vera Gluscevic

We present a model-independent reconstruction of the early expansion and thermal histories of the universe, obtained from light element abundance measurements. The expansion history is tightly constrained around the onset of the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN). The temperature of photons is additionally constrained around the time of neutrino decoupling. Allowing for perturbations to the standard expansion rate, we find that the radiation energy density is constrained to within 15% of its $Λ$CDM value, and only 1% extra matter energy density is allowed around the epoch of BBN. We introduce a new and general analytic fitting formula for the temperature variation, which is flexible enough to reproduce the signal of large classes of beyond-CDM particle models that can alter the temperature through early-time energy injection. We present its constraints from BBN data and from the measurements of effective number of relativistic species and helium-4 abundance probed by the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation anisotropy. Our results provide clarity on the most fundamental properties of the early universe, reconstructed with minimal assumptions about the unknown physics that can occur at keV--MeV energy scales and can be mapped to broad classes of models of interest to cosmology.

Zongliang Zhang, Xueming Wu, Enshang Xiao et al.

Abstract Based on the emergency rescue, the subsequent disposal, and the development and utilization projects of the Hongshiyan Landside Dam in Ludian, Yunnan, China, research has been conducted on key technical issues facing the development and utilization of landside dams, including the possibilty evaluation of development and utilization, structure analysis of wide gradation material, performance evaluation, investigation and design, dam seepage control, construction technology and equipment, and safe operation assessment. And innovative results has made in all seven aspects mentioned above, writing the history in this field. The achievements were directly applied to the development planning, investigation and design, construction, and operation and maintenance of the Hongshiyan Landside Dam, a comprehensive water conservancy project that integrates flood control, water supply, irrigation, and power generation, with significant comprehensive benefits.

André Augusto Diniz LIRA, Maria da Conceição PASSEGGI, Márcio André de ANDRADE

No contexto da emergência do “paradigma narrativo-autobiográfico em educação” (PASSEGGI, 2020), Paulo Freire é um autor incontornável, ocupando um lugar central na perspectiva epistemopolítica. Neste artigo são revisitadas as leituras do legado freireano e, inspirados nesse paradigma, se analisa a obra Pedagogia da Esperança: um reencontro com a Pedagogia do Oprimido, considerando três exercícios do contar: o exercício do refletir, do argumentar e do reconstruir. Na obra analisada, por meio da mediação biográfica, esses exercícios se encontram entrelaçados na defesa da obra, na transformação de si mesmo e do mundo.

Meron Asmamaw Alemayehu, Abebaw Gedef Azene, Kebadnew Mulatu Mihretie

Abstract Background Surgical site infection is an infection occurring within 30 days after surgery. It is recently reported that evidence-based information on the specific time when the majority of surgical site infections would develop is a key to early detect the infection as well as to preventing and early intervene against their pressing and fatal complications. Therefore, the current study aimed to determine the incidence, predictors, and time to development of surgical site infection among general surgery patients at specialized hospitals in the Amhara region. Method An institution-based prospective follow-up study was conducted. The two-stage cluster sampling procedure was used. A systematic sampling technique with a K interval of 2 was applied to prospectively recruit 454 surgical patients. Patients were followed up for 30 days. Data were collected using Epicollect5 v 3.0.5 software. Post-discharge follow-up and diagnosis were done by telephone call follow-up. Data were analyzed using STATA™ version 14.0. Kaplan–Meier curve was used to estimate survival time. Cox proportional regression model was used to determine significant predictors. Variables with a P-value less than 0.05 in the multiple Cox regression models were independent predictors. Result The incidence density was 17.59 per 1000 person-day-observation. The incidence of post-discharge Surgical site infection was 70.3%. The majority of surgical site infections were discovered after discharge between postoperative days 9 to 16. Being male (AHR: 1.98, 95% CI: 1.201 – 3.277, diabetes Mellitus (AHR: 1.819, 95% CI: 1.097 – 3.016), surgical history (AHR: 2.078, 95% CI: 1.345, 3.211), early antimicrobial prophylaxis (AHR: 2.60, 95% CI: 1.676, 4.039), American Society of Anesthesiologists score ≥ III AHR: 6.710, 95% CI: 4.108, 10.960), duration of the surgery (AHR: 1.035 95% CI: 1.001, 1.070), Age (AHR: 1.022 95% CI: 1.000, 1.043), and the number of professionals in the Operation Room (AHR: 1.085 95% CI: 1.037, 1.134) were found to be the predictors of time to development of Surgical site infection. Conclusion The incidence of surgical site infection was higher than the acceptable international range. The majority of infections were detected after hospital discharge between 9 to 16 postoperative days. The main predictors of Surgical site infection were Age, Sex, Diabetes Mellitus, previous surgical history, the timing of Antimicrobial prophylaxis, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, pre-operative hospital stay, duration of surgery, and the number of professionals in the operation room. Hence, hospitals should give great emphasis on pre-operative preparation, post-discharge surveillance, modifiable predictors, and high-risk patients, as they found in this study.

B. S. Burke

Massimo Giovannini

According to the common wisdom, between a fraction of the mHz and few Hz the spectral energy density of the inflationary gravitons can be safely disregarded even assuming the most optimistic sensitivities of the space-borne detectors. In this analysis we show that this conclusion is evaded if, prior to nucleosynthesis, the post-inflationary evolution includes a sequence of stages expanding either faster or slower than radiation. As a consequence, contrary to the conventional lore, it is shown that below a fraction of the Hz the spectral energy density of the relic gravitons may exceed (even by eight orders of magnitude) the signal obtained under the hypothesis of radiation dominance throughout the whole expansion history prior to the formation of light nuclei. Since the slopes and the amplitudes of the spectra specifically reflect both the inflationary dynamics and the subsequent decelerated evolution, it is possible to disentangle the contribution of the relic gravitons from other (late-time) bursts of gravitational radiation associated, for instance, with a putative strongly first-order phase transition at the TeV scale. Hence, any limit on the spectral energy density of the relic gravitons in the mHz range simultaneously constrains the post-inflationary expansion history and the inflationary initial data.

Jonny Smith

Brian McFarlane (ed.), The Encyclopaedia of British Film, 5th edition (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2021), pp. 968, ISBN: 978-1526159267, £133.20