Hasil untuk "Law of Europe"

P. Ordeshook, Olga Shvetsova

A. V. Kabachna, T. O. Shapoval, O. P. Shmatenko et al.

Introduction. The article provides a comparative analysis of national regulatory documents issued by the Ministry of Health (MOH) of Ukraine and international clinical guidelines governing the use of medicinal products by INN (International Nonproprietary Name) for obesity treatment. Official guidelines from NICE (UK), EMA and EASO (EU), FDA (USA), and the Spanish GIRO manual were reviewed. It was established that in Ukraine only two INN medicinal products are recommended for clinical use: liraglutide and orlistat. In contrast, international approaches endorse a broader range of pharmacological agents, including semaglutide, tirzepatide, naltrexone/bupropion, phentermine/topiramate, and setmelanotide. Purpose. to compare domestic and international regulatory recommendations and standards for modern obesity pharmacotherapy. Materials and methods. The study used the documentary-analytical method, bibliographic analysis, and the method of systematisation and generalisation of data from regulatory sources. Results. The results of the study indicate that modern obesity pharmacotherapy is primarily based on preparations with mechanism of action as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and GLP-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) co-agonists. This group includes such medicinal products as semaglutide, liraglutide, and tirzepatide, which show high efficacy in reducing body weight (by 8% to 21%) and improving metabolic parameters. These preparations also reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications, which makes them particularly valuable to patients with concomitant type 2 diabetes mellitus. Additionally, other pharmacological groups are used in obesity treatment, such as lipase inhibitors (orlistat), naltrexone/bupropion combinations, sympathomimetics (phentermine), and others, which are applied in the absence of the possibility of prescribing incretin mimetics or in combination with them. Comparative analysis of international and domestic recommendations shows that in Ukraine, the officially approved only two preparations for obesity treatment – liraglutide and orlistat, whereas in Europe, the USA and the UK, the list of affordable preparations is much broader and includes semaglutide, tirzepatide, bupropion/naltrexone combination, and phentermine/topiramate. It shows a certain lag of the Ukrainian regulatory framework behind global standards, which limits the therapeutic capabilities of clinicals. At the same time, as of 2025, semaglutide was registered in Ukraine, which partially addresses this gap.  A significant aspect of the research is the analysis of the role of pharmacists in obesity treatment. While in Europe and the USA, pharmacists are actively involved in therapy monitoring, patient counselling, and side effect prevention, in Ukrainian clinical guidelines their participation is limited, reducing the effectiveness of a comprehensive approach to treatment. This is particularly relevant under martial law, when pharmaceutical care could significantly improve the safety and efficacy of therapy for civilians and military personnel. Conclusions. Based on the analysis results, it is established that there are differences between national and international approaches to obesity pharmacotherapy, particularly among recommended INNs. Only two medications are approved in Ukraine, while leading international guidelines recommended a wider range of medicinal products.

Kazakov O.I.

Over the past five years humanitarian ties between Japan and other Asia-Pacific countries have shown a rapid forced “cooling” due to numerous local and global restrictions during the peak of the COVID-19 epidemic in 2020–2021, and a gradual recovery in the post-COVID era. Against the backdrop of the recovery of countries after the pandemic, other constraints have emerged, primarily of a military and political nature, which “freeze” the further development of humanitarian ties. Since February 24, 2022, such a constraint in Russian-Japanese relations has been Russia's special military operation, which led to a global split between supporters and opponents of Ukraine. Nevertheless, Japan strives to establish and develop relations with the Asia-Pacific countries, which resulted, in particular, in a new record of foreign tourists visiting Japan in 2024. The situation in Russian-Japanese relations has seriously worsened, due to the actual development of sanctions and information war between the two countries. However, humanitarian ties between Russia and Japan have not ceased yet.

Mathias Siems

Empirical legal studies in Europe lag behind developments in the US. By contrast, comparative law is a prominent field of research and teaching in many European countries, while it plays a more limited role in the US. Thus, as we combine empirical studies and comparative law (a.k.a. “empirical comparative law”), European legal scholarship may have at least a partial advantage over its US counterpart. In this paper, a content analysis of working papers and journal articles provides evidence of a stronger propensity of European scholars to include a comparative dimension in work of empirical legal studies. The paper also categorises the different methods with which Europe scholars have already conducted research in empirical comparative law. Doing so also shows how expertise in comparative law is crucial in making full use of this form of empirical legal research. Thus, despite some challenges, this paper suggests that European research in empirical comparative law should have a promising future.

Ashwin P. Dani

In this paper, a constrained parameter update law is derived in the context of adaptive control. The parameter update law is based on constrained optimization technique where a Lagrangian is formulated to incorporate the constraints on the parameters using inverse Barrier function. The constrained parameter update law is used to develop a adaptive tracking controller and the overall stability of the adaptive controller along with the constrained parameter update law is shown using Lyapunov analysis and development in stability of constrained primal-dual dynamics. The performance of the constrained parameter update law is tested in simulation for keeping the parameters within constraints and convergence to true parameters.

Kritti Sharma, Vikram Ravi, Dillon Z. Dong et al.

Radio wavelengths offer a unique window into high-energy astrophysical phenomena that may be obscured or too rapidly evolving to be captured at other wavelengths. Leveraging data from the Very Large Array Sky Survey, we perform a systematic search for fast, luminous transients with characteristic timescales $\lesssim 3$ years in the nearby universe ($z \leq 0.3$). We report the discovery of five such transients, and classify them based on their synchrotron emission energetics and host galaxy properties. From this sample, we derive observational constraints on the volumetric rates of certain corresponding transient classes. We limit the rates of accretion-induced collapse of white dwarfs with dense circumstellar medium interaction (and those producing pulsar wind nebulae) at $\lesssim 1.10_{-0.90}^{+2.60}$% ($\lesssim 0.20_{-0.10}^{+5.80}$%) of the local Type Ia supernova rate, respectively, broadly consistent with theoretical predictions. For AT2018cow-like radio-bright luminous fast blue optical transients, we estimate a rare occurrence rate of $\lesssim 0.02_{-0.01}^{+0.32}$% of the local core-collapse supernova rate. We constrain the local volumetric rates of long- and short-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) to be $\lesssim 11.46_{-9.48}^{+26.28}$~Gpc$^{-3}$~yr$^{-1}$ and $\lesssim 80.88_{-66.90}^{+185.87}$~Gpc$^{-3}$~yr$^{-1}$, respectively. These estimates incorporate beaming corrections, with median detectable viewing angles derived from afterglow simulations of $\sim 0.4$ and $\sim 0.3$ radians for long- and short-duration GRBs. Our findings highlight the potential of radio surveys to uncover rare, energetic transients. We emphasize the critical role of coordinated multi-wavelength follow-up in fully characterizing these enigmatic events.

Mukaffan Mukaffan

This article aims to describe the internalisation of the values of constancy (istiqomah) to strengthen the religious moderation of Raudhatul Ulum Rowokangkung students. This research utilises a qualitative approach to investigate aspects of the natural environment and attempts to interpret these phenomena. Data collection techniques employed observation, interviews, and documentation studies. In this research, researchers used several stages of data analysis, namely the condensation stage, data presentation stage, making temporary conclusions, and verification activities. The research results concluded that the Raudhatul Ulum Rowokangkung Islamic Boarding School internalises the value of religious moderation based on the learning process carried out in four forms: firstly determining competency in achieving moderate learning with Sunni ideology, b) choosing an inclusive learning model, c) through extracurricular activities and d) through habituation activities in worship activities. The four forms of internalising the value of religious moderation in strengthening the moderation attitude of students at the Raudhatul Ulum Rowokangkung Islamic Boarding School, which contains the concepts of faith, Islam, and Ihsan, which are then manifested in learning about religious moderation

Bertrand Mathieu

The rise of judicial power is one of the major developments in contemporary constitutional law. This is reflected particularly by the multiplication of the courts’ function and the corresponding strengthening of their normative power. This expansion of judicial power is occurring within a favorable legal, social and political context, notably due to the prominent role that fundamental rights hold across all areas of the law, the increasing criminalization of political and social life, and the role of courts in the regulation of relationships between legal orders. Judges hold genuine normative power, as evidenced, for example, by the constructive case law of the European Court of Human Rights or the use of the principle of proportionality. Furthermore, in France, administrative judges are vested with injunctive powers. The transformation of the judiciary into a real power, or its aspiration to become one, is part of a broader trend of dilution of state power. The judiciary’s role in the building of a new non-state legal order, such as the European Union or the Council of Europe, is an illuminating demonstration of the role of the judiciary in contemporary societies.

Carl Emilio Lewis

This Article considers how the ranking of states, as perpetuated by the international legal order, may play a role in the considerations of those targeted by global naming and shaming campaigns. To do so, it examines Qatar’s response to being shamed in the lead up to and during the 2022 FIFA Men’s World Cup. Drawing from international relations literature on status and adopting a critical approach to unpack the prevalence of the hierarchal structuring of states in the contemporary international legal order, the Article claims that the practice of shaming, as a human rights enforcement strategy, inevitably pushes target states to question their status within the international legal community. This could, counterproductively, lead to negative outcomes for the rights of the very individuals these campaigns seek to protect. Furthermore, the Article sketches out a theoretical argument for why certain states may consider the enactment of cosmetic legal reforms to be an attractive strategy for countering a global shaming campaign.

Beatriz Iñarritu

Sumario: I. Introducción.—II. El Estado de la Integración.— III. Cuestiones generales de la actualidad económica.

David R. Law, Jane E. Morrison, Ioannis Argyriou et al.

We describe an algorithm for application of the classic `drizzle' technique to produce 3d spectral cubes using data obtained from the slicer-type integral field unit (IFU) spectrometers on board the James Webb Space Telescope. This algorithm relies upon the computation of overlapping volume elements (composed of two spatial dimensions and one spectral dimension) between the 2d detector pixels and the 3d data cube voxels, and is greatly simplified by treating the spatial and spectral overlaps separately at the cost of just 0.03% in spectrophotometric fidelity. We provide a matrix-based formalism for the computation of spectral radiance, variance, and covariance from arbitrarily dithered data and comment on the performance of this algorithm for the Mid-Infrared Instrument's Medium Resolution IFU Spectrometer (MIRI MRS). We derive a series of simplified scaling relations to account for covariance between cube spaxels in spectra extracted from such cubes, finding multiplicative factors ranging from 1.5 to 3 depending on the wavelength range and kind of data cubes produced. Finally, we discuss how undersampling produces periodic amplitude modulations in the extracted spectra in addition to those naturally produced by fringing within the instrument; reducing such undersampling artifacts below 1% requires a 4-point dithering strategy and spectral extraction radii of 1.5 times the PSF FWHM or greater.

Јелена Дамјановић

Право жига представља једно од права које чине корпус права индустријске својине. Разлог његовог издвајања у односу на остала права индустријске својине и посебног значаја, је због способности права жига да због своје основне функције, а то је дистинктивност заправо пружа јединствену економску добит за имаоца права жига. У модерној економији имати препознатљиву ознаку чини претпоставку унапријед обезбјеђене продаје робе како на домаћем тако и међународном нивоу. Као доказ томе је повећање закључења уговора о лиценци; те повећање броја судских спорова који за предмет имају повреду права жига. Због економске добити коју пружа имаоцу право жига је често предмет „подражавања жига“, неовлашћеног коришћења жига за означавање робе исте или сличне врсте; означавање фалсификоване робе заштићеним жигом... Другим ријечима правна пракса доказује да активно коришћење и заштита права жига пропорционално утиче на развој правне теорије међународног пословног права.

Helga Molbæk-Steensig

Can a State that no-longer officially pursues an integration agenda for a group of refugees claim integration as a legitimate aim to interfere with the fundamental rights of said group? If domestic courts’ careful consideration of international human rights law and practice widens the State’s margin of appreciation, is it then narrowed when States ignore national and international organisations’ warnings of non-compliance with human rights law? Can the European Court of Human Rights refer to EU-law to establish the existence of a European consensus when the respondent State in question has opted out of EU-regulation in the area? The Grand Chamber judgment M.A. v Denmark from 9 July 2021 raises these questions but answers only some. This article aims, through an analysis of M.A. v Denmark and its political and legal background, to seek some answers in this carefully worded judgment.

Chi-Yan Law, Jonathan C. Tan, Prasanta Gorai et al.

We report high-resolution 1.3~mm continuum and molecular line observations of the massive protostar G28.20-0.05 with ALMA. The continuum image reveals a ring-like structure with 2,000~au radius, similar to morphology seen in archival 1.3~cm VLA observations. Based on its spectral index and associated H$30α$ emission, this structure mainly traces ionised gas. However, there is evidence for $\sim30$~M$_{\odot}$ of dusty gas near the main mm continuum peak on one side of the ring, as well as in adjacent regions within 3,000~au. A virial analysis on scales of $\sim$2,000~au from hot core line emission yields a dynamical mass of $\sim80\:M_\odot$. A strong velocity gradient in the H$30α$ emission is evidence for a rotating, ionized disk wind, which drives a larger-scale molecular outflow. An infrared SED analysis indicates a current protostellar mass of $m_*\sim40\:M_\odot$ forming from a core with initial mass $M_c\sim300\:M_\odot$ in a clump with mass surface density of $Σ_{\rm cl}\sim 0.8\:{\rm g\:cm}^{-2}$. Thus the SED and other properties of the system can be understood in the context of core accretion models. Structure-finding analysis on the larger-scale continuum image indicates G28.20-0.05 is forming in a relatively isolated environment, with no other concentrated sources, i.e., protostellar cores, above $\sim 1\:M_\odot$ found from $\sim$0.1 to 0.4~pc around the source. This implies that a massive star can form in relative isolation and the dearth of other protostellar companions within the $\sim1$~pc environs is a strong constraint on massive star formation theories that predict the presence of a surrounding protocluster.

Fan Shi, Bin Li, Xiangyang Xue

Human cognition has compositionality. We understand a scene by decomposing the scene into different concepts (e.g., shape and position of an object) and learning the respective laws of these concepts, which may be either natural (e.g., laws of motion) or man-made (e.g., laws of a game). The automatic parsing of these laws indicates the model's ability to understand the scene, which makes law parsing play a central role in many visual tasks. This paper proposes a deep latent variable model for Compositional LAw Parsing (CLAP), which achieves the human-like compositionality ability through an encoding-decoding architecture to represent concepts in the scene as latent variables. CLAP employs concept-specific latent random functions instantiated with Neural Processes to capture the law of concepts. Our experimental results demonstrate that CLAP outperforms the baseline methods in multiple visual tasks such as intuitive physics, abstract visual reasoning, and scene representation. The law manipulation experiments illustrate CLAP's interpretability by modifying specific latent random functions on samples. For example, CLAP learns the laws of position-changing and appearance constancy from the moving balls in a scene, making it possible to exchange laws between samples or compose existing laws into novel laws.

Sabin Roman, Francesco Bertolotti

We propose a new mechanism for generating power laws. Starting from a random walk, we first outline a simple derivation of the Fokker-Planck equation. By analogy, starting from a certain Markov chain, we derive a master equation for power laws that describes how the number of cascades changes over time (cascades are consecutive transitions that end when the initial state is reached). The partial differential equation has a closed form solution which gives an explicit dependence of the number of cascades on their size and on time. Furthermore, the power law solution has a natural cut-off, a feature often seen in empirical data. This is due to the finite size a cascade can have in a finite time horizon. The derivation of the equation provides a justification for an exponent equal to 2, which agrees well with several empirical distributions, including Richardson's law on the size and frequency of deadly conflicts. Nevertheless, the equation can be solved for any exponent value. In addition, we propose an urn model where the number of consecutive ball extractions follows a power law. In all cases, the power law is manifest over the entire range of cascade sizes, as shown through log-log plots in the frequency and rank distributions.

T. McBride

Eleónore Maitre-Ekern, C. Dalhammar

In their roles as purchasers, users and dischargers of used products, consumers play an important role in the circular economy. In this article, we put forward a ‘hierarchy of consumption behaviour’ to support European Union policymaking. Among the priorities are avoiding the purchase of single-use and unnecessary products, prolonging the lifetime of products through maintenance and engaging in repair activities. Moreover, the hierarchy intends to privilege sharing and leasing to buying and second-hand products to new ones. Finally, consumption in the circular economy also requires allowing products to re-circulate. Changing consumption patterns is difficult insofar as they are largely determined by the paradigm upon which our economy is built and are enabled by the existing legal framework, most notably European Union consumer law. The article contains concrete recommendations to develop European Union law and promote the proposed hierarchy.

Kai Hong Law, Apostolos Pilaftsis

Minimal extensions of the Standard Model (SM), such as the so-called Two Higgs Doublet Model (2HDM), can possess several accidental discrete symmetries whose spontaneous breakdown in the early universe usually lead to the formation of domain walls. We extend an earlier work [arXiv:2006.13273] on this topic by studying in more detail the analytic properties of electrically charged and CP-violating kink solutions in the $Z_{2}$-symmetric 2HDM. We derive the complete set of equations of motion that describe the 1D spatial profile of both the 2HDM vacuum parameters and the would-be Goldstone bosons $G^{1,2,3}$ of the SM. These equations are then solved numerically using the gradient flow technique, and the results of our analysis are presented in different parametrizations of the Higgs doublets. In particular, we show analytically how an electrically charged profile should arise in 1D kink solutions when asymmetric boundary conditions are imposed on the Goldstone mode $G^{2}$ at spatial infinities, i.e. as ${x\to \pm \infty}$. If asymmetric boundary conditions are selected at ${x\to \pm \infty}$ for the Goldstone mode $G^{3}$ or the longitudinal mode $θ$ corresponding to a would-be massive photon, the derived kink solutions are then shown to exhibit CP violation. Possible cosmological implications of the electrically charged and CP-violating domain walls in the 2HDM are discussed.

Uwe Puetter