Hasil untuk "History (General) and history of Europe"

G. Allison

Joop Niekus

We follow the history and development of Brouwer's use of individual choice sequences up to the discovery of a method to apply them successfully in 1927. With the principles we derive from this first use we analyze in detail Brouwer's work from that time onward. Our reconstruction uses only very basic principles. It aligns exactly with Brouwer's work after 1927 and, moreover, it gives a clear explanation of the proofs of his results and the terms he uses.

Manuel Rivero Rodríguez

Au XVIIe siècle, la conception de l’histoire comme maîtresse de la vie en rendait quasi obligatoire la lecture pour les souverains et les ministres, car ses enseignements servaient à analyser le réel et à chercher des modèles de réponse. Gaspar de Guzmán comte-duc d’Olivares, premier ministre et favori de Philippe IV entre 1622 et 1643, donnait à l’histoire et aux historiens un rôle fondamental dans son programme de gouvernement. D’une part, l’histoire était un outil d’analyse, il y recourait pour prendre des décisions ; d’autre part, elle représentait une réserve mémorielle des faits et accomplissements de son ministère, et c’est pour cela qu’il s’est efforcé à laisser consignés les exploits militaires et actions politiques de son gouvernement comme enseignement pour la postérité. L’histoire soutenait la bonne réputation, et il voulut que les historiens qui furent à son service le placent pour la postérité dans la galerie des grands hommes dont les faits étaient rappelés et célébrés, sans y parvenir toutefois.

Yuwei Xia, Ding Wang, Qiang Liu et al.

Temporal Knowledge Graph (TKG) forecasting aims to predict future facts based on given histories. Most recent graph-based models excel at capturing structural information within TKGs but lack semantic comprehension abilities. Nowadays, with the surge of LLMs, the LLM-based TKG prediction model has emerged. However, the existing LLM-based model exhibits three shortcomings: (1) It only focuses on the first-order history for prediction while ignoring high-order historical information, resulting in the provided information for LLMs being extremely limited. (2) LLMs struggle with optimal reasoning performance under heavy historical information loads. (3) For TKG prediction, the temporal reasoning capability of LLM alone is limited. To address the first two challenges, we propose Chain-of-History (CoH) reasoning which explores high-order histories step-by-step, achieving effective utilization of high-order historical information for LLMs on TKG prediction. To address the third issue, we design CoH as a plug-and-play module to enhance the performance of graph-based models for TKG prediction. Extensive experiments on three datasets and backbones demonstrate the effectiveness of CoH.

Helena Jaklová

Rodrigo Calderón, Benjamin L'Huillier, David Polarski et al.

Based on a formalism introduced in our previous work, we reconstruct the phenomenological function $G_{\rm eff}(z)$ describing deviations from General Relativity (GR) in a model-independent manner. In this alternative approach, we model $μ\equiv G_\mathrm{eff}/G$ as a Gaussian process and use forecasted growth-rate measurements from a stage-IV survey to reconstruct its shape for two different toy models. We follow a two-step procedure: (i) we first reconstruct the background expansion history from Supernovae (SNe) and Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) measurements; (ii) we then use it to obtain the growth history $fσ_8$, that we fit to redshift-space distortions (RSD) measurements to reconstruct $G_\mathrm{eff}$. We find that upcoming surveys such as the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) might be capable of detecting deviations from GR, provided the dark energy behavior is accurately determined. We might even be able to constrain the transition redshift from $G\to G_\mathrm{eff}$ for some particular models. We further assess the impact of massive neutrinos on the reconstructions of $G_\mathrm{eff}$ (or $μ$) assuming the expansion history is given, and only the neutrino mass is free to vary. Given the tight constraints on the neutrino mass, and for the profiles we considered in this work, we recover numerically that the effect of such massive neutrinos does not alter our conclusions. Finally, we stress that incorrectly assuming a $Λ$CDM expansion history leads to a degraded reconstruction of $μ$, and/or a non-negligible bias in the ($Ω_\mathrm{m,0}$,$σ_{8,0}$)-plane.

Kai Wang, H. J. Mo, Yangyao Chen et al.

We propose a novel method to quantify the assembly histories of dark matter halos with the redshift evolution of the mass-weighted spatial variance of their progenitor halos, i.e. the protohalo size history. We find that the protohalo size history for each individual halo at z~0 can be described by a double power-law function. The amplitude of the fitting function strongly correlates to the central-to-total stellar mass ratios of descendant halos. The variation of the amplitude of the protohalo size history can induce a strong halo assembly bias effect for massive halos. This effect is detectable in observation using the central-to-total stellar mass ratio as a proxy of the protohalo size. The correlation to the descendant central-to-total stellar mass ratio and the halo assembly bias effect seen in the protohalo size are much stronger than that seen in the commonly adopted half-mass formation time derived from the mass accretion history. This indicates that the information loss caused by the compression of halo merger trees to mass accretion histories can be captured by the protohalo size history. Protohalo size thus provides a useful quantity to connect protoclusters across cosmic time and to link protoclusters with their descendant clusters in observations.

Christopher Solinas, Douglas Rebstock, Nathan R. Sturtevant et al.

Historically applied exclusively to perfect information games, depth-limited search with value functions has been key to recent advances in AI for imperfect information games. Most prominent approaches with strong theoretical guarantees require subgame decomposition - a process in which a subgame is computed from public information and player beliefs. However, subgame decomposition can itself require non-trivial computations, and its tractability depends on the existence of efficient algorithms for either full enumeration or generation of the histories that form the root of the subgame. Despite this, no formal analysis of the tractability of such computations has been established in prior work, and application domains have often consisted of games, such as poker, for which enumeration is trivial on modern hardware. Applying these ideas to more complex domains requires understanding their cost. In this work, we introduce and analyze the computational aspects and tractability of filtering histories for subgame decomposition. We show that constructing a single history from the root of the subgame is generally intractable, and then provide a necessary and sufficient condition for efficient enumeration. We also introduce a novel Markov Chain Monte Carlo-based generation algorithm for trick-taking card games - a domain where enumeration is often prohibitively expensive. Our experiments demonstrate its improved scalability in the trick-taking card game Oh Hell. These contributions clarify when and how depth-limited search via subgame decomposition can be an effective tool for sequential decision-making in imperfect information settings.

Sishun Liu, Ke Deng, Yan Wang et al.

Explainability of machine learning models is mandatory when researchers introduce these commonly believed black boxes to real-world tasks, especially high-stakes ones. In this paper, we build a machine learning system to automatically generate explanations of happened events from history by \gls{ca} based on the \acrfull{tpp}. Specifically, we propose a new task called \acrfull{ehd}. This task requires a model to distill as few events as possible from observed history. The target is that the event distribution conditioned on left events predicts the observed future noticeably worse. We then regard distilled events as the explanation for the future. To efficiently solve \acrshort{ehd}, we rewrite the task into a \gls{01ip} and directly estimate the solution to the program by a model called \acrfull{model}. This work fills the gap between our task and existing works, which only spot the difference between factual and counterfactual worlds after applying a predefined modification to the environment. Experiment results on Retweet and StackOverflow datasets prove that \acrshort{model} significantly outperforms other \acrshort{ehd} baselines and can reveal the rationale underpinning real-world processes.

A. Belov

Reduction of government spending and decline in the number of high school graduates accelerated university reforms in Japan. The reforms have serious impact on access, quality and financing of university education. The Japan’s experience in university reforms could be useful in several countries, including Russia.

Antonio Ignacio Molina

Reseña de B. Antela-Bernárdez, Apología de Olimpia de Épiro: Tres ensayos críticos, Madrid, Ediciones Clásicas, 2021, 136.pp. [ISBN 978-84-7882-872-2].

Brina Škvor Jernejčič, Elena Leghissa, Barbara Brezigar

The article represents a short synthesis about settlements from the Middle and the beginning of the Late Bronze Age in central and eastern regions of Slovenia. Special attention is given to two key-sites, Medvode-Svetje and Trata near Škofja Loka, both from the Gorenjska region. Numerous archaeological excavations and subsequent research publications in the last two decades brought about new insights on dwelling features, forms of housing and on settlement characteristics itself. At the same time, a completely new understanding of the spectre of ceramic repertoire has been obtained, while new radiocarbon dating results enable us to complement the absolute chronology of the given time period.

Andrew Iskauskas, Ian Vernon, Michael Goldstein et al.

Modelling complex real-world situations such as infectious diseases, geological phenomena, and biological processes can present a dilemma: the computer model (referred to as a simulator) needs to be complex enough to capture the dynamics of the system, but each increase in complexity increases the evaluation time of such a simulation, making it difficult to obtain an informative description of parameter choices that would be consistent with observed reality. While methods for identifying acceptable matches to real-world observations exist, for example optimisation or Markov chain Monte Carlo methods, they may result in non-robust inferences or may be infeasible for computationally intensive simulators. The techniques of emulation and history matching can make such determinations feasible, efficiently identifying regions of parameter space that produce acceptable matches to data while also providing valuable information about the simulator's structure, but the mathematical considerations required to perform emulation can present a barrier for makers and users of such simulators compared to other methods. The hmer package provides an accessible framework for using history matching and emulation on simulator data, leveraging the computational efficiency of the approach while enabling users to easily match to, visualise, and robustly predict from their complex simulators.

V. Patil

Ricardo Nobre

Do labor académico de Maria Helena da Rocha Pereira fazem parte diversos estudos sobre a recepção das literaturas antigas na poesia portuguesa de diferentes épocas, sendo especial atenção concedida à obra de poetas contemporâneos como Eugénio de Andrade, Manuel Alegre, Miguel Torga e — pelo menos desde 1981, com o estudo «Motivos clássicos na poesia portuguesa contemporânea: o mito de Orfeu e Eurídice» (recolhido em 1988 nos Novos Ensaios sobre Temas Clássicos na Poesia Portuguesa) — Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, a quem a professora de Coimbra dedicou pelo menos quatro ensaios: «Paisagem real e paisagem espiritual em alguns poetas portugueses contemporâneos», «The classical heritage in contemporary Portuguese poetry: a few examples» e sobretudo «A luz da Grécia» (todos reunidos em 2003 no volume Portugal e a Herança Clássica e Outros Textos). Na interpretação proposta, de exemplar rigor informativo e com um saber imenso, Maria Helena da Rocha Pereira instituiu na obra desses poetas uma linha de leitura que se tornou central na crítica literárias portuguesa, a que não terá ficado alheio o desenvolvimento do tema das presenças clássicas no âmbito da investigação universitária. Assim, sem deixar de mencionar outros trabalhos da crítica sobre o mesmo tema (como a investigação levada a termo por José Ribeiro Ferreira, Fernando J. B. Martinho, Eduardo Lourenço ou Federico Bertolazzi), são o objecto de estudo deste ensaio métodos de análise utilizados por Rocha Pereira ao ler Sophia, a que conclusões chegou sobre a influência dos clássicos na obra da poetisa e como alterou a interpretação da poesia da segunda metade do nosso século xx.

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Sachini Herath, Saghar Irandoust, Bowen Chen et al.

The paper proposes a multi-modal sensor fusion algorithm that fuses WiFi, IMU, and floorplan information to infer an accurate and dense location history in indoor environments. The algorithm uses 1) an inertial navigation algorithm to estimate a relative motion trajectory from IMU sensor data; 2) a WiFi-based localization API in industry to obtain positional constraints and geo-localize the trajectory; and 3) a convolutional neural network to refine the location history to be consistent with the floorplan. We have developed a data acquisition app to build a new dataset with WiFi, IMU, and floorplan data with ground-truth positions at 4 university buildings and 3 shopping malls. Our qualitative and quantitative evaluations demonstrate that the proposed system is able to produce twice as accurate and a few orders of magnitude denser location history than the current standard, while requiring minimal additional energy consumption. We will publicly share our code, data and models.

Barry J. Maron, Benjamin D. Levine, Reginald L Washington et al.

Alina Shum, D. Tiurina, Yevhen Kuzkin et al.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the efficiency of cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union, in general and expediency of Ukraine’s joining the Free Trade Area, in particular, as well as to prove the expediency of European integration processes, in general. The article deals with the history of the development of Ukraine’s integration into the European Economic Community. The main expectations, risks and results of measures aimed at integrating the Ukrainian economy into the European one are considered. Two main viewpoints on the results of the European integration are revealed. The first one is that the European integration is a blessing in all respects, it has no obvious and significant risks and should bring economic and social prosperity to Ukraine, promote Ukraine’s transition to the European social standards, due to economic growth caused by expanding target markets for Ukrainian products (giving access to the capacious European market), guarantee rapid growth of direct foreign investment in the Ukrainian economy, the improvement of the export-import balance, the creation of new jobs, the intensification of innovation processes and an increase in tax revenues to the budgets at all levels, the revamping of Ukrainian industry and the entire economy. The second viewpoint is quite opposite to the first one. It says that the European integration will cause deindustrialization, accompanied by a massive reduction of jobs; emigration of a significant and most capable part of the population; and as a consequence, acute shortage of labor resources, catastrophic increase in social tension and Ukraine’s transformation into Europe’s raw material appendage. Research carried out in the field of investment activity confirms the collapse of direct foreign investment in the Ukrainian economy during the period of the EU integration. Currently, foreign investors, at best, take a wait-and-see attitude, waiting to see the direction in which Ukraine’s political, economic and social development will go. The state of the trade-economic balance with the EU has deteriorated noticeably, as well as the state of the labor market and innovation activity. The research carried out clearly confirms the validity of the second viewpoint. Further studies of integration processes should be aimed at a significant modification of the goals and directions of Ukraine’s European integration, and should help Ukrainians to find a way out of the socio-economic crisis and rank high in the global division of labor.

José Julio Martín Romero

Este artículo analiza diversos episodios sobre el tema de la traición en varios libros de caballerías compuestos o difundidos entre finales del siglo XV y principios del siglo XVI con el objetivo de determinar el pensamiento político que deriva de estos. Se demuestra que coincide con preocupaciones que también se encuentran en los tratados políticos de la época. Asimismo, el estudio establece vínculos entre estos episodios y los contextos históricos que explican su orientación ideológica.