Hasil untuk "Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence"

D. V. Lyashko

The article is devoted to the study of a fundamental problem of jurisprudence – the correlation between judicial interpretation and judicial law-making. The relevance of the topic is driven by the necessity to rethink the role of the judge amid the transformation of the national legal system associated with its integration into the European legal space. Through the lens of the transition from the classical positivist paradigm to the doctrine of the rule of law, the role of the court in creating legal reality is explored. The necessity of a shift from a narrow understanding of the court’s role exclusively as the «mouth of the law» (la bouche de la loi) in favor of a model of an active subject of interpretation is substantiated. The thesis is elaborated that judicial interpretation serves as a mechanism for adapting the law to changing social demands. It is proven that judicial interpretation acts not only as a technical means of clarifying the content of a norm but also as an instrument for overcoming legal uncertainty. It is proposed to view this process as a dynamic «discovery» of law, ensuring the stability of the legal system while maintaining its flexibility. The article analyzes existing approaches in legal doctrine to the interpretation of the phenomenon of judicial law-making, which arises at the junction of filling legislative gaps, overcoming conflicts of laws, and resolving exceptional legal problems. Based on the analysis of scholarly approaches, potential risks of excessive judicial law-making and its impact on legal certainty are identified. The dualistic nature of the legal positions of the Supreme Court is revealed, which, despite the lack of official recognition of judicial precedent, are effectively characterized by signs of «soft normativity.» It is established that the legal positions of higher judicial instances do not merely clarify the content of the law but also supplement it, revealing and forming additional stable algorithms of law enforcement. It is argued that the boundary between interpretation and law-making should be determined by the limits of legal certainty, the principle of «judicial restraint,» and the unconditional priority of protecting human rights over the formal legislative text. The vision of judicial law-making is substantiated as an exceptional property of justice, arising when ensuring fundamental human rights and equity outweighs the requirements of the principle of separation of powers. The study was conducted using the methods of philosophical hermeneutics, systemic-structural analysis, and the comparative legal method, which allowed for the analysis of judicial interpretation as a multi-level process. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the combination of the theoretical foundations of legal hermeneutics and the analysis of the current procedural practice of higher judicial instances.

Y.Y. Pustovit

The work highlights the importance of regulation of the Ukrainian energy sector by the relevant executive bodies, specifying their roles and primary responsibilities. The article analyzes and presents the main challenges and issues encountered in the energy field. It also assesses the severity of these issues caused by various factors, especially the full-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation. The article outlines the problems of corruption among high-ranking officials responsible for Ukraine’s energy sector and the inefficiency of the Ministry of Energy’s policies regarding official integrity. It provides methods used by relevant authorities to combat corruption. The article presents the main legal sources guiding Ukraine’s energy system: laws, codes, resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, projects, and anti-corruption programs. It defines the main tasks and responsibilities assigned to these regulatory sources. The paper also describes the extent of damage to critical infrastructure caused by the start of the full-scale war on Ukrainian territory in 2022 by the Russian Federation, which continues to this day. Statistics on damage and destruction of energy units in Ukraine are presented. The article analyzes efforts to improve Ukraine’s energy sector during the war through the actions of competent executive authorities. It also offers methods for restoring Ukraine’s energy infrastructure by these governmental bodies. One of the key problems putting Ukraine in a difficult position in the energy market—dependence on imported energy sources—is analyzed. The disadvantages of foreign energy imports are studied, along with the benefits of using domestic resources. The article explores Ukraine’s international cooperation with EU countries during the full-scale invasion and provides an analysis of the European Union’s assistance in the war against the Russian Federation. Additionally, the article examines the issue of an agreement concerning the transfer of Ukraine’s mineral resources to the United States. Specifically, it analyzes the potential benefits and legal correctness of the agreement for Ukraine. The actions of the U.S. President and the President of Ukraine regarding the resolution of the conflict during the negotiations are also reviewed. The paper explores how Ukraine’s executive authorities are addressing these challenges and analyzes potential scenarios that could lead to improvements in the country’s energy sector.

Milan Rosko

We identify a strong structural obstruction to Uniform Separation in constructive arithmetic. The mechanism is independent of semantic content; it emerges whenever two distinct evaluator predicates are sustained in parallel and inference remains uniformly representable in an extension of HA. Under these conditions, any putative Uniform Class Separation principle becomes a distinguished instance of a fixed point construction. The resulting limitation is stricter in scope than classical separation barriers (Baker; Rudich; Aaronson et al.) insofar as it constrains the logical form of uniform separation within HA, rather than limiting particular relativizing, naturalizing, or algebrizing techniques.

V.A. Kondur

This scientific article is dedicated to the analysis and elucidation of the theoretical aspects of understanding the legal definition of «vulnerable population groups» and examining the evolution of its legal entrenchment in international and Ukrainian national law. The relevance of this topic is justified by the fact that the future of a modern state depends on the well-being of its most vulnerable population groups and their opportunities for safe existence and development. It is also noted that the legal status of the most vulnerable population groups significantly differs in the modern world. The article concludes that international law offers a traditional contractual approach to vulnerable population groups, whereby states are obliged to create mechanisms that ensure the protection of their rights. Based on the analysis of several international documents, it is concluded that the concept of «vulnerability» is not clearly defined in the legal acts of modern international law, with the foundation being the factor that determines vulnerability. It has been proven that neither international legal acts nor domestic acts provide an exhaustive list of vulnerable groups and the criteria for their vulnerability. There can be countless criteria for the classification of vulnerable population groups. It is shown that the international legal protection of each vulnerable group of the population has its specificities. It was concluded that the essence of the definition of «vulnerable population groups» allows to determine the list of persons who can be combined into a certain group based on the relevant characteristics. Such population groups are known to the entire world community and their various degrees of vulnerability are recognized by each state. It is emphasized that modern states must independently resolve the issue of applying the concept of vulnerability and creating a system for protecting the rights of vulnerable population groups that corresponds to national interests and international law. States are called upon to ensure the rights of vulnerable population groups through their normative legal entrenchment and the creation of an effective mechanism for their implementation and protection. In national law, the legal definition of «vulnerable population groups» is defined by the Law of Ukraine «On Social Services».

I.S. Pyroha, D.M. Byelov

It is indicated that in the modern conditions of globalization and European integration, the study of the interaction of constitutional and international law acquires special relevance. Constitutional law, being a fundamental branch of national law, is increasingly influenced by international legal norms and standards, which makes it necessary to rethink traditional approaches to understanding its place in the legal system. The article provides a comprehensive theoretical and legal analysis of the process of constitutionalization of international law and the formation of international constitutional law as an independent subfield. The main trends of the transformation of international law in the conditions of globalization are studied, in particular: increasing the role of non-state actors, rethinking the concept of state sovereignty, deepening the interaction of international and national law, forming a hierarchical structure of international legal norms. The concept of common values of the world community as a fundamental basis of the constitutionalization of international law is analyzed. Special attention is paid to human rights as a component of international constitutional law and their subsidiary function in relation to national legal systems. The phenomenon of transnational constitutionalism and its influence on the formation of a new global legal order are considered. The problem of the transformation of the subject composition of international law and the transition from the traditional theory of sovereignty to multi-level constitutionalism is studied. The need to develop a new methodology for the study of the international legal order, which combines the approaches of constitutional, administrative and international law, is substantiated. On the basis of the conducted analysis, the possibility of distinguishing international constitutional law as an independent sub­branch of international law is argued, given the uniformity of legal regulation and the formation of a specific methodology. Particular attention is paid to the relevance of the constitutional and legal dimension of international cooperation in countering aggression, terrorism and genocide in the context of russian aggression against Ukraine.

Ja. Pavlovych-Seneta

У статті висвітлено організаційно-правовий механізм надання публічних послуг в Україні. Зокрема, досліджено теоретико-правові підхо­ди до поняття публічні послуги та їх відмежу­вання від інших видів послуг, що надаються ор­ганами державної влади та місцевого самовря­дування. Зазначено, що на висвітлення дефіні­ції «публічні послуги» суттєвий вплив має нау­кова дисципліна, в контексті якої досліджується це явище. Встановлено, що поняття «публічні послуги» об'єднує найбільш широке розуміння різноманітних послуг, що надаються державою або місцевими органами влади громадянам та юридичним особам. Це можуть бути послуги з охорони здоров'я, надання освіти, транспортні та соціальні послуги, фінансові послуги і стра­хування, правоохоронні послуги та власне ад­міністративні послуги, а також інші послуги, спрямовані на задоволення потреб усіх членів суспільства. Разом з тим, звертається увага нате, що надання публічних послуг завжди має бути зорієнтоване на категорію «публічний ін­терес», що є змінною соціальною цінністю, яка в тих чи інших політико-правових умовах відо­бражає інтерес усієї або домінуючої частини су­спільства, що визначений через законодавство та впроваджується у життя через діяльність пу­блічної адміністрації. Встановлено прямий взаємозв'язок з іншими видами послуг, які можна отримати у сфері пу­блічного адміністрування,зокрема державними, муніципальними, адміністративними, соціальни­ми. Розкрито становлення інституту публічних послуг в Україні та особливості його формуван­ня. Зазначено, що сьогодні існує чимала законо­давча основа для надання публічних послуг та ціла система органів, що їх надають. Одночасно зазначено, що наукове, правове, організаційне та інформаційне забезпечення системи надання публічних послуг, формування механізмів нау­кового та інформаційного моніторингу їх надан­ня, постійно потребує удосконалення.

I.V. Rushchak, M.V. Bielova

У статті досліджується проблематика право­мірності правочинів у цивільному праві Украї­ни, їх історичний розвиток від римського права до сучасності та вплив римсько-правових кон­струкцій на формування сучасного інституту правочинів. Особлива увага приділяється ана­лізу співвідношення понять «правомірність» та «законність» у контексті правочинів, де право­мірність розглядається як більш широке понят­тя, що включає відповідність не лише нормам позитивного права, але й іншим джерелам ци­вільного права, його принципам та звичаям. Детально аналізується проблематика публіч­ного порядку як критерію дійсності правочинів. Досліджується зміст поняття «публічний поря­док» у контексті статті 228 Цивільного кодексу України та його співвідношення з приватнопра­вовою природою правочину. Обґрунтовується необхідність більш широкого тлумачення понят­тя «публічний порядок» як оціночного крите­рію, закріпленого у публічно-правових норма­тивних актах держави. Пропонується розгляда­ти як такі, що порушують публічний порядок, правочини, спрямовані на порушення публіч­но-правових нормативних актів, які визначають основи державного ладу, політичної системи та економічної безпеки держави. У статті розглядаються актуальні проблеми судової практики щодо визнання правочинів недійсними з підстав порушення публічного по­рядку, зокрема у справах за позовами подат­кових органів. Обґрунтовується позиція, згідно з якою визначенню правочину як такого, що порушує публічний порядок, має передувати встановлення умислу сторін у кримінальному чи адміністративному провадженні. Пропонується удосконалення механізму застосування стат­ті 228 ЦК України шляхом встановлення чітких критеріїв визначення правочину таким, що по­рушує публічний порядок, та необхідності попе­реднього встановлення відповідного правопо­рушення у кримінальному чи адміністративному порядку. Дослідження базується на комплексному ана­лізі як історичних джерел римського права, так і сучасного цивільного законодавства України, судової практики та наукових праць провідних цивілістів. Результати дослідження мають як те­оретичне значення для розвитку науки цивіль­ного права, так і практичне значення для вдо­сконалення правозастосовної практики у сфері визнання правочинів недійсними.

Jakub Kępiński, Katarzyna Klafkowska-Waśniowska, Agnieszka Pyrzyńska

Sprawozdanie z konferencji poświęconej pamięci Profesor Aurelii Nowickiej „Koncepcja prawa podmiotowego a potrzeby współczesnego obrotu prawnego”, Wydział Prawa i Administracji Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, 18 października 2024 r.

I.I. Komarnytska, M.M. Butsiak

The article is devoted to the protection of intellectual property rights under martial law imposed in connection with the aggression of the Russian Federation. The author notes that even in the most difficult periods, intellectual property remains strategically important for the development of a country. It is worth noting that the protection of intellectual property rights is becoming an extremely important task which requires careful analysis and effective measures. It is indicated that preventing violations and ensuring stability in this area is of great importance for preserving the country’s economic potential. Martial law has become a time of increased risk to intellectual property due to a number of factors, such as an increase in the number of conflicts, unpredictability of the political situation and changes in governance. The article emphasises that Ukrpatent, which performs the powers of the National Intellectual Property Authority in the field of intellectual property, continues to work in difficult conditions. At the same time, it ensures the necessary functions and continuous operation of the state system of intellectual property legal protection. It is interesting to note that starting from 8 November 2022, the Ukrainian National Office of Intellectual Property and Innovation has been performing the functions of the National Intellectual Property Authority. The activities of the Ukrainian National Office of Intellectual Property and Innovation are crucial for stimulating innovation and development in the country, especially in the difficult conditions of martial law. Its functions include registration of IP rights (patents, copyrights, and trademarks), maintenance of state registers, support of collegial bodies, international cooperation, information and publishing activities, provision of services and consultations, and certification of patent attorneys. It is established that in Ukraine, during martial law, the legislative activity in the field of intellectual property continues and the processes of European integration in the field of intellectual property are being intensified by improving the regulatory framework in accordance with international norms and standards. This demonstrates the country’s ability to ensure the functioning and development of the legal system even in extremely difficult conditions. The article also examines the latest changes in the legislation relating to intellectual property in the context of martial law, which demonstrates the continued and responsible legislative activity in this area, even in the most difficult times for the country.

E.E. Kuzmin

The article is devoted to an attempt to generalise and systematise the preliminary considerations regarding the outline of the initial contours of the so-called “interdependence” of the internal content and specific formulations and expressions which are currently commonly used to refer to the concept of “punishment in international criminal law”. An assumption is suggested concerning the evolving nature of the definition of the notion of punishment in international criminal law, given the wide terminological variety of concepts and constructs present in scientific usage, which are as a rule either “located alongside” or “used instead”. At least eighteen, to a certain extent, unique and original phrases designed to describe phenomena similar to “punishment in international criminal law” are identified, among which a special emphasis is traditionally assigned to such specific syntactic units as “international punishment” and “international criminal punishment”, the use of which is quite typical and fairly evident in the modern scientific and information discourse. An assertion is made about the potential existence of a fundamental difference in the definition of the concept of punishment in international criminal law depending on the approaches to its perception, in view of the underlying method depicted in specific terms and categories: 1) through the prism of the imposition of punishment on specific individuals (“punishment of international criminals”); 2) by understanding punishment through the category of “incredible atrocities” (“punishment for international crimes”); 3) by “reading” its content from the perspective of international and national criminal justice bodies (“punishment in the law and practice of international criminal tribunals and courts, national and local institutions”); 4) comprehending its essence by inserting it into a certain setting (“punishment in international, transitional and transitional contexts”); 5) either from the standpoint and perspectives of legal norms (“punishment and international law, punishment and international criminal law”) or their violation (“punishment for violations of international criminal and international humanitarian law”). It is emphasized that further scientific investigations aimed at establishing the essence of each of the currently existing terms with a view to clarifying their content in order to develop a unified definition of the concept of punishment in international criminal law are expedient.

Y. B. Akhmetov

Cоздание и развитие региональных и межрегиональных объединений (организаций, союзов, групп), стало общей тенденцией в международных отношениях. Региональное сотрудничество создает условия и механизмы для глобального взаимодействия. Происходит значительный рост числа региональных межгосударственных объединений, и на текущий момент практически каждое государство входит хотя бы в одно региональное объединение. Данная тенденция не обошла и Евразийское пространство, где после прекращения существования СССР и получения независимости новыми государствами, входившими ранее в состав СССР начали формироваться объединения регионального и межрегионального сотрудничества (СНГ, ОДКБ, ЕАЭС и др.). Региональные тенденции ожидаемо привели к созданию ШОС. Организация создавалась для обеспечения региональной безопасности и стабильности, и стала крупнейшей региональной организацией в мире с точки зрения географического охвата и численности населения. В связи с этим выход в свет коллективной монографии является важным вкладом в изучении деятельности Организации, направлений и сфер сотрудничества государств-членов ШОС, а также концептуальных вопросов, с которыми сталкивается ШОС. Ключевые слова: Шанхайская Организация Сотрудничества, гуманитарное сотрудничество, взаимная торговля, права человека, безопасность, борьба с терроризмом и экстремизмом, региональное сотрудничество

Laura Baccaglini

SOMMARIO: 1. La protezione del patrimonio nella composizione negoziata della crisi. – 2. Il contenuto delle misure protettive. – 3. La selettività soggettiva delle misure protettive. – 4. (segue) Quando, e fino a quando, è possibile una selezione delle misure protettive, o dei loro destinatari. – 5. Le misure cautelari. – 6. Profili processuali del procedimento di conferma, revoca modifica delle misure protettive e/o concessione delle misure cautelari. - 7. Il vaglio del giudice in sede di conferma (o revoca) delle misure protettive. – 8. La durata delle misure protettive: la loro proroga e revoca. Presupposti e procedimento. – 9. Revoca o mancata conferma delle misure protettive e decorrenza degli effetti.

Martin Brenncke

Dark patterns have become increasingly pervasive in online choice architectures, encompassing practices like subscription traps, hiding information about fees, pre-selecting options by default, nagging, and drip pricing. Regulators around the world have started to express concerns that such practices are causing substantial consumer detriment. This Article focuses on the legal response to dark patterns in the European Union. It provides the first comprehensive mapping of European Union laws expressly addressing dark patterns. The Article argues that these laws protect biased consumers and adopt autonomy as a normative lens to assess dark patterns. Consequently, regulating dark patterns in European Union law means regulating for autonomy. This normative lens is under-researched. This Article addresses this gap in research with two principle contributions. First, it works out a specific conception of autonomous decision-making, rooted in the paradigm that providing consumers with information enables consumers to make an informed decision. Second, the Article offers a novel normative classification for dark patterns in online choice architectures. It develops a taxonomy encompassing six categories of autonomy violations, specifically tailored for the assessment and regulation of dark patterns that exploit consumer behavioral biases. These categories serve multiple purposes. They uncover and make explicit the autonomy violations addressed by existing European Union laws. They delineate the contentious line between acceptable influences on consumer decision-making and autonomy violations that may warrant regulation in online choice architectures. They also provide policymakers in the EU and elsewhere with a framework when deliberating the regulation of other instances of dark patterns.

Elise Koppang Frøjd, Bettina Lemann Kristiansen, Tanja Nordberg

Alejo Joaquín Giles, Olivia Minatta

En los litigios por discriminación, probar el motivo discriminatorio puede ser problemático. La Corte Suprema argentina, inspirada en su par estadounidense, estableció una regla que intenta facilitar esa tarea a los litigantes. Sin embargo, entre los procesos civiles de ambos países existen diferencias relevantes relativas a las facultades de las partes para incorporar evidencia al proceso y ajustar sus posiciones en base a la información nueva que surja en su desarrollo. En el contexto argentino, estas diferencias procesales le quitan a la regla potencial para lograr su propio cometido: allanar el camino probatorio de quien aduce discriminación. Luego de desarrollar el problema, en este artículo sugerimos dos cursos de acción posibles para corregirlo. Uno, establecer de forma más precisa las cargas probatorias asignadas a cada una de las partes. Otro, reevaluar algunos aspectos centrales del sistema procesal. 

Ricardo Alberto Vargas Morales

Este artículo tiene por objeto efectuar un estudio comparativo entre la jurisprudencia y las sentencias de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos como fuentes de derecho material, así como efectuar una revisión de los sistemas propuestos por la Corte Interamericana para la aplicación e incorporación de las sentencias de la Corte como fuente de derecho material, obligatoria, vinculante y con efecto erga omnes en los estados parte sometidos a su competencia. De esta forma, planteamos una serie de cuestionamientos que nos surgen como consecuencia de una eventual implementación del control de convencionalidad en el actual escenario jurídico nacional, donde vislumbramos la pertinencia de una pronta implantación de un sistema procedimental justificable por razones de juridicidad y legitimidad que permitan la viabilidad del aludido control de convencionalidad dentro de nuestro ordenamiento jurídico.

Fernando Atria Lemaitre

Este artículo explica el concepto jurídico-positivo de persona. Se revisan, em consecuencia, las diferencias con el concepto de cosa pero también con el concepto moral correspondiente. Para lo anterior se analiza la dicotomía de persona y cosa como una fundamental para el derecho, que evolucionó, en la codificación, hacia una unificación del concepto de persona y una simplificación del concepto de cosa. Esa dicotomía depende de una definición positiva de persona y una negativa de cosa. La caracterización positiva de persona es dependiente de la noción de derecho subjetivo, lo que sirve para mostrar la superioridad de las teorías del derecho subjetivo como interés protegido. Las posturas revisionistas de esta dicotomía y del concepto unitario de persona, particularmente en la discusión sobre derechos de la naturaleza, permitirán comprender de mejor modo el concepto jurídico-positivo de persona: un ser capaz de ser titular de derechos subjetivos. Esto significa: una perspectiva reconocida desde la cual pueden juzgarse estados de cosas como ventajosos/ desventajosos, es decir, desde la cual pueden identificarse intereses.

I. Yu. Tatulych

The article analyzes the legal status of a legal expert in civil proceedings. The current procedural legislation regulating the issue of the legal personality of a law expert is described. Emphasis is on the lack of clear requirements in procedural law for this person, in particular, there are only the requirements to have a degree and - be recognized as a specialist in the field of law. The author substantiates the expediency of fixing the criteria that a judge must take into account in the case of admission of an expert to the case. The procedure for involving a legal expert has been studied. The article considers the issue of the place and significance of the legal expert's report in the process of proving as well as the content of the report. The author approves the provision of the norm, which fixes the legal expert's opinion on the application and interpretation of foreign law in accordance with their official or generally accepted interpretation, practice, and doctrine in the foreign country, as today international standards are the main guideline for the development of our state. It is also noteworthy that as an expert on this issue, it may be possible to involve a foreign expert who has a more accurate and complete knowledge of the applicable law. The paper proves the need to bring a legal expert to justice if he/ she violates the admission procedure and filing a report to the court, in particular criminal liability or, at least, the judge's decision. The article also emphasizes the right of the parties to the case to recuse the said party by analogy with other participants in the trial. There is special attention to the terminological differences in the definition of "a law expert". As a result, there was established the single name "a legal expert". The author considers the positions of scholars on the procedural status of the law expert in civil proceedings, which served to formulate the author's definition of a legal expert in civil proceedings. Based on the results of the study, there were formulated conclusions and proposals to the current domestic legislation.

David Acuna, Marc T Law, Guojun Zhang et al.

The dominant line of work in domain adaptation has focused on learning invariant representations using domain-adversarial training. In this paper, we interpret this approach from a game theoretical perspective. Defining optimal solutions in domain-adversarial training as a local Nash equilibrium, we show that gradient descent in domain-adversarial training can violate the asymptotic convergence guarantees of the optimizer, oftentimes hindering the transfer performance. Our analysis leads us to replace gradient descent with high-order ODE solvers (i.e., Runge-Kutta), for which we derive asymptotic convergence guarantees. This family of optimizers is significantly more stable and allows more aggressive learning rates, leading to high performance gains when used as a drop-in replacement over standard optimizers. Our experiments show that in conjunction with state-of-the-art domain-adversarial methods, we achieve up to 3.5% improvement with less than of half training iterations. Our optimizers are easy to implement, free of additional parameters, and can be plugged into any domain-adversarial framework.

Giorgio Cipolloni, László Erdős, Dominik Schröder

We prove a general local law for Wigner matrices which optimally handles observables of arbitrary rank and thus it unifies the well-known averaged and isotropic local laws. As an application, we prove that the quadratic forms of a general deterministic matrix $A$ on the bulk eigenvectors of a Wigner matrix has approximately Gaussian fluctuation. For the bulk spectrum, we thus generalize our previous result [arXiv:2103.06730] valid for test matrices $A$ of large rank as well as the result of Benigni and Lopatto [arXiv:2103.12013] valid for specific small rank observables.