Hasil untuk "History of Germany"

C. Pearce, C. Templeman, M. Rossing et al.

Summary Background Endometriosis is a risk factor for epithelial ovarian cancer; however, whether this risk extends to all invasive histological subtypes or borderline tumours is not clear. We undertook an international collaborative study to assess the association between endometriosis and histological subtypes of ovarian cancer. Methods Data from 13 ovarian cancer case–control studies, which were part of the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium, were pooled and logistic regression analyses were undertaken to assess the association between self-reported endometriosis and risk of ovarian cancer. Analyses of invasive cases were done with respect to histological subtypes, grade, and stage, and analyses of borderline tumours by histological subtype. Age, ethnic origin, study site, parity, and duration of oral contraceptive use were included in all analytical models. Findings 13 226 controls and 7911 women with invasive ovarian cancer were included in this analysis. 818 and 738, respectively, reported a history of endometriosis. 1907 women with borderline ovarian cancer were also included in the analysis, and 168 of these reported a history of endometriosis. Self-reported endometriosis was associated with a significantly increased risk of clear-cell (136 [20·2%] of 674 cases vs 818 [6·2%] of 13 226 controls, odds ratio 3·05, 95% CI 2·43–3·84, p<0·0001), low-grade serous (31 [9·2%] of 336 cases, 2·11, 1·39–3·20, p<0·0001), and endometrioid invasive ovarian cancers (169 [13·9%] of 1220 cases, 2·04, 1·67–2·48, p<0·0001). No association was noted between endometriosis and risk of mucinous (31 [6·0%] of 516 cases, 1·02, 0·69–1·50, p=0·93) or high-grade serous invasive ovarian cancer (261 [7·1%] of 3659 cases, 1·13, 0·97–1·32, p=0·13), or borderline tumours of either subtype (serous 103 [9·0%] of 1140 cases, 1·20, 0·95–1·52, p=0·12, and mucinous 65 [8·5%] of 767 cases, 1·12, 0·84–1·48, p=0·45). Interpretation Clinicians should be aware of the increased risk of specific subtypes of ovarian cancer in women with endometriosis. Future efforts should focus on understanding the mechanisms that might lead to malignant transformation of endometriosis so as to help identify subsets of women at increased risk of ovarian cancer. Funding Ovarian Cancer Research Fund, National Institutes of Health, California Cancer Research Program, California Department of Health Services, Lon V Smith Foundation, European Community's Seventh Framework Programme, German Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany, Programme of Clinical Biomedical Research, German Cancer Research Centre, Eve Appeal, Oak Foundation, UK National Institute of Health Research, National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Cancer Council Tasmania, Cancer Foundation of Western Australia, Mermaid 1, Danish Cancer Society, and Roswell Park Alliance Foundation.

K. Marx, Friedrich Engels

J. Medrano

List of Figures ix List of Tables xi Acknowledgments xiii One Introduction 1 PART I: FRAMES ON EUROPEAN INTEGRATION AND THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, GERMANY, AND SPAIN 19 Two Ways of Seeing European Integration 21 Three Good Reasons for and Attitudes toward European Integration 65 Four Journalists and European Integration 106 PART II: NATIONAL CULTURES AND FRAMES ON EUROPEAN INTEGRATION 157 Five Spain: Europe as a Mirror with Two Reflections 159 Six West Germany: Between Self-Doubt and Pragmatism 179 Seven East Germany: A Different Past, a Different Memory 200 Eight The United Kingdom: Reluctant Europeans 214 Nine Frames and Attitudes toward European Integration: A Statistical Validation 236 Ten Conclusions 249 Appendix 1 Selection and Distribution of Respondents, and the Interviewing Process 263 Appendix 2 Newspaper Selection, Sampling, and Coding Procedures for Editorials and Opinion Pieces 267 Appendix 3 Frames on European Integration: A Discriminant Analysis, by City 270 Appendix 4 Sources for Part II: Novels, History Textbooks, and Head of State Addresses 271 Notes 277 References 299 Index 315

T. Hartung, C. Neumann, T. Bahmer et al.

Summary Background Reliable estimates of frequency, severity and associated factors of both fatigue and cognitive impairment after COVID-19 are needed. Also, it is not clear whether the two are distinct sequelae of COVID-19 or part of the same syndrome. Methods In this prospective multicentre study, frequency of post-COVID fatigue and cognitive impairment were assessed in n = 969 patients (535 [55%] female) ≥6 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection with the FACIT-Fatigue scale (cut-off ≤30) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (≤25 mild, ≤17 moderate impairment) between November 15, 2020 and September 29, 2021 at University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel and University Hospital Würzburg in Germany. 969 matched non-COVID controls were drawn from a pre-pandemic, randomised, Germany-wide population survey which also included the FACIT-Fatigue scale. Associated sociodemographic, comorbid, clinical, psychosocial factors and laboratory markers were identified with univariate and multivariable linear regression models. Findings On average 9 months after infection, 19% of patients had clinically relevant fatigue, compared to 8% of matched non-COVID controls (p < 0.001). Factors associated with fatigue were female gender, younger age, history of depression and the number of acute COVID symptoms. Among acute COVID symptoms, altered consciousness, dizziness and myalgia were most strongly associated with long-term fatigue. Moreover, 26% of patients had mild and 1% had moderate cognitive impairment. Factors associated with cognitive impairment were older age, male gender, shorter education and a history of neuropsychiatric disease. There was no significant correlation between fatigue and cognitive impairment and only 5% of patients suffered from both conditions. Interpretation Fatigue and cognitive impairment are two common, but distinct sequelae of COVID-19 with potentially separate pathophysiological pathways. Funding German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF).

Alan Mallach, Manuel Wolff, Annegret Haase

While the existence of marginalized or left‐behind places is not a new phenomenon, both marginalization and socio‐economic, spatial, and political polarization have accelerated over the past decades as a central effect of neoliberal globalization, and in the case of eastern Germany, the process of German unification in that context. Economic marginalization, widely seen by those marginalized as driven by national and transnational elites, has led to the growth of anti‐elite or populist perspectives, reinforced by the financial crisis and subsequent austerity of 2007–2009. For many reasons, the Covid‐19 pandemic in 2020, which we see as a societal or cultural trauma, became a catalyst for spreading those perspectives and driving a more overt political expression of them. In this commentary, we trace the conjoined history of economic marginalization, left‐behind places, the effects of the pandemic in the context of the polycrisis, and the growth of anti‐elite populist movements. We further explore how recent developments can enrich the debate on shrinkage and decline, discuss the implications of this history for future possibilities and challenges for democratic rule, public policy, and society, and suggest directions for further investigation.

Dean David, Etges Andreas

The co-editors of International Public History discuss two major innovations in the history of the journal: that from Volume 8, Issue 1 (May 2025) it will be fully open-access and, for the first time, articles will appear in non-English languages. They take the opportunity to reflect on the journal’s first seven years and anticipate where it might go in the future.

Austin Himes, Barbara Muraca, Karen Allen et al.

Abstract Relational values feature prominently in recent international efforts to protect global biodiversity. In this article, we provide a conceptual approach for researchers, facilitators and policy‐makers to adequately represent place‐based relational values in assessments of nature's value that inform practice and policy. We suggest employing horizontal portability as an alternative and complement to the dominant mode of assessing nature's value via vertical subsumption. Vertical subsumption is a process through which particular values are generalised into overarching categories to conform to more general value concepts and thereby stripped of their place‐specific meanings. In contrast, horizontal portability is introduced here as a conceptual approach that maintains the contextual rootedness of place‐based local expressions of value while also communicating them across places, knowledge systems, and communities. The movement (i.e. ‘porting’) is ‘horizontal’ because it allows relational values rooted in a particular biocultural context to speak to different contexts on equal terms. We discuss how research on the value of nature and people –nature relationships can support horizontal portability. Finally, we provide recommendations for the application of horizontal portability that promotes more plurality and greater inclusion of place‐based relational values in research, policy and action. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Thilo Wellmann, Sonja Knapp, Christian Albert et al.

Knowledge on the status and trends of biodiversity in urban areas is scattered and biased towards a few taxonomic groups, despite the fact that cities are where most humans get in touch with nature today. As part of the German Biodiversity Assessment (‘Faktencheck Artenvielfalt’), we conducted a nationwide review of published studies that recorded species occurrences in urban areas in Germany. We found that urban areas can host a large proportion of all plant, animal, and fungal species found in Germany, thus contributing to the nationwide conservation of biodiversity. However, compared to other habitat types outside of cities, the number of studies analysing the status and trends of urban biodiversity is relatively small. We could not identify a general trend over time for species diversity in German cities, based on the available studies. Even within individual species groups, there are combinations of declining, positive, and/or neutral trends. Information on population trends remains limited. Similarly, evidence of whether urbanisation promotes the homogenisation or differentiation of species groups is weak, with those groups investigated more thoroughly showing mixed patterns. With regard to biodiversity promotion, preserving the environmental heterogeneity that contributes to biodiversity is important, such as the maintenance of various habitat types (forests, parks, gardens, ponds, streams, etc.) that offer various food and nesting resources. Hence, the proportion of built-up impervious areas must remain limited, i.e. must not increase, and additional measures to promote biodiversity must be implemented. However, local authorities are largely ill-equipped to systematically monitor species occurrence across the variety of habitat types, or elements of green-blue infrastructure and taxonomic groups in cities. We discuss these findings, considering international urban biodiversity assessments and suggest key attributes of an effective national monitoring system to support urban biodiversity conservation and enhancement.

H. Cohen

This is the third installment of a three-part series on matters of language and translation. Previous installments, “Linguistic Hegemony and the History of Science” and “Translating Science over Time,” appeared in the September 2017 and June 2018 issues. The general idea of the present Focus section is to impress on the Isis readership how expert translations in the history of science, if made by men and women who are themselves historians of science, actually come about. What problems do those of our colleagues who from time to time make translations find themselves wrestling with? What kinds of solutions have they found for those problems? To find out, I invited a number of historians of science to report on their experiences when translating a text (a source, a monograph) from one language into another. The collection of essays opens with a piece by Anita Guerrini. Not only has she published a text she herself translated; she also reports here on the kind of day-to-day translating that every scholar whomasters more than just his or her native language engages in from time to time when preparing an article or a book. In her contribution, the languages chiefly discussed are early modern French and a (as she gradually came to realize) not always correctly used neo-Latin of humanist provenance. The next essay is by Alan Rocke. In the course of his research, he found himself struggling with a highly complex nineteenth-century German source text and came to the realization that it was important enough to be made available to a wider audience than the few German historians of chemistry who were aware of its existence. Ann Hentschel and Klaus Hentschel (she a U.S.-born professional translator, he a German historian of science) report together on what happens when—over the breakfast table, as it were—they find themselves discussing how best to translate, among numerous other texts, pieces that Einstein wrote in his native German for the Collected Papers of Albert Einstein. Eileen Reeves and Albert Van Helden tell us what happened when a cultural historian and a historian of science joined forces to translate a seminal set of source texts—the “Letters on Sunspots” exchanged in Italian and Latin between Galileo Galilei and Christoph Scheiner, S.J., in 1613. Day-to-day observations, and the representation thereof in drawings of the greatest attainable accuracy, formed a major component of the 1613 controversy, so how to deal with those drawings in their new publication—and therefore with the publisher, too—thus becomes part of their story.

Sascha O. Becker, Irena Grosfeld, Pauline Grosjean et al.

We study the long-run effects of forced migration on investment in education. After World War II, millions of Poles were forcibly uprooted from the Kresy territories of eastern Poland and resettled (primarily) in the newly acquired Western Territories, from which the Germans were expelled. We combine historical censuses with newly collected survey data to show that, while there were no pre-WWII differences in educational attainment, Poles with a family history of forced migration are significantly more educated today than other Poles. These results are driven by a shift in preferences away from material possessions toward investment in human capital. (JEL I25, I26, J24, N34, R23)

Marco Lezzerini, Letizia Luti, Andrea Aquino et al.

The quarrying of marble and its processing to produce building materials often generates a negative impact on the environment. In the Apuan Alps marble district, a renowned quarrying area in Italy since ancient times, the aquatic pollution of water bodies, caused by the presence of marble waste in the form of powder or sludge, represents a significant and current environmental problem. Depending on the different national and international regulations on waste management, the marble waste can be classified as a special non-hazardous industrial waste. If marble waste has been managed according to environmental international and national laws, it can be reused as a by-product. For this, the present work aims to evaluate the reuse of marble waste as a material in replacement for cement for producing mortars. Subsequently, the mechanical and physical tests were carried out to evaluate the specific properties of the obtained materials during and after the curing time. The results showed that replacement of cement into mortars by marble waste always causes a decrease of mechanical properties, with still acceptable values for many applications up to a substitution of less than 25%. From the collected data, the use of marble waste in the production of cement mortars represents an adequate and sustainable destination of this by-product.

Verena Richter

Sur le plan esthétique, Jahrgang 45 de Jürgen Böttcher (1966/1990) est sans aucun doute l'un des films les plus radicaux de la DEFA. Non seulement il se caractérise par un recours extrêmement prononcé aux prémisses esthétiques du cinéma européen de l'après-guerre, mais il génère en même temps un moment profondément subversif. Ainsi, à travers sa dimension documentaire, il oppose, d’une part, une autre conception de réalisme à la doctrine esthétique du réalisme socialiste. D’autre part, il défie l’idée d’une progression continuelle du socialisme par des moments de suspension de la narration.

Ilaria Patania, Ilaria Patania, Samantha T. Porter et al.

Natural and anthropogenically induced soil erosion can cause serious loss of the archaeological record. Our work shows the value of multi-scalar geoarchaeological study when excavating and re-excavating rockshelters in a highly dynamic sedimentary environment where erosion is prominent. Here we present our work on Kisese II rockshelter, Tanzania, originally excavated in the 1950s and largely unpublished, that preserves an important Pleistocene-Holocene archaeological record integral to understanding the deep history of the Kondoa Rock-Art World Heritage Center. Unlike rockshelters in quiescent tectonic settings, like much of central Europe or South Africa, Kisese II exists in highly dynamic sedimentary environments associated with the active tectonics of the Great Rift Valley system exacerbated by human-induced environmental and climate change. We report on our 2017 and 2019 exploratory research that includes integrated regional-, landscape-, and site-scale geoarchaeological analyses of past and present sedimentary regimes and micromorphological analyses of the archaeological sediments. Historical records and aerial photographs document extensive changes in vegetation cover and erosional regimes since the 1920s, with drastic changes quantified between 1960 and 2019. Field survey points to an increased erosion rate between 2017 and 2019. To serve future archaeologists, heritage specialists, and local populations we combine our data in a geoarchaeological catena that includes soil, vegetation, fauna, and anthropogenic features on the landscape. At the site, micromorphological coupled with chronological analyses demonstrate the preservation of in situ Pleistocene deposits. Comparison of photographs from the 1956 and 2019 excavations show a maximum sediment loss of 68 cm in 63 years or &gt;10% of &gt;6-m-thick sedimentary deposit. In the studied area of the rockshelter we estimate ~1 cm/yr of erosion, suggesting the ongoing removal of much of the higher archaeological sediments which, based on the coarse stratigraphic controls and chronology of the original Inskeep excavations, would suggest the loss of much of the archaeological record of the last ~4000 years. These multi-scalar data are essential for the construction of appropriate mitigation strategies and further study of the remaining stratigraphy.

Mario MARINOV

The Federal Republic of Germany and its armed forces, the Bundeswehr, stand as a cornerstone of the European and NATO defence and security. It is vitally important to understand one of the major European conventional powers’ policies, concepts and overarching capabilities, along with the history behind them in a 21st century evermore complex security environment. The following paper examines the Bundeswehr historical evolution the major focal points in its strategy and capabilities development, since the beginning of the Cold War. The paper extends the historical discussion towards the present moment and the security policies undertaken in the 21st century, reaching the major policy re-evaluations occurring in 2022 and their importance both for the German state and its allies.

S.M. Reza Amiri Tehrani

This article aims at reviewing Tamaddon’s idea about economic psychology, which is presented in his book titled as "Views on Economic Psychology". Firstly, the role of psychologism in the history of science and its relevance to philosophy, humanities, and social sciences is introduced. This is to say that, psychologism in Britain, utilitarianism, psychologism in Germany and the Austrian school of economics are reviewed. British psychologism which believes in universal scientific laws abstracted from experiences in order to explain human behavior, is crystallized in methodological individualism and rationalism. German psychologism in its historical approach is to understand and describe human behavior. The Austrian school of economics is somewhere between these two schools of psychologism, meaning that while it recognizes social and cultural entities, it is also indebted to methodological individualism. John Maynard Keynes introduces the concept of animal spirit and shows its impacts on individual behaviors and suggests the economic psychology of a society of individuals based on conventions. Secondly, the economic psychologism ideal of Tamaddon and its relevance to philosophical and economic thoughts, especially to that of John Maynard Keynes’ attitude is surveyed. This article is based on descriptive and analytical methodology.

Marcos Antônio Witt

O presente texto tem como objetivo comparar as obras “A agricultura, o comércio e o sistema de colonização no Brasil”, de Friedrich von Weech, e “Quadros alternados”, de Eduard Theodor Bösche, publicadas originalmente em 1828 e 1836, na Alemanha, pela Editora Hoffmann und Campe, de Hamburgo. Ambos os livros foram reeditados em 2017 e 2014, respectivamente, pelas Editoras Unisinos e Oikos, do Brasil, com edição revista e ampliada. Em termos metodológicos, o uso da História Comparada permitiu que se aprofundasse a análise sobre a construção da imagem do Brasil e o quanto os relatos de viagem influenciaram na decisão de emigrar para a América, especialmente para o Brasil. Os resultados alcançados demonstram que as editoras e os leitores alemães estavam ávidos por este tipo de literatura, veiculado na forma de livros e/ou de fascículos encartados nos jornais da Europa do Oitocentos. Deste modo, os escritos de Weech e Bösche circularam por diversos ambientes – lares, comércio, praças, departamentos públicos – construindo determinadas imagens sobre o Brasil. Assim, é possível analisá-los sob o prisma dos relatos de viagem. Palavras-chave: Alemanha. Brasil. Eduard Theodor Bösche. Friedrich von Weech. Relatos de viagem. ABSTRACT This present text aims to compare the writings “The agriculture, the trade and the system of colonization in Brazil “, written by Friedrich von Weech, and “ Alternate Pictures”, by Eduard Theodor Bösche, originally published in 1828 and 1836, in Germany, by the Hoffmann und Campe publishing house. Both books were reissued in 2017 and 2014, respectively, by Unisinos and Oikos publishing companies of Brazil, with revised and expanded edition. In methodological terms, the use of Compared History allowed a deeper analysis about the construction of the image of Brazil and of how much the travel reports influenced in the decision to immigrate to America, especially to Brazil. The results reached demonstrated that the publishing houses and the German readers were avid for this kind of literature, presented in the form of books and\or inserted booklets in European newspapers from the nineteenth century. In this way, it is possible to analyze them from the perspective of the travel reports. Keywords: Germany. Brazil. Eduard Theodor Bösche. Friedrich von Weech. Travel reports.

Alice Binazzi, C. Pricila Daniel

Following the coming to power of Hitler, in 1933, the Nuremberg Laws, in 1935, and the consequent annexing of Austria to Germany, in 1938, the situation of the Jewish community, in Europe, becomes desperate. This determined a wave of migration, towards the whole world. The Congress of Evian, convened by the President of the United States of America, Franklin D. Roosevelt, gathered delegations from 32 countries, in the purpose of identifying a solution for these Jewish refugees and a country willing to shelter them. The Congress of Evian concluded, in the general indifference of its representatives, with the only aid offer, by the Dominican Republic. This work provides an historical review of the events, before and after the Congress of Evian, as well as, an anthropological reflection on the older refugees’ and their descendants’ perspective, concerning their agricultural settlement in Sosúa, in the North of the Dominican Republic. This study also analyses the role of the dictator Rafael Leónidas Trujillo, in the negotiations, by the Dominican Republic, with the United States of America and the DORSA, which will finance the hosting plan for the Jewish refugees. This constitutes the backdrop of this scarcely known history, also light and shadows of the multiple reasons for the Dominican regime making this deal, although, this cannot be separated from the final paramount outcome of having saved lives.

Davoud Fadakar, Eva V. Bärmann, Hannes Lerp et al.

Abstract Goitered gazelles, Gazella subgutturosa, exist in arid and semiarid regions of Asia from the Middle to the Far East. Although large populations were present over a vast area until recently, a decline of the population as a result of hunting, poaching, and habitat loss led to the IUCN classification of G. subgutturosa as “vulnerable." We examined genetic diversity, structure, and phylogeny of G. subgutturosa using mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences from 18 geographically distant populations in Iran. The median‐joining network of cyt b haplotypes indicated that three clades of goitered gazelles can be distinguished: a Middle Eastern clade west of the Zagros Mountains (and connected to populations in Turkey and Iraq), a Central Iranian clade (with connection to Azerbaijan), and an Asiatic clade in northeastern Iran (with connection to Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and other Asian countries as far as northeastern China and Mongolia). Based on our results, we argue that Iran is the center of diversification of goitered gazelles, due to the presence of large mountain ranges and deserts that lead to the separation of populations. In accordance with previous morphological studies, we identified the Asiatic clade as the subspecies G. s. yarkandensis, and the other two clades as the nominate form G. s. subgutturosa. The new genetic information for goitered gazelles in Iran provides the basis for future national conservation programs of this species.

Karen Evans

U. M. Nemchenko, E. V. Grigorova, E. I. Ivanova et al.

Aims. To establish the incidence of Helicobacter pylori infection and giardiasis in children of different age groups with abdominal pain and dyspeptic syndrome immunochromatographic method.Materials and methods. The coprological material from 407 children of different age, aimed at examination by gastroenterologist and allergist, who have a history of abdominal pain and dyspeptic syndrome, was studied: 215 people were examined for Helicobacter infection, 192 people for giardiasis. The study was conducted by non-invasive methods with the help of immunochromatographic tests of ICT Helicontest (NOVAmed, Israel) and RIDA® QUICK Giardia (R-Biopharm AG, Germany). The examined groups were divided into five age subgroups, separated according to the conventional periodization of human ontogenesis.Results. Invasion of Giardia detected in 27 (14,1%) of the 192 examined, the infection of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) was diagnosed in 65 (30, 2%) of the 215 patients of preschool and school age. It is shown that in early childhood and the second childhood (1–3 years and 10–12 years) recorded the maximum frequency of giardiasis (p&lt;0,05), in the age dynamics of infection of H. pylori, no statistically significant differences were found, however, H. pylori infection is not diagnosed in children up to 3 years. The data obtained can be used in practice, doctors gastroenterologists, allergists and pediatricians for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection and Giardia lamblia.