Hasil untuk "River, lake, and water-supply engineering (General)"

Yu Wang, Yu Li

The protection and restoration projects of the mountain-river-forest-field-lake-grass (MRFFLG) system are the mainstream focus of China’s current ecological environment protection. A reasonable method for calculating ecosystem service values (ESVs) is a prerequisite for determining the ecological service functions of a watershed. However, how to effectively implement and evaluate the systematic nature of the ecological protection and restoration of the MRFFLG system remains one of the pressing issues. This paper takes the protection and restoration project of the MRFFLG system in the Hunjiang River Basin (HRB) of Jilin Province, China, as an empirical case. Firstly, it constructs an ESVs system to quantify the comprehensive ecological protection and restoration effects of the MRFFLG system. The results show that the forest ecosystem in the HRB has the highest ecological value. Furthermore, by introducing the interval planning method, an uncertain optimization model is constructed with the objective function of maximizing the ecosystem service value of the HRB, and constraints such as restoration costs, unit restoration price, and restoration area. The results show that the total ESVs has increased, with a maximum increase of 348,413.79 × 104 CNY. Finally, the introduction of the fuzzy method reduced the total interval of ESVs by 49.89%, effectively shortening the assessment interval. This study applies the interval-fuzzy method to the protection and restoration projects of the MRFFLG system, effectively measuring the comprehensive management effects of the MRFFLG system in the HRB. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the development of subsequent MRFFLG projects and offers theoretical references for promoting the ecological environment assessment of the comprehensive MRFFLG system.

Maheshwari Gupta, Rabidyuti Biswas, Ashok Kumar et al.

Abstract This paper discusses collaborative planning principles as a means to improve water supply systems in the case of Delhi, India, through primary and secondary data analysis. The theory of collaborative planning is a well‐established concept applied to obtain effective policies in planning through the collaboration of actors in a shared space. We use this framework to discuss strengths, weaknesses, and scope for collaboration in the current urban development plan formulation process of the city. Some of the principles of collaborative planning we use include communication, collective decision‐making processes, and network power in a shared institutional environment. Our findings indicate a lack of consideration of water policies in the urban development plans. This underlines a major gap in the current process of plan formulation and provides evidence that the absence of collaboration between institutions in both sectors contributes to poor water supply for the population in Delhi. At the same time, it emphasizes the importance of collaborative practices between urban development and water institutions for better planning of water service provision in Indian cities.

Shampa, Israt Jahan Nejhum, Md. Manjurul Hussain et al.

Due to global warming, extreme hydroclimatic events (e.g., floods) are expected to happen more frequently and last longer. This study investigated such an extreme flood in the transboundary Teesta River that occurred in October 2021. We attempted to quantify the event's impact using data from time series flood levels, precipitation-related satellite images, and two-dimensional hydromorphological modeling. We found it challenging for people to cope with such a hazardous event since the depth of the flooding increased 6.98-fold in just 24 h. Our simulation results indicate that a sand-filled sediment measuring 0.27 m thick covered more than 33% cropland, and the velocity increased by almost 2.5 times. 136,000 individuals were marooned in the water. Compared to previous flooding events in its basin, which occurred in India and Bangladesh, the river appears to have some natural shock absorption features, i.e., a wide braided plain. We propose impact-based forecasting with a proactive early response as a valuable tool for managing such extreme events. HIGHLIGHTS Evidence of an extreme climatic event and its impact.; Identifies natural shock absorbing phenomena of a river.; Looks into the flood from hydromorphological consequences and human impact.; Suggests how to manage such an extreme event in a better way.;

Kelvin Mutevu Mwanzia, Stephen Ondimu, Patrick Ajwang

Developing countries require simple low-technology methods to desalinate drinking water. Passive solar stills are an example of a simple low-technology innovation that can desalinate saline water for small populations. Compared to single-chamber solar stills, double-chamber solar stills have the potential of increasing the yield of solar stills due to an increased condensation surface area. An experiment was carried out to determine the optimal angle of double-chamber solar stills. The set-up comprised double-chamber solar stills with angles of 10°, 20°, 30° and 40°, with a control set-up of a 20° single-chamber solar still. The experiment was conducted in January 2022 at Juja in Kiambu County, Kenya. The double-chamber solar stills comprised an evaporation chamber and a condensation chamber. The dimensions of the chambers were 0.5 m × 0.5 m with a height of 0.25 m. The main assumptions were that there existed steady-state conditions and that the solar still was leakproof. The research found that the 40° double-chamber solar still had the highest yield of 3.756 l/m2/day and the 10° double-chamber solar still had the least yield of 1.644 l/m2/day. Comparing the 20° double-chamber still and the 20° single-chamber still (control), the double-chamber solar still had a higher external efficiency. HIGHLIGHTS The configuration of the double-slope single-chamber has not been experimented on before.; The geographical location is unique (Kenya (1°north of the equator)).;

Andrei V. Shalikovsky

In recent years, an outstanding series of fl oods has been observed on the Amur River, diff ering in the conditions for the formation and passage of fl oods, but of these, only the situation of 2013 has been widely covered in scientific publications. Th e forecast of fl oods and the implementation of measures to pass them is complicated by the fact that the river basin is transboundary – 100, 70 and 30% of the catchment areas of the Songhua, Argun and Ussuri rivers are located in China. Therefore, the analysis of the conditions for the formation of extreme floods and the mechanisms of international cooperation to prevent fl oods in the Amur basin is an urgent task.

Amir Moradinejad, Seyed Ahmad Hossieni

Introduction Due to river dynamic nature, the morphological characteristics of rivers are always changing and these changes can have negative effects on structures built along rivers, agricultural lands, etc. Rivers have been one of the most important factors in the geomorphological processes of the land and the erosion cycle, and so far, extensive studies have been conducted on the morphological changes of rivers and the factors affecting them. The instability of the river channel and its sediments not only destroys the marginal lands and facilities adjacent to the river bank, but also the sediments caused by erosion in some cases include a significant amount of the total sediments that the river flows.Materials and Methods The morphology of a part of Qarachai river in Markazi province of Khondab city from the top of Shaveh village to the bottom of Farab village, with a length of 12 km has been studied. First, the location of the Qarachai River watershed and the study area have been determined using digital topographic maps and ArcGIS10.2 software. Then satellite images and aerial photographs of the study area, which are the most important tools for studying changes in river paths, have been collected in two time periods. In the following, the aerial photos scanned in Photoshop software are photomosaic and are referenced in ArcGIS10.2 software using fixed points such as villages, bridges, etc., using aerial photographs of the year. 1968 Satellite images of Landsat sensor of 2021 have been digitized in two time periods in ArcGIS10.2 software environment. Results and Discussion Changes in wavelength and valley length in the two time periods studied in the study section of the river show that in the study area, the morphology of the river has not undergone major changes and the curvature of the study area has not changed much. The study of changes in wavelength and valley length and arc length in the two periods studied shows that the average wavelength in 1968 is about 413.25 and in 2021 is about 387.63. The wavelength in 1968was longer than in 2021. The changes compared to the 53-year period are about 6.2% and very small. As the wavelength decreases, the distance between the windings also decreases. The changes in the length of the valley relative to the meanders. The average length of the valley in 1968 is about 224.46 and in 2021 is about 12.21. Changes in the two timelines are about 5.5% and are very small.Conclusion The general pattern of the river from 1968 to 2021 has not changed significantly and is always twisting. The number of windings during 53 years is the same as 23 windings. The fact that the number of meanders is constant indicates that there is no change in the morphological pattern of the river. The results of extraction and statistical comparison of geometric parameters of this part of the river such as wavelength, sine coefficient, width to depth ratio, etc. show that the sine coefficient of the river from 1.5 to 1.3 The wavelength and radius of the tangent circles on the twists and turns have also increased. The average curvature coefficient in the 40s is about 1.11 and in 2021 is about 1.08. According to the division table of rivers, this period studied by Khondab river has a sinusoidal state and has not changed much in two time periods.

Majeed Mattar Ramal, Arkan Dhari Jalal, Mohammed Freeh Sahab et al.

Abstract For turbidity removal, most drinking water treatment plants are using coagulants due to the presence of suspended and colloidal materials at the coagulation and flocculation units. Aluminium and sulphates salts are the widely used coagulants, such as aluminium sulphate (Alum) and ferric chloride. However, several researches have linked Alzheimer's disease to the use of aluminium sulphate. Hence, scholars have conducted several researches on the possibility to reduce the amount of aluminium sulphate by using natural material/plants base as coagulant aids. In this study, Mallow's Leaves Extracts (MLE) and Carob's Pods Extracts (CPE) were used as an alternative coagulant aid. Couples of coagulation tests were implemented to find the optimal dosage of aluminium sulphates used as coagulants. The results displayed that the maximum turbidity removal efficiency by adding 100% of each coagulant, i.e. alum, MLE and CPE, were 61.16, 51.175 and 37.12%, respectively. In addition, the minimum residual turbidity and maximum turbidity removal efficiency were 4.56 NTU and 97.72% by adding 22.5 alum and 7.5 MLE presenting 30 mg/L dosing. Further, the minimum residual turbidity and maximum turbidity removal efficiency were 15.4 NTU and 92.3% by adding 22.5 alum and 7.5 CPE presenting 30 mg/L dosing.

Robert Leonard Wilby, Xianfu Lu, Paul Watkiss et al.

The Asia-Pacific region is extremely vulnerable to climate variability and change. This reflects high exposure to hydroclimatic hazards such as tropical cyclones, floods, droughts, and heatwaves. Rapidly growing cities and low-lying coastal zones/estuaries also face threats from sea level rise and storm surges. However, climate model projections remain very uncertain about most of these risks, so water infrastructure and operations need to consider a range of plausible futures. Against this background, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) has been developing frameworks, tools, and capacities in climate risk and adaptation assessment and management. Project teams are often operating in data-scarce situations and under significant time constraints, so the emphasis has been on creating pragmatic guidance and training resources. This paper charts the transition of climate risk management (CRM) within the ADB from a predominantly scenario-led to decision-led approach to adaptation. Examples are given of light-touch procedures for screening climate risks, strengthening the transparency and rigour of scenario analysis, raising awareness of a broad range of adaptation options, streamlining identification of CRM options, and embedding allowances for climate change in detailed engineering designs. Such practical innovations would benefit communities of practice beyond the Asia-Pacific region. HIGHLIGHTS Water infrastructure and operating rules must be adapted such that they continue to deliver intended benefits despite climate change.; The Asian Development Bank has been developing frameworks, tools, and capacity for climate risk assessment and adaptation investments.; Pragmatic procedures for screening climate risk are particularly helpful in information- and resource-constrained situations.;

FRANCISCO FERNANDO NORONHA MARCUZZO

O acesso à informação especifica da hidrolitologia e hidrogeologia de uma determinada região, gera a facilidade de auxiliar na gestão para uma melhor localização de poços para captação de água subterrânea, além do entendimento da recarga dos aquíferos conforme a espacialização da precipitação sobre a área. O objetivo deste trabalho é a caracterização dos diferentes sistemas aquíferos e hidroestratigráfico da sub-bacia 82, na região Nordeste de Santa Catarina, Leste (litoral) do Paraná e litoral Sul de São Paulo, utilizando-se de mapas detalhados da hidrogeologia provenientes do Mapa Hidrogeológico do Brasil ao Milionésimo e do Mapa Hidrogeológico de Santa Catarina, publicados pelo Serviço Geológico do Brasil. A área da sub-bacia 82 que ocorre o maior volume médio de precipitação pluviométrica, na fronteira entre o estado de São Paulo e o Paraná, além da região a Noroeste da baia de Paranaguá, possuem unidade fraturada, com produtividade geralmente muito baixa e localmente baixa (5 – Fr) e produtividade pouco produtiva ou não aquífera (6 – Fr), ou seja, formações que pouco favorecem a exploração de água por poços. A região mais povoada da sub-bacia 82 (município de Joinville/SC) possui em sua região próxima a baia Babitonga (Leste), depósito aluvionar com areia, silte e argila, e mais pro centro e Oeste,e formações fraturadas, com produtividade geralmente muito baixa e também pouco produtiva ou não aquífera.

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R. Bhattacharya, P. Bhattacharya, Upasana Bhattacharya et al.

B. Müller, J. Meyer, R. Gächter

Abstract. Data from aquifers in calcareous watersheds in Switzerland demonstrate that alkalinity initially increases approximately in proportion to nitrate (NO3−) concentration in the groundwater and eventually approaches an apparent maximum of approximately 8 mmol L−1 at high NO3− concentrations. This close positive relationship between alkalinity and NO3− concentration appears to be predominantly a result of three processes: (i) mineralization of organic nitrogen (N) fertilizer, (ii) exchange of OH− and H+ during the uptake of NO3− or ammonium (NH4+), and (iii) CO2 released by roots as a result of fertilizer-stimulated plant growth. Atmospheric deposition of N and strong acids (H2SO4 and HNO3) play a minor role. We suggest that the asymptotic approach to a maximum groundwater alkalinity at NO3− concentrations exceeding 0.25 mmol L−1 may be caused by (i) a maximum possible areal crop production at excessive N fertilization and (ii) an increasing CO2 loss to the atmosphere due to the increasing CO2 production in the soil. Thus, we estimate that the fertilizer-intensive agriculture of Switzerland generates an annual flux from the soil to the atmosphere of at least 0.26 Mt CO2 a−1. This analysis provides a general understanding and quantitative prediction of steady-state groundwater NO3− concentration; equilibrium groundwater alkalinity, pH, and pCO2; and soil CO2 emissions to the atmosphere based on quantitative and qualitative information on the supply of N and acidity to the soil by atmospheric deposition and N fertilization. The positive correlation between alkalinity and NO3− concentration in groundwaters persists in rivers and lakes. However, due to the diffusive loss of CO2 to the atmosphere, subsequent precipitation of calcite, dilution with surface water, input of wastewater discharges and NO3− consumption by aquatic photoautotrophs, the correlation is less distinct.

Yixiang Chen, D. Su

Based on a three-month observation and interview in some villages of Yiyuan County, this paper summarized the current situation of rural ecological environment in China. It was found that there was a great potential for the classification and reuse of rural construction waste. It suggested that waste as biomass should be converted on the spot; waste from synthetic material products should be integratedly processed; waste as solid hazardous should be recycled by producers. In addition, it is necessary to set up the rural household garbage classification collection station and have a management system. Furthermore, activity to popularize scientific knowledge of the garbage resources was urgently needed to be strengthen. Meanwhile, the door-step education of scientific recycling of rubbish resource should start from the kids and strengthen the school demonstration function. With the development of economic and social modernization in China, the number of people living in the countryside is decreasing year by year. It now accounts for about 50 percent of the population in China, while rural land is hundreds of times more than that of city. The source of drinking water and food for the people in the city are supplied from the countryside. It is obvious that the people’s food safety fundamentally relays on the countryside, the foothold and sustainable development of ecological civilization construction are also in the countryside. However, with the development of material civilization and economy, a variety of commodities made from underground minerals and through complex chemical and physical processing have also been popularized in rural areas. The resulting waste is a potentially dangerous threaten to ecology. Resource utilization is the fundamental guarantee of ecological civilization. Based on my visiting experience in some villages of Yiyuan in recent three months, this paper will have a discuss on the current situation of rural ecological environment and the scientific resource utilization of several kinds of household garbage. 1. Current Situation of Rural Ecological Environment China has a vast of rural areas, which accounts for about 90 percent of the country’s total land area[1]. While the government is focus on rural environment protection, the construction of beautiful villages has been strengthened in recent years. With the concept of green, coordination and sustainable development, a scenery of the beautiful environment and ecology in rural areas are on the road to be complete realized. The woods are thick and the birds are jabbering away, which can be said that the sound winding and three days without end; cement road covered streets and alleys, farewell to the mud in the rain; new house appraisal, spacious and bright, thatched cottage in the tide of The Times submerged; the limpid river has a few return, and fish often play in it. The sight of rubbish flying into the sky has reduced. Under the glow of sunset, children’s favorite kites appear in the sky. But now, compared to Tao Yuanming’s words that the land is flat, the houses are arranged in order and there are good fields and beautiful ponds and mulberry bamboos and things like that......, the countryside is far from so beautiful. Journal of Social Sciences Studies, Volume 4, ISSN: 2664-0287 Copyright © (2019) The Authors and AEE DOI: 10.35532/JSSS.V4.019 109 The rapid economic development leads to a broken ecological balance, and this is still worsen day by day. Misappropriation and abuse of cultivated land occur from time to time. The discharged waste water is satisfy the environmental standard, the spread of garbage in some river channels can be seen everywhere, and the drinking water of villagers is also affected to varying degrees, the health condition of the people is endangering. In addition, some large-scale poultry farms do not establish waste disposal facilities, a large amount of fecal sewage is discharging into the natural environment without treatment, leading to the pollution of underground water and water eutrophication of rivers, seas and lakes. Smoke from burning straw is often seen rising in the field leading to the waste of resources and pollution of air with smoke and dust. Garbage has become a public hazard. The phenomenon of garbage enclosing villages and dams has not been eradicated. The amount of non-degradable plastic products including agricultural film and white pollutants is not reduced and is still increasing. In general, the rural environment is dirty, messy and poor, and has not been resolved except local areas. In addition, rural garbage collection is difficult, transport is difficult, treatment is difficult and maintenance is also difficult[1]. 2. The Work for Popularizing Scientific Knowledge of Garbage Resources Needs to be Strengthened Urgently At present, there are still many problems in rural garbage management. In addition to shortage of financial support, weak awareness of garbage resource recycling from the villagers and poor sanitary infrastructures, there are also insufficient attention paid by local governments to popularization of scientific knowledge[2], which leads to serious problems of material consumption, energy consumption and labor consumption in the operation of waste-treat process, although some garbage treatment methods have been introduced. It hinders the implementation of rural waste resource recycling, so the science popularization work of waste resource recycling needs to be strengthened urgently. According to the current assessment system for rural ecological environment, the organization and management of popular science at county, township and village level should be established. Villages are the foundation, townships are the main body, then counties take the leading role. Different levels should take different responsibilities, and merge the popularization of scientific knowledge into the beautiful rural construction of politics, economy, culture, moral and ecology. The acknowledge including scientific principles, technical requirement, economic ability, generation benefit, and social value of the whole the recycling process of domestic waste should be widely publicized and deeply rooted in people’s mind. Taking typical examples to tell the people waste littering is also harmful to the people who are serving you. For example, as reported in the news, on the eve of the New Year’s day of 2018, a sanitation worker in Zhejiang province was cleaning up the garbage, and his hands were corroded by a strong acid chemical in the wrong-disposed trash. In the development of media on general science for the resource of household garbage, we should not only rely on traditional ways including slogans, posters and textbooks, but also use modern information tools including modern network, mobile communication and wechat to promote education of general science. In terms of the scientific content of recycling household garbage, we should not only offer basic knowledge, but also provide the latest progress of science and technology in this area. Moreover, we should introduce the successful people and experience in innovation and entrepreneurship of household garbage. 3. Great Potential for the Classification and Reuse of Construction Waste Construction wastes are materials including residue, concrete, gravel, brick and tile, mortar, mud, bitumen, waste plastics, scrap metal, bamboo and wood which are produced in the production activities of the construction industry such as demolition, decoration and repair. With accelerating the construction of beautiful countryside and the rapid development of the construction industry, the building wastes are increasing day by day, and the resulting environmental problems are becoming

Lisiak Marta, Borowiak Klaudia, Muńko Ewelina

Tourism in rural areas has been defined as all tourist activities conducted in rural areas. The development of tourism in rural areas is dependent on external factors (e.g. landscape attractiveness), as well as internal factors (e.g. involvement of local authorities and society). Hence, it is important to increase the tourism potential for further increase of local tourism, and in turn to intensify the social-economic development according to a sustainable policy and multifunctional rural development. The main aim of the present study was to indicate possibilities to improve tourism management of the Zbąszyń urban-rural commune. For this purpose the following detailed aims were set: to evaluate local society satisfaction with tourism development in Zbąszyń commune, to evaluate the natural-landscape state of the analyzed area, to designate a new tourist trail or to revise the existing trails, and to propose modernization of existing tourism infrastructure. The obtained results revealed that in the opinion of local society there is still not sufficient tourism development despite some natural-landscape values. Hence, activities connected with tourism enrichment should be mainly connected with designation of two new cycling trails and supplementation of tourist information signs and tables. All proposed activities leading to an increase of tourism potential should bear in mind social aspects as well as natural values and would have a positive effect on economic income of the area.

Rybicki Roman

Soil erosion by water is an important economical issue strongly deteriorating environment and requiring remedial actions. The study was designed to evaluate antierosion effect of changes in the layout of plots from along to across slope as an effect of land consolidation. Moreover, rightness of leaving newly set out boundaries of plots without any protection (i.e. sodding) was evaluated. For this purpose simulations of use of additional anti-erosive measures were done. The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model was used. Studies have shown that in addition to the design of transverse layout of parcels during consolidation, further antierosion measures may be necessary to reduce soil loss and sediment yield. In order to minimize soil losses outside the slope, boundaries between the newly designed fields should be sodded already in the post consolidation management. Limitation the amount of erosion over the entire slope requires use of additional protection measures in the upper part of slopes e.g. shelterbelts and antierosion crop rotations. WEPP model can be recommended for Provincial Bureaus of Surveying as a tool to support the development of assumptions for consolidation projects of lands threatened by erosion.

Anisa Nanhidayah

معصومه بحری, محمدتقی دستورانی

T. Haefner

Bhavjot