Gemini said Lawmakers today face continuous calls to "future proof" the legal system against generative artificial intelligence, algorithmic decision-making, targeted advertising, and all manner of emerging technologies. This Article takes a contrarian stance: it is not the law that needs bolstering for the future, but the future that needs protection from the law. From the printing press and the elevator to ChatGPT and online deepfakes, the recurring historical pattern is familiar. Technological breakthroughs provoke wonder, then fear, then legislation. The resulting legal regimes entrench incumbents, suppress experimentation, and displace long-standing legal principles with bespoke but brittle rules. Drawing from history, economics, political science, and legal theory, this Article argues that the most powerful tools for governing technological change--the general-purpose tools of the common law--are in fact already on the books, long predating the technologies they are now called upon to govern, and ready also for whatever the future holds in store. Rather than proposing any new statute or regulatory initiative, this Article offers something far rarer, a defense of doing less. It shows how the law's virtues--generality, stability, and adaptability--are best preserved not through prophylactic regulation, but through accretional judicial decision-making. The epistemic limits that make technological forecasting so unreliable and the hidden costs of early legislative intervention, including biased governmental enforcement and regulatory capture, mean that however fast technology may move, the law must not chase it. The case for legal restraint is thus not a defense of the status quo, but a call to preserve the conditions of freedom and equal justice under which both law and technology can evolve.
Charles J. Law, Romane Le Gal, Yoshihide Yamato
et al.
The abundance and distribution of sulfur-bearing molecules in protoplanetary disks directly influences the composition and potential habitability of nascent planets in addition to providing powerful probes of the physical gas conditions in the disks themselves. Here, we present new and archival ALMA and SMA observations of CS and H$_2$CS, and their C$^{34}$S and H$_2$C$^{34}$S isotopologues, at high-angular resolution (${\approx}$0."2-0."4; 20-40 au) in the HD 163296 disk, which reveal a central cavity and multi-ringed emission structure. These observations comprise the most comprehensive, multi-line CS data in a planet-forming disk to date, spanning a wide range of excitation conditions from E$_{\rm{u}}$=7.1 K to 129.3 K, and include new detections of C$^{34}$S, H$_2$CS, and H$_2$C$^{34}$S in this system. Using these data, we derive spatially-resolved rotational temperature and column density profiles for all species. We find a column density ratio N(H$_2$CS)/N(CS) $\approx$ 0.5, which is comparable to that of the similar MWC 480 disk and suggests that organic sulfur compounds may constitute a large fraction of the volatile sulfur reservoir in disks around Herbig stars generally. We derive $^{32}$S/$^{34}$S ratios of ${\approx}$5 (CS/C$^{34}$S) and ${\approx}$2 (H$_2$CS/H$_2$C$^{34}$S) based on disk-averaged and spatially-resolved analyses. Both values are consistent across these two pairs of optically-thin molecules and are well-below the expected ISM ratio of ${\approx}$22, suggesting significant sulfur fractionation. We also constrain the CS emitting layer ($z/r\lesssim 0.1$) using the vertical separations of the disk surfaces in the channel maps and based on the known 2D gas structure of the HD 163296 disk combined with our excitation analysis.
The paper inspects the role of a custom in civil law of interwar (1918-1939) Poland. It notes that the unification of national legislation took place in the Second Polish Republic, including the field of civil law. The codification that had been launched faced significant difficulties, as in different regions of restored Poland different legislation systems had functioned previously (Austrian, German, Russian ones). Due to objective reasons, legislators had not managed to finalize their own Civil Code until the outbreak of World War II. Nonetheless, different branches of civil law adopted several regulatory acts aiming to harmonize the existing differences in the civil legal relations of a single state. The important documents in civil law were The Code of Obligations of 1933 and the Trade Code of 1934. The paper analyzes the role and significance of a custom in those and other regulatory acts. Indeed, The Code of Obligations did not set a legal definition of a custom and related terms. Nevertheless, the effect of a custom was widely used in determining the conditions under which an obligation was to be fulfilled. Custom, along with contract and law, influenced the material and financial obligations of the parties. The custom also played an important role in landlord-tenant relations. The paper examines the articles of the Trade Code which identify the custom and terms related to it. Indeed, Article 1 already outlines the existence of custom law and algorithms of its implementation. The Code essentially equated custom law with economic law. The author depicts how the legal definition of a custom law was used by lawmakers. It is noted that trade customs were a type of fair dealing or good faith behavior customs known to common law, in particular, the law of obligations of interwar Poland. In addition to the Trade Code and the Code of Obligations, custom law was also mentioned in other legal acts. In particular, in the laws on bills of exchange and check law. The author concludes that the civil law of the Second Polish Republic was actively utilizing concepts of a custom, custom law, trade custom and the so-called custom of fair circulation.
This article aims to examine legal protection for workers who are victims of sexual violence in the workplace, as well as the legal implications for perpetrators of sexual violence from the perspective of Criminal and Employment Law in Indonesia. The research method used is normative research. The research results show that legal protection for workers from sexual harassment is regulated in various existing regulations. One aspect that is regulated is the right of witnesses and victims to obtain security protection for themselves and their families, as well as freedom from threats related to the testimony they give. Furthermore, the procedures for resolving cases of sexual harassment in the workplace are limited to legal sources in the form of the Employment Law, through deliberation, negotiation, and if no agreement is reached, filing a lawsuit for termination of employment. This article finds that there is still a lack of focus in highlighting the importance of legal protection for victims of sexual harassment in the workplace to ensure their safety and comfort, including knowledge of the procedures for resolving these cases, in order to achieve optimal legal justice. Focusing on a better understanding of rights and related legal procedures is essential in ensuring adequate protection for workers who are victims of sexual violence.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
We study a model of a general compressible viscous fluid subject to the Coulomb friction law boundary condition. For this model, we introduce a dissipative formulation and prove the existence of dissipative solutions. The proof of this result consists of a three-level approximation method: A Galerkin approximation, the classical parabolic regularization of the continuity equation as well as convex regularizations of the potential generating the viscous stress and the boundary terms incorporating the Coulomb friction law into the dissipative formulation. This approach combines the techniques already known from the proof of the existence of dissipative solutions to a model of general compressible viscous fluids under inflow-outflow boundary conditions as well as the proof of the existence of a weak solution to the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations under the Coulomb friction law boundary condition. It is the first time that this type of boundary condition is considered in the case of compressible flow.
Author determines to a certain stage of social development there is a need to streamline existing relationships in it. It is impossible to imagine human society without regulation of behavior by certain samples, models, scale. They also made as a result of frequent repetition, the rules to which future oriented society.
 The rules of electoral law as a component of the constitutional right of Ukraine reflect in their entirety the nature and content of this area of law. For this reason they are sometimes compared to the cells as the fundamental principle of any living organism, the biological system.
 Given the undoubted primacy norm of electoral law for other structural elements of the electoral law of Ukraine, namely the study of the nature, content and legal characteristics and features of the construction is a kind of "key" to the knowledge institutes and other components of the electoral law in general.
 Identifying the nature and content of the rules of electoral law as a primary constituent elements of the same sub-system of law involves a determination of the legal category. This is not only a definition of the rules of electoral law, but also about filling it with the proper legal meaning, as well as identifying the main aggravating circumstances studied component of electoral law Ukraine.
 Thus, the rules of the common signs of electoral law Ukraine include the following: 1) priority in the national legal system, and2) the nature of the installation, and 3) public-political content, and 4) the system of rule-making entities and norm, and 5) immediacy, 6) the highest legal force; 7) special source base 8) specificity patterns, 9)guaranteed.
 The rules of electoral law, as a kind of constitutional law and having their general properties, characteristic only differ in their original features, including: 1) specificity, due to the content of the subject of legal regulation, and 2) the rules of electoral law have a pronounced political character, and 3) Specify the range mailing provisions of electoral law, and 4) the rules of electoral law form a complex subsector law that combines state-legal, administrative, legal, financial, legal, criminal law and the rules of a number of other sectors of the national law of Ukraine, 5) the identity outside legalization provisions in the election law.
Corruption has always been a negative phenomenon that significantly deformed the institutional purpose of state institutions and undermined the public's trust in them. Unfortunately, the issue of corruption in law enforcement agencies has always been particularly acute. Moreover, right now, in the conditions of a full-scale war, it is the law enforcement agencies that must stand in defense of the internal sovereignty, national unity of the state, and ensure the protection and functioning of various state mechanisms. It is worth noting that the institutional structure of the law enforcement system is constantly changing, against the background of which institutions are created, the purpose of which is the direct prevention of corruption and corrupt acts. The classic approach consists in assigning a specific body of state power to law enforcement agencies based on the actual performance of law enforcement functions. The need and relevance of the criminological characterization of the causes and the importance and urgency of developing a system of anti-corruption measures in law enforcement agencies are substantiated. Corruption offenses committed by law enforcement agencies are most often various deviations and violations of the current legislation regulating law enforcement and law enforcement activities of these agencies. We see the high latency of corruption offenses as the main cause of corruption in this area; personnel problems and deformation of the role and meaning of the management team. Measures to combat corruption in internal affairs bodies include: optimization of the recruitment process; improvement of internal and external communication channels for whistleblowers; promotion of departmental financial supervision of the life of law enforcement officers, and constant training and improvement of qualifications of each law enforcement officer, the need to pass a real annual psychological certification. It is concluded that the development of anti-corruption measures should not be of a general nature. More effective is precisely the targeted approach, based on the identified causes and conditions of corruption in a separate sphere, in this case, the sphere of activity of law enforcement agencies, and specific industry-oriented, targeted anti-corruption measures developed based on these determinants.
The next big step in technological development is the expansion of the physical world and the emergence of virtual worlds. The technology is now reaching the right level for this to spread, so it is predicted that the virtual presence of individuals will become more common in the coming years. This will naturally bring with it the emergence of working in virtual worlds, as the virtual presence of firms can provide a clear competitive advantage. However, the question arises as to whether labour law, with its current instruments, is suitable for the legal regulation of work in the virtual world and whether this type of work can be understood at all within the framework of the classical employment relationship. The very notion of work, the contracting parties, the contract's content, the place of performance, etc., can be called into question. In this article, I will examine these issues and consider the challenges facing future legislation.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Labor. Work. Working class
El artículo aborda el tema de la diversidad cultural y los derechos de las minorías no étnicas, como la minoría homosexual y la comunidad Sorda. Se discute el enfoque del interculturalismo la alternativa de los derechos individuales desde la visión de la igualdad. También se examina cómo estas identidades se afirman como auténticas subculturas y qué consecuencias puede tener esto para la conformación de las identidades, el discurso de los derechos y los modelos de gestión de la diversidad cultural. Es necesario reconocer que todas las personas tienen los mismos derechos básicos, sin importar su etnia, características genéticas u orientación sexual, y debemos respetar sus elecciones y decisiones en cuanto a su identidad personal. Se discute si la protección de las identidades, en este caso de la diversidad subcultural, requiere de derechos de grupo o, simplemente, el mecanismo de los derechos individuales es suficiente. La minoría homosexual y la comunidad Sorda son analizadas en profundidad, y se concluye que ambas deben ser protegidas como minorías (sub)culturales y/o lingüísticas, y no sólo como minorías sociales. En definitiva, el Derecho puede seguir siendo un celoso guardián de la diferencia, siempre y cuando se entienda la diferencia como una condición común, la más profunda de cada uno de nosotros.
ABSTRACT Purpose of the study: This research analyzes the relationship between state law and customary law and Constitutional Court judgment in strengthening the rights of indigenous peoples and legal protection of the rights of indigenous peoples. Methodology: This article used normative legal research. Normative legal research is a scientific research procedure based on the logic of jurisprudence (doctrine) to seek truth from a normative perspective, which is conducted in the literature study in the form of relevant legal regulations and norms, especially in the Constitutional Court Judgment Number 35/PUU-X/2012, as well as other relevant sources. Results: This study reveals that recognition of the nature of the norms created by Indonesian indigenous peoples in the constitution is a facultative norm rather than imperative. Therefore, the state's obligation to recognize and respect indigenous peoples does not have strong binding force, so it is difficult to use apparent guidelines, procedures and mechanisms. This situation provokes conflicts, including between the government and society, society and entrepreneurs, and within society. The protection and reinforcement of indigenous communities still requires improvements and stronger law enforcement. Applications of this study: The research provides a comprehensive understanding analysis given that the interaction of state law with customary law or non-state laws both have influences and intersect with each other. However, conflicts between laws that apply to an area often let local laws to be defeated through the authorization process. The state has the right to issue and ratify all policies. State law should not eliminate the existence of customary law, but it is expected that shared likeliness can be sought so that it is consistent in its implementation. Novelty/ Originality of this study: This research gives a conceptual proposal of protecting indigenous peoples' land rights through: First, strengthening recognition. Indigenous communities whose customary land is in need for development should be recognized, not in the form of funds, but through the construction of public facilities or other forms of benefit to local communities. Second, establishing an independent institution under the President that resolves problems, conflicts, recognition, protection and promotion of the rights of indigenous peoples. Third, regulatory integration between ministries. Fourth, reinforcing the role of regional government and Regional Legislative Council. This conceptual proposal emphasizes the significance of respecting and protecting the rights of indigenous peoples before law, political recognition, autonomy and policies to ensure that the rights of indigenous peoples are respected and upheld. Keywords: Indigenous People, Legal Protection, Constitutional Court ABSTRAK Tujuan: Penelitian ini menganalisis tentang relasi hukum negara dengan hukum adat dan Putusan MK dalam penguatan hak masyarakat adat serta perlindungan hukum terhadap hak masyarakat adat Metodologi: Artikel ini menggunakan penelitian hukum normatif. Penelitian hukum normatif adalah suatu prosedur penelitian ilmiah berdasarkan logika yurisprudensi (doktrin) untuk mencari kebenaran dari sisi normatif, yang dilakukan dalam kajian bahan pustaka berupa peraturan dan norma hukum yang terkait terutama dalam putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi nomor 35/ PUU-X/2012, juga sumber lain yang terkait. Temuan: Kajian ini mengungkapkan bahwa pengakuan terhadap hakikat norma-norma yang diciptakan oleh masyarakat adat Indonesia dalam konstitusi adalah sebuah norma opsional dan bukan norma wajib. Oleh karena itu, kewajiban negara untuk mengakui dan menghormati masyarakat adat tidak mempunyai kekuatan mengikat yang kuat, sehingga tidak mudah untuk dijadikan pedoman, prosedur dan mekanisme yang lebih konkrit. Keadaan ini memunculkan banyak konflik, antara lain antara pemerintah dengan masyarakat, masyarakat dengan pengusaha, serta masyarakat dengan masyarakat. Perlindungan dan pemberdayaan masyarakat adat masih memerlukan perbaikan dan penegakan hukum yang lebih kuat. Kegunaan: Penelitian memberikan analisis pemahaman yang lebih komprehensif melihat bahwa interaksi hukum negara dengan hukum adat atau hukum yang bukan berasal dari negara sama-sama memiliki pengaruh dan saling bersinggungan, meskipun demikian konflik antar hukum yang berlaku atas suatu wilayah sering kali menyebabkan hukum lokal dikalahkan melalui proses otorisasi negara yang berhak mengeluarkan dan mengesahkan segala kebijakan. Hukum negara hendaknya tidak menyingkirkan keberadaan hukum adat, namun diharapkan dapat dicari titik-titik persamaan yang ada sehingga sejalan dalam pelaksanaannya. Kebaruan/Orisinalitas: Penelitian ini memberikan tawaran konsepsional perlindungan hak atas tanah masyarakat adat dapat melalui: Pertama, memperkuat recognitie. masyarakat adat yang tanah ulayatnya diperlukan untuk pembangunan harus diberikan pengakuan, bukan dalam bentuk uang, tetapi melalui pembangunan fasilitas umum atau bentuk lain yang bermanfaat bagi masyarakat setempat. Kedua, Membentuk lembaga independen di bawah Presiden yang menangani permasalahan, konflik, pengakuan, perlindungan dan pemajuan hak-hak masyarakat adat. Ketiga, Integrasi Regulasi antar Kementerian. Keempat, Penguatan Peran Pemerintah Daerah dan DPRD. Seluruh tawaran konsepsionel ini menekankan pentingnya menghormati dan melindungi hak-hak masyarakat adat dalam konteks hukum, pengakuan politik, otonomi, dan kebijakan untuk memastikan hak-hak masyarakat adat dihormati dan ditegakkan. Kata Kunci: Masyarakat Adat, Perlindungan Hukum, Mahkamah Konstitusi
This article determines a position of resolutions adopted by the Polish Financial Supervision Authority. Within the system of sources of law these resolutions are referred to as “recommendations”, and sometimes as “guidelines”. The author aims to answer a question whether the Authority can base its executive decisions on legal norms which the Authority had articulated itself. Through an application of a formal-dogmatic and an empirical-legal approach the researcher attempts to determine whether resolutions adopted by the Polish Financial Supervision Authority can be included in a catalogue of normative forms of administrative activity, whether they can be placed within the dichotomic classification of sources of law. Are such “recommendations” legally binding for the entities in the financial market? Finally, the analysis will focus on whether the Authority has expressis verbis competence to issue “guidelines” that are subsequently directed to the insurance sector in an imperative form, with expectation of implementation thereof. Or does this supervisory Authority appropriate competence of other authorities by application of legal interpretation of the law? At the end of this dogmatic research the Author attempts to answer the question: “What is the purpose of «recommendations»”?
Comparative law. International uniform law, Political institutions and public administration (General)
Tahkim anlaşmasının esasına uygulanacak hukuk öncellikle tarafların seçmiş oldukları hukuka tabidir. Ancak uygulamada genel olarak tahkim anlaşmasının ayrı bir anlaşma olarak değil, temel sözleşmenin içerisine konulan bir tahkim şartı ile yapıldığı görülmektedir. Taraflarca çoğu zaman temel sözleşmeye uygulanacak olan hukuk belirlenmesine rağmen, tahkim anlaşmasına uygulanacak olan hukuk belirlenmemektedir. Tarafların tahkim anlaşmasının esasına uygulanacak olan hukuku belirlememiş olması durumunda ise tahkim anlaşmasının geçersizliği iddiası gündeme geldiğinde hangi hukuka göre tespit yapılacağı konusunda farklı mahkemeler ve hakem heyetleri tarafından farklı kararlar verildiği görülmektedir. Tahkim anlaşmasının esasına uygulanacak hukukun taraflarca belirlenmemiş olması durumunda temel sözleşmeye uygulanacak hukuk, tahkim yeri hukuku, ulusal ülke hukukları, milletlerarası teamüller ve milletlerarası düzeyde kabul gören prensiplere göre bir belirleme yapılmaktadır. Bu durumda genel olarak tahkim yeri hukukunun uygulandığı görülmektedir. Bunun dışında temel sözleşmeye uygulanacak olan hukukun uygulanması gerektiğine yönelik kararlar da mevcuttur. Ancak uluslararası tahkim anlaşmalarına uygulanabilen hukuk seçimi kuralları birçok eksikliğe sahiptir ve bu sebeple keyfi sonuçlara neden olmaktadır. Daha güçlü bir hukuk seçimi politikası için tarafların uluslararası tahkim anlaşması yapma niyetlerini esas alan bir geçerlilik ilkesi ve ayrımcılık yapmama kuralı son zamanlarda mahkemeler tarafından esas alınan diğer yaklaşımlardır.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Abstract Background Sex estimation is vital in establishing an accurate biological profile from the human skeleton, as sex influences the analysis of other elements in both Physical and Forensic Anthropology and Legal Medicine. The present study was conducted to analyze the sex differences between the sacrum and coccyx length based on the measurements calculated with computed tomography (CT) images. One hundred case images (50 females, 50 males) who were between the ages of 25 and 50 and admitted by the emergency department between September 2018 and June 2019 and underwent CT were included in the study. Eighteen lengths, 4 curvature lengths, and 2 regions were measured in sagittal, coronal and transverse planes with orthogonal adjustment for three times. Results It was stated that the mean anterior and posterior sacral length, anterior and posterior sacrococcygeal length, anterior and posterior sacral curvature length, anterior coccygeal curvature length, sacral area, lengths of transverse lines 1, 2, 3 and 4, sacral first vertebra transverse and sagittal length measurements were longer in males when compared to females (p < 0.05). It was noted that the parameter with the highest discrimination value in the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was the sacral area (AUC = 0.88/Acc = 0.82). Based on Fisher’s linear discriminant analysis findings, the discrimination rate was 96% for males, 92% for females and the overall discrimination rate was 94%. Conclusions It was concluded that the fourteen parameters that were indicated as significant in the present study could be used in anthropology, Forensic Medicine and Anatomy to predict sex.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Medicine (General)
Md. Khurshid Alam, S. Surendra Singh, L. Anjana Devi
Interaction of dark energy in the anisotropic Locally Rotationally Symmetric (LRS) Bianchi type-I metric is investigated in the context of modified f(R,T) theory of gravity, where R is the Ricci scalar and T is the trace of stress energy momentum tensor. We choose the particular form of the functional f(R,T)=f_1 (R,T)+f_2 (R,T) then we find the exact solutions of the field equations by applying inhomogeneous equation of state, p= ω\r{ho}-Λ(t) and a generalized form of hybrid expansion law. Transition of deceleration to acceleration is observed in this model. It is also observed that the Universe shows accelerated expansion at late epoch. The derived model overlaps with ΛCDM at late time which is in agreement with present observation. Energy conditions of the derived model are also investigated. From the plot, we observe the age of Universe t_0=13.821 Gyr for the observed H_0=70.07Kms^(-1) Mpc^(-1). The physical and geometrical behaviours of these models are also discussed.
Charles J. Law, Qizhou Zhang, Karin I. Öberg
et al.
Massive star-forming regions exhibit an extremely rich and diverse chemistry, which in principle provides a wealth of molecular probes, as well as laboratories for interstellar prebiotic chemistry. Since the chemical structure of these sources displays substantial spatial variation among species on small scales (${\lesssim}10^4$ au), high angular resolution observations are needed to connect chemical structures to local environments and inform astrochemical models of massive star formation. To address this, we present ALMA 1.3 mm observations toward OB cluster-forming region G10.6-0.4 (hereafter "G10.6") at a resolution of 0.14$^{\prime\prime}$ (700 au). We find highly-structured emission from complex organic molecules (COMs) throughout the central 20,000 au, including two hot molecular cores and several shells or filaments. We present spatially-resolved rotational temperature and column density maps for a large sample of COMs and warm gas tracers. These maps reveal a range of gas substructure in both O- and N-bearing species. We identify several spatial correlations that can be explained by existing models of COM formation, including NH$_2$CHO/HNCO and CH$_3$OCHO/CH$_3$OCH$_3$, but also observe unexpected distributions and correlations which suggest that our current understanding of COM formation is far from complete. Importantly, complex chemistry is observed throughout G10.6, rather than being confined to hot cores. The COM composition appears to be different in the cores compared to the more extended structures, which illustrates the importance of high spatial resolution observations of molecular gas in elucidating the physical and chemical processes associated with massive star formation.
En Cuba no existe referencia en la Ley de Derecho de Autor a la protección de las obras huérfanas, y en consecuencia de sus creadores, aun cuando sí encuentra un reconocimiento expreso el límite a favor de bibliotecas. Ante la necesidad de que las bibliotecas públicas, en su actuar diario, puedan hacer uso de las obras huérfanas, sin que ello constituya una violación de las facultades autorales de dichos creadores, la presente investigación fundamenta los presupuestos teórico-jurídicos que deben amparar la protección en Cuba de obras huérfanas para evitar situaciones de conflicto entre la actividad que realizan las bibliotecas públicas y la protección de los derechos de sus autores
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
This paper presents investigations on the generalized laws of refraction and reflection for metasurfaces made of diffractive elements. It introduces a phenomenological model that reproduces all the features of the experiments dedicated to the generalized Snell-Descartes laws. Our main finding is that the generalized laws of refrac-tion and reflection as previously stated have to be modified in order to describe the propagation of light through metasurfaces made of diffractive elements. We provide the appropriate laws that take a different form depending on the properties of the metasurface. Our models apply to both periodic and non-periodic metasurfaces. We show that the generalized law of refraction strictly exists only for linear-phase profiles and sawtooth-wave phase profiles under constraints that we specify. It can be approximatively defined for non-linear phase profiles. This document includes the article as the part I and the supporting informations as the part II.
Taylor's law quantifies the scaling properties of the fluctuations of the number of innovations occurring in open systems. Urn based modelling schemes have already proven to be effective in modelling this complex behaviour. Here, we present analytical estimations of Taylor's law exponents in such models, by leveraging on their representation in terms of triangular urn models. We also highlight the correspondence of these models with Poisson-Dirichlet processes and demonstrate how a non-trivial Taylor's law exponent is a kind of universal feature in systems related to human activities. We base this result on the analysis of four collections of data generated by human activity: (i) written language (from a Gutenberg corpus); (ii) a n online music website (Last.fm); (iii) Twitter hashtags; (iv) a on-line collaborative tagging system (Del.icio.us). While Taylor's law observed in the last two datasets agrees with the plain model predictions, we need to introduce a generalization to fully characterize the behaviour of the first two datasets, where temporal correlations are possibly more relevant. We suggest that Taylor's law is a fundamental complement to Zipf's and Heaps' laws in unveiling the complex dynamical processes underlying the evolution of systems featuring innovation.
Mario Gleirscher, Nikita Johnson, Panayiotis Karachristou
et al.
The coordinated assurance of interrelated critical properties, such as system safety and cyber-security, is one of the toughest challenges in critical systems engineering. In this chapter, we summarise approaches to the coordinated assurance of safety and security. Then, we highlight the state of the art and recent challenges in human-robot collaboration in manufacturing both from a safety and security perspective. We conclude with a list of procedural and technological issues to be tackled in the coordinated assurance of collaborative industrial robots.
Benfords law states that for scale- and base-invariant data sets covering a wide dynamic range, the distribution of the first significant digit is biased towards low values. This has been shown to be true for wildly different datasets, including financial, geographical, and atomic data. In astronomy, earlier work showed that Benfords law also holds for distances estimated as the inverse of parallaxes from the ESA Hipparcos mission. We investigate whether Benfords law still holds for the 1.3 billion parallaxes contained in the second data release of Gaia (Gaia DR2). In contrast to previous work, we also include negative parallaxes. We examine whether distance estimates computed using a Bayesian approach instead of parallax inversion still follow Benfords law. Lastly, we investigate the use of Benfords law as a validation tool for the zero-point of the Gaia parallaxes.