Hasil untuk "Philosophy. Psychology. Religion"

Qijia Chen, Andrea Bellucci, Giulio Jacucci

Extensive research has examined presence and basic psychological needs (drawing on Self-Determination Theory) in digital media. While prior work offers hints of potential connections, we lack a systematic account of whether and how distinct presence dimensions map onto the basic needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. We surveyed 301 social VR users and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling. Results show that social presence predicts all three needs, while self-presence predicts competence and relatedness, and spatial presence shows no direct or moderating effects. Gender and age moderated these relationships: women benefited more from social presence for autonomy and relatedness, men from self- and spatial presence for competence and autonomy, and younger users showed stronger associations between social presence and relatedness, and between self-presence and autonomy. These findings position presence as a motivational mechanism shaped by demographic factors. The results offer theoretical insights and practical implications for designing inclusive, need-supportive multiuser VR environments.

Shurui Wu, Xinyi Huang, Dingxin Lu

As the prevalence of mental health crises increases on social media platforms, identifying and preventing potential harm has become an urgent challenge. This study introduces a large language model (LLM)-based text transfer recognition method for social network crisis intervention, enhanced with domain-specific mental health knowledge. We propose a multi-level framework that incorporates transfer learning using BERT, and integrates mental health knowledge, sentiment analysis, and behavior prediction techniques. The framework includes a crisis annotation tool trained on social media datasets from real-world events, enabling the model to detect nuanced emotional cues and identify psychological crises. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms traditional models in crisis detection accuracy and exhibits greater sensitivity to subtle emotional and contextual variations.

J. M. Diederik Kruijssen, Nicholas Emmons

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems powered by large language models have become increasingly prevalent in modern society, enabling a wide range of applications through natural language interaction. As AI agents proliferate in our daily lives, their generic and uniform expressiveness presents a significant limitation to their appeal and adoption. Personality expression represents a key prerequisite for creating more human-like and distinctive AI systems. We show that AI models can express deterministic and consistent personalities when instructed using established psychological frameworks, with varying degrees of accuracy depending on model capabilities. We find that more advanced models like GPT-4o and o1 demonstrate the highest accuracy in expressing specified personalities across both Big Five and Myers-Briggs assessments, and further analysis suggests that personality expression emerges from a combination of intelligence and reasoning capabilities. Our results reveal that personality expression operates through holistic reasoning rather than question-by-question optimization, with response-scale metrics showing higher variance than test-scale metrics. Furthermore, we find that model fine-tuning affects communication style independently of personality expression accuracy. These findings establish a foundation for creating AI agents with diverse and consistent personalities, which could significantly enhance human-AI interaction across applications from education to healthcare, while additionally enabling a broader range of more unique AI agents. The ability to quantitatively assess and implement personality expression in AI systems opens new avenues for research into more relatable, trustworthy, and ethically designed AI.

Shijing Zhu, Zhuang Chen, Guanqun Bi et al.

Large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in providing scalable mental health support, while evaluating their counseling capability remains crucial to ensure both efficacy and safety. Existing evaluations are limited by the static assessment that focuses on knowledge tests, the single perspective that centers on user experience, and the open-loop framework that lacks actionable feedback. To address these issues, we propose Ψ-Arena, an interactive framework for comprehensive assessment and optimization of LLM-based counselors, featuring three key characteristics: (1) Realistic arena interactions that simulate real-world counseling through multi-stage dialogues with psychologically profiled NPC clients, (2) Tripartite evaluation that integrates assessments from the client, counselor, and supervisor perspectives, and (3) Closed-loop optimization that iteratively improves LLM counselors using diagnostic feedback. Experiments across eight state-of-the-art LLMs show significant performance variations in different real-world scenarios and evaluation perspectives. Moreover, reflection-based optimization results in up to a 141% improvement in counseling performance. We hope PsychoArena provides a foundational resource for advancing reliable and human-aligned LLM applications in mental healthcare.

Federico Maria Cau, Lucio Davide Spano

Human-AI collaboration outcomes depend strongly on human self-confidence calibration, which drives reliance or resistance toward AI's suggestions. This work presents two studies examining whether calibration of self-confidence before decision tasks, low versus high levels of Need for Cognition (NFC), and Actively Open-Minded Thinking (AOT), leads to differences in decision accuracy, self-confidence appropriateness during the tasks, and metacognitive perceptions (global and affective). The first study presents strategies to identify well-calibrated users, also comparing decision accuracy and the appropriateness of self-confidence across NFC and AOT levels. The second study investigates the effects of calibrated self-confidence in AI-assisted decision-making (no AI, two-stage AI, and personalized AI), also considering different NFC and AOT levels. Our results show the importance of human self-confidence calibration and psychological traits when designing AI-assisted decision systems. We further propose design recommendations to address the challenge of calibrating self-confidence and supporting tailored, user-centric AI that accounts for individual traits.

Ayushi Agrawal, Aditya Kondai, Kavita Vemuri

AI-powered facial assessment tools are reshaping how individuals evaluate appearance and internalize social judgments. This study examines the psychological impact of such tools on self-objectification, self-esteem, and emotional responses, with attention to gender differences. Two samples used distinct versions of a facial analysis tool: one overtly critical (N=75; M=22.9 years), and another more neutral (N=51; M=19.9 years). Participants completed validated self-objectification and self-esteem scales and custom items measuring emotion, digital/physical appearance enhancement (DAE, PAEE), and perceived social emotion (PSE). Results revealed consistent links between high self-objectification, low self-esteem, and increased appearance enhancement behaviors across both versions. Despite softer framing, the newer tool still evoked negative emotional responses (U=1466.5, p=0.013), indicating implicit feedback may reinforce appearance-related insecurities. Gender differences emerged in DAE (p=0.025) and PSE (p<0.001), with females more prone to digital enhancement and less likely to perceive emotional impact in others. These findings reveal how AI tools may unintentionally reinforce and amplify existing social biases and underscore the critical need for responsible AI design and development. Future research will investigate how human ideologies embedded in the training data of such tools shape their evaluative outputs, and how these, in turn, influence user attitudes and decisions.

Fiona Ellis

The prospects for finding common ground between naturalists and Christian philosophers seems to be bleak. The typical naturalist is an anti-supernaturalist, the Christian philosopher would appear to be a supernaturalist par excellence, and we are told that these positions are mutually exclusive. An expansive naturalist framework calls into question this way of dividing up the philosophical territory and my initial task in this paper is to spell out the shape of this expansive naturalism, using Iris Murdoch as a key interlocuter. I examine her relation to the Christian theologian Paul Tillich and consider the implications for an assessment of her commitment to atheism. I argue that there is a knife-edge between their respective positions and that this has important implications for an understanding of the limits of expansive naturalism as well as the prospects for finding common ground between naturalists and Christian philosophers.

Muhamad Yusrul Hana

Rifa'iyah women in Pekalongan managed to break free from constraints of patriarchal culture, enabling them to actively participate in the public sphere. Over time, they have initiated changes in their understanding and interpretation of religion, adapting these to contemporary developments. Their courage and consistency in these efforts have facilitated evolutionary adaptability within the social and cultural systems of the Rifa'iyah community, ultimately realizing complete freedom for women in public activities. This study employs the historical research method, encompassing heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The findings reveal, first, that Rifa'iyah women have driven societal change by challenging cultural norms through innovative interpretations of the Qur'an and Hadith. They also hold that their actions align with the teachings of K.H. Ahmad Rifa'i. Second, the social roles of Rifa'iyah women in Pekalongan include participation in the Wagean Islamic Study, establishing the UMRI organization, engaging in professional work, participating in activities outside the home, and being politically active. Moreover, Rifa'iyah women successfully balance dual roles by fulfilling their responsibilities as mothers and wives while collaborating with their husbands.

Benjamin Monmege, Julie Parreaux, Pierre-Alain Reynier

Weighted Timed Games (WTG for short) are the most widely used model to describe controller synthesis problems involving real-time issues. Unfortunately, they are notoriously difficult, and undecidable in general. As a consequence, one-clock WTGs have attracted a lot of attention, especially because they are known to be decidable when only non-negative weights are allowed. However, when arbitrary weights are considered, despite several recent works, their decidability status was still unknown. In this paper, we solve this problem positively and show that the value function can be computed in exponential time (if weights are encoded in unary).

Yan Zhang, Ming Jia, Meng Li et al.

Operators' cognitive functions are impaired significantly under extreme heat stress, potentially resulting in more severe secondary disasters. This research investigated the impact of elevated temperature and humidity (25 60%RH, 30 70%RH, 35 80%RH, 40 90%RH) on the cognitive functions and performance of operators. Meanwhile, we explored the psychological-physiological mechanism underlying the change in performance by electrocardiogram (ECG), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), and eye tracking physiologically. Psychological aspects such as situation awareness, workload, and working memory were assessed. Eventually, we verified and extended the maximal adaptability model to the extreme condition. Unexpectedly, a temporary improvement in simple reaction tasks but rapid impairment in advanced cognitive functions (i.e. situation awareness, communication, working memory) was obtained above 35 WBGT. The best performance in a suitable environment was due to more effective activation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). With temperature increasing, more mistakes occurred and comprehension was impaired due to drowsiness and lower arousal levels, according to evidence of compensatory effect in fNIRS. In the extreme environment, the enhanced PFC cooperation with higher functional connectivity resulted in a temporary improvement, while depressed activation in PFC, heavy physical load, and poor regulation of the cardiovascular system restricted it. Our results provide a detailed study of the process of operators' performance and cognitive functions when encountering increasing heat stress, as well as its underlying mechanisms from a neuroergonomics perspective. This can contribute to a better understanding of the interaction between operators' performance and workplace conditions, and help to achieve a more reliable human-centered production system in the promising era of Industry 5.0.

Emma Leschiera, Gheed Al-Hity, Melanie S. Flint et al.

In recent in vitro experiments on co-culture between breast tumour spheroids and activated immune cells, it was observed that the introduction of the stress hormone cortisol resulted in a decreased immune cell infiltration into the spheroids. Moreover, the presence of cortisol deregulated the normal levels of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-10. We present an individual-based model to explore the interaction dynamics between tumour and immune cells under psychological stress conditions. With our model, we explore the processes underlying the emergence of different levels of immune infiltration, with particular focus on the biological mechanisms regulated by IFN-γ and IL-10. The set-up of numerical simulations is defined to mimic the scenarios considered in the experimental study. Similarly to the experimental quantitative analysis, we compute a score that quantifies the level of immune cell infiltration into the tumour. The results of numerical simulations indicate that the motility of immune cells, their capability to infiltrate through tumour cells, their growth rate and the interplay between these cell parameters can affect the level of immune cell infiltration in different ways. Ultimately, numerical simulations of this model support a deeper understanding of the impact of biological stress-induced mechanisms on immune infiltration.

Wojciech Kluj

Laura Victoria Martínez

Este trabajo presenta discusiones sobre la enseñanza de la diversidad cultural en el nivel de la formación docente. El trabajo forma parte de un proyecto más amplio dedicado a indagar las concepciones docentes sobre inclusión y diversidad, asumiendo una triangulación a partir de avances desarrollados en distintas aproximaciones. Se parte de contextualizar la formación docente en la temática en el contexto argentino. El escrito discute enfoques sobre la cultura y la diversidad a partir de una perspectiva analítica que articula el conocimiento etnográfico en ámbitos escolares y dilemas propios de la enseñanza pensados en el nivel de formación.

Şeyma Ülger

Ahmet Altay Ünaltay: Ötanazi-Ahlak ve Sevgi Üzerine, İstanbul: Post Yayın, 1. Baskı, 2020. 328 s. ISBN-13: 9786057682260)- ISBN-10: 6057682262

P. Gramann

Considerable attention by scholars and scientists has been given to the differences between science and spirituality. Yet could there be a cause or a substratum between these two subjects that is shared? Little attention has been directed to the possibility of cosmic energetics being responsible for the creation of the universe. This includes our world of time, space, forms, creatures, processes, cycles, science, humankind, ideas, and thought processes. This paper aims to delve behind the created universe, to a cosmological dimension that existed prior. During the earliest period of creation, there may have been cosmic forces responsible for first micro-organisms, processes, stages, elements, and all creation. Some peoples claim that creation was performed by a divine being or God; others claim that creation of the universe was a natural process of cosmic intelligence. Either due to a divine cosmic being orchestrating a substratum of cosmic forces, or due to a phenomenon of cosmic intelligence, the entire creation occurred. Science, philosophy, spirituality, and psychology all have interest in what exists beyond materiality. Perhaps the concept of consciousness used by scientists, the concept of transcendence used by religions, and transformation used by psychology have a common denominator for transpersonal change

Hanneke Kip, Marcia C. Da Silva, Yvonne H.A. Bouman et al.

Background: Research has shown that self-control training (SCT) is an effective intervention to increase self-control and behaviour driven by self-control, such as reactive aggression. We developed an app that offers SCT by asking users to use their non-dominant hand for daily tasks, and aimed to examine whether participants that received SCT via app or e-mail, and received either one daily task or five tasks at once, improved more in self-control and decreased in aggression compared to each other and a control group. Methods: The design of this study was based on a pilot study in which a first version of the SCT app was developed and tested with students via a pretest-posttest design. Based on the outcomes of the pilot study, a 2 × 2 full factorial design (N = 204) with control group (n = 69) was used, with delivery via e-mail versus app and receiving one daily task versus five at once as factors. During four measuring points, self-control was assessed via the Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS) and the Go/No-Go task, aggression was assessed using the Brief Aggression Questionnaire (BAQ). In the final questionnaire, open-ended questions were asked to gain insight into the app's points of improvement. Quantitative data were analysed using repeated measures linear mixed models, qualitative data were analysed via inductive coding. Results: While no interaction effects were found, analyses showed that only the BSCS-scores of participants that used the app significantly improved over time (F[3, 196.315] = 4.090, p = .008), no improvements were observed in the e-mail and control condition. No meaningful differences in aggression, the Go/No-Go task, and between the one- and five-task conditions and control groups were found. Qualitative data showed that while the opinions on SCT-tasks differed, participants were overall satisfied with the intervention, but wanted more reminders. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that an SCT app has the potential to bolster self-control. No convincing effects on aggression were found in this student sample, which might be explained by the relatively low levels of aggression in this target group. Consequently, the app should also be investigated in populations with aggression regulation problems. Future research might also focus on the use of SCT to improve other types of behaviour driven by self-control, such as physical activity or smoking. Finally, a more personalized version of the app, in which users can select the number and types of SCT-tasks, should be developed and evaluated.

Xiaowei Jiang, Lili Ji, Yanan Chen et al.

The relationship between coping styles and subjective well-being (SWB) has recently received considerable empirical and theoretical attention in the scientific literature. However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship have primarily remained unclear. The present research aimed to determine whether emotion regulation mediated the relationship between coping styles and subjective well-being (SWB). Our hypothesis is based on the integration of theoretical models among 1,247 Chinese college students. The SWB questionnaire, Ways of Coping Questionnaire, and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire were used to correlate SWB, emotion regulation strategies, and coping styles, respectively. The random forest method was applied to predict life satisfaction and estimate the average variable importance to life satisfaction. The results indicated that positive coping can indirectly influence life satisfaction via cognitive reappraisal and indirectly influence expression suppression via positive affect. Negative coping can indirectly influence negative affect via expression suppression. Besides, negative coping was positively associated with both expression suppression and negative affect. Cognitive reappraisal was found to be positively associated with positive affect. The findings indicated that coping style is essential for the SWB of college students. These findings provide insight into how coping styles impact SWB and have implications for developing and assessing emotion regulation-based interventions.

The Orthodox Christian Church is one of the largest religious groups within Christendom, second only to Roman Catholicism. Historically, it traces its origins to Christ and claims an unbroken line of fidelity to the teaching of the apostles and their successors. It consists of over a dozen autocephalous Churches, each of which is led by a Patriarch or Metropolitan Archbishop who together lead the Orthodox Church around the world in a conciliar ecclesial government, with the Patriarch of Constantinople recognized as the “first among equals.” The oldest among these Churches are in the Middle East (e.g., Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem) and the Mediterranean (e.g., Greece, Cyprus, Constantinople), as well as many in Central and Eastern Europe (e.g., Russia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Georgia, Albania, Romania, Poland, as well as the Czech Lands and Slovakia). It also contains a number of autonomous, or self-governing, churches in Asia (e.g., China and Japan). Thus, the Eastern Orthodox Church is rich in ethnic and cultural diversity, while being united in doctrine and worship. To many in the West, however, and especially to those in the English-speaking world, it remains an enigma that is often confused either with Roman Catholicism or with a syncretic mixture of Christianity and Eastern religion. This article provides a brief sample of works from the Orthodox intellectual tradition that are likely to foster greater collaborative engagement with contemporary academic philosophy. As a whole, the collection attempts to help readers answer three questions. First, what are the views of the Orthodox Christian Church, especially those that are more distinctive of Orthodox Christianity? Second, how have these views been explained and defended in historical philosophical and theological discourse? Third, how have these views been explained and defended in contemporary philosophical and theological discourse? The presentation is divided into seven sections: General Overviews and Historical Context; Metaphysics and Philosophy of Language; Epistemology and Philosophy of Religion; Moral Psychology and Character Formation; Normative and Applied Ethics; Social, Cultural, and Political Philosophy; and Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Russian Religious Philosophy. The selections within each section are principally designed to be of use for contemporary English-speaking academic philosophers by providing a representative presentation not only of topics but also of eras (e.g., ancient, medieval, modern, and contemporary), areas of jurisdiction (e.g., Middle Eastern, Byzantine, Slavic, etc.), and schools of thought (e.g., analytic philosophy, Continental philosophy, etc.).

Mai Cong Hung, Ryohei Nakatsu, Naoko Tosa et al.

GANs (Generative adversarial networks) is a new AI technology that can perform deep learning with less training data and has the capability of achieving transformation between two image sets. Using GAN we have carried out a comparison between several art sets with different art style. We have prepared several image sets; a flower photo set (A), an art image set (B1) of Impressionism drawings, an art image set of abstract paintings (B2), an art image set of Chinese figurative paintings, (B3), and an art image set of abstract images (B4) created by Naoko Tosa, one of the authors. Transformation between set A to each of B was carried out using GAN and four image sets (B1, B2, B3, B4) was obtained. Using these four image sets we have carried out psychological experiment by asking subjects consisting of 23 students to fill in questionnaires. By analyzing the obtained questionnaires, we have found the followings. Abstract drawings and figurative drawings are clearly judged to be different. Figurative drawings in West and East were judged to be similar. Abstract images by Naoko Tosa were judged as similar to Western abstract images. These results show that AI could be used as an analysis tool to reveal differences between art genres.

Christian Hennig

Note: Published now as a chapter in "Handbook of the History and Philosophy of Mathematical Practice" (Springer Nature, editor B. Sriraman, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19071-2_105-1). The application of mathematical probability theory in statistics is quite controversial. Controversies regard both the interpretation of probability, and approaches to statistical inference. After having given an overview of the main approaches, I will propose a re-interpretation of frequentist probability. Most statisticians are aware that probability models interpreted in a frequentist manner are not really true in objective reality, but only idealisations. I argue that this is often ignored when actually applying frequentist methods and interpreting the results, and that keeping up the awareness for the essential difference between reality and models can lead to a more appropriate use and interpretation of frequentist models and methods, called "frequentism-as-model". This is elaborated showing connections to existing work, appreciating the special role of independently and identically distributed observations and subject matter knowledge, giving an account of how and under what conditions models that are not true can be useful, giving detailed interpretations of tests and confidence intervals, confronting their implicit compatibility logic with the inverse probability logic of Bayesian inference, re-interpreting the role of model assumptions, appreciating robustness, and the role of "interpretative equivalence" of models. Epistemic probability shares the issue that its models are only idealisations, and an analogous "epistemic-probability-as-model" can also be developed.