Hasil untuk "Microbiology"

Wilson M. Farthing, Abigail M. Heimbach, Ann M. Stevens

ABSTRACT The bacterium Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii (Pss) causes Stewart’s wilt disease in maize. Pss is introduced into maize via the corn flea beetle vector, Chaetocnema pulicaria, when beetle feces enter wounds created during feeding. The infection begins in the apoplast of the leaf where Pss causes leaf blight. Subsequently, the bacteria move to the xylem and form a biofilm, preventing water transport. This causes wilting and leads to necrosis, consequently affecting both crop yield and survival. A previous Tn-Seq experiment identified genes essential for Pss in planta survival. One essential gene, lrp, encodes the global transcription factor leucine-responsive regulatory protein (Lrp). The Lrp protein family is found across many bacterial and archaeal species where it regulates multiple critical physiological functions. In Pss, Lrp is known to positively control motility and capsule production, which are important for the in planta lifestyle and virulence of Pss. In this study, the genes within the Pss Lrp regulon were defined through bioinformatic analyses of RNA-Seq data that measured differential gene expression between wild-type Pss and a ∆lrp strain grown in planta. Lrp was found to regulate genes involved in capsule biosynthesis and nitrogen-associated assimilation and metabolism. Biolog plates were subsequently used to link the regulatory role of Lrp with regard to Pss metabolism by examining the capacity of Pss to grow using sole carbon or nitrogen sources in vitro. Collectively, this work has provided insights into how Pss recognizes and exploits the maize xylem environment.IMPORTANCEThe bacterium Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii (Pss) causes Stewart’s wilt disease in maize when it forms a biofilm in the xylem that prevents water flow. Little is known about how Pss is able to colonize and grow within the maize xylem. Previous work identified the Lrp regulatory protein as being important for the survival of the bacterium inside maize. This study determined the genes whose transcription is under Lrp control and predicted the physiological functions associated with those genes to learn more about the bacterial growth inside the plant. The ability to transport and metabolize organic compounds containing nitrogen and the ability to produce capsule were found to be regulated by Lrp. Additional laboratory experiments demonstrated that Lrp also controls the metabolism of certain sole carbon and nitrogen sources. Together, these findings provide new insights into how Lrp enables Pss to respond to nutrient availability in the maize xylem environment.

Amani H. Al Fadhli, Wafaa Y. Jamal, Fatema Bibi Khodakhast et al.

ABSTRACT Salmonellosis due to non-typhoidal Salmonellae (NTS) is a zoonotic infection that has epidemiological uniqueness in different settings. The current study aimed to determine the serotypes and the genetic diversity of human Salmonella enterica isolates causing infection in Kuwait. Isolates were obtained from feces of healthy adults and diarrheal patients between 2018 and 2021. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) was used to study sequence types (STs) and infer serotypes. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was used to investigate six selected isolates, which included two isolates from a foodborne outbreak and two isolates whose serotypes could not be determined. Antibiotic susceptibility was studied by E-test and interpreted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. During the study period, 112/8,019 stool samples, 39/129,130 blood samples, 4/1,835 tissue samples, 3/1,209 pleural fluids, 3/9,388 pus samples, 4/80,799 urine samples, 1/7,053 endotracheal secretions, and 1/18 liver abscess samples were culture positive for Salmonella, yielding a total of 167 isolates with 30 different serotypes. S. Enteritidis (36.5%, n = 61), S. Typhimurium (14.97%, n = 25), S. Kentucky (5.9%, n = 10), and S. Newport (5.9%, n = 10) were the predominant serotypes. A new sequence type, ST 10217 corresponding to S. Schwarzengrund, was found by WGS. Two S. Enteritidis isolates from the foodborne outbreak showed a unique phylogenetic profile. In the phylogenetic analysis of serotypes, the number of clades was equal to the number of STs. No resistance to carbapenems was found among the isolates. This study provided data on the epidemiology of Salmonella serotypes causing infection in Kuwait.IMPORTANCEHuman salmonellosis due to nontyphoid Salmonellae is a major foodborne disease throughout the world. We determined the serotypes of isolates causing salmonellosis in Kuwait during the study period. We inferred the serotypes of isolates based on their sequence types as determined by multi-locus sequence typing, which is more amenable to laboratories than the traditional serotyping. By whole genome sequencing, we determined that the strain causing a foodborne outbreak was unique, and a new sequence type not in the serotyping scheme represented a rare serotype. We learnt the resistance pattern of isolates and lack of resistance to carbapenems that will be useful for treating multi-drug-resistant infection. Our data will contribute to planning strategies for treatment and control of salmonellosis and the epidemiology of salmonellosis in the Middle East.

Mohamed A. M. El-Tabakh, Ahmed Z. I. Shehata, Ahmed M. Sadek et al.

Abstract To develop economically viable and environmentally benign methodologies for organic reactions and reveal the practical utility of transitional natural compounds and their derivatives. In addition, a new research method to conduct docking studies against nuclear factors sheds light on the theoretical mechanism of action of Phlomis aurea extracts as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and repellent. The pharmacological potential of Phlomis aurea is investigated in this research by analysing its aqueous and petroleum ether extracts. So, to evaluate antioxidant activity, the DPPH scavenging test was used and compared against ascorbic acid; aqueous extract showed noteworthy activity. Both extracts demonstrated noteworthy efficacy against various pathogens, such as Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. The anti-cancer activity was also assessed using in-vitro assay on a standard cell line (Wi38) and two cancer cell lines (MDA and HepG2). The sensitivity of starving female An. pharoensis to the studied extracts was higher than that of Cx. pipiens, suggesting that these extracts may have potential applications in vector control. Docking study against nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) (PDB ID: 3wn7), topoisomerase IV (PDB ID: 7lhz), COX protein (PDB ID: 6y3c), and Odorant Binding Protein 7 (OBP7) (PDB ID: 3r1o), to shed light on the theoretical mechanism expected as anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-cancer and repellent effects against mosquitoes respectively, for galic acid as most significantly quantifying compounds on both extracts; highlighting the predicted mechanism of the proposed in-vitro assay, and confirming the present result.

Yuzhou Wang, Jinyi Qian, Fang Yan et al.

Special environmental microorganisms are considered to be of great industrial application value because of their special genotypes, physiological functions and metabolites. The research and development of special environmental microorganisms will certainly bring about some innovations in biotechnology processes and change the face of bioengineering. The Special Environmental Microbial Database (DSEMR) is a comprehensive database that provides information on special environmental microbial resources and correlates them with synthetic biological parts. DSEMR aggregates information on specific environmental microbial genomes, physiological properties, culture media, biological parts, and metabolic pathways, and provides online tool analysis data, including 5268 strains from 620 genera, 31 media, and 42,126 biological parts. In short, DSEMR will become an important resource for the study of microorganisms in special environments and actively promote the development of synthetic biology.

Anna-Clara Ivarsson, Elin Fransén, Ioanna Broumou et al.

Abstract Background Light microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) have long been the recommended diagnostic methods for malaria. However, in recent years, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) techniques have been shown to offer superior performance, in particular concerning low-grade parasitaemia, by delivering higher sensitivity and specificity with low laboratory capacity requirements in little more than an hour. In this study, the diagnostic performance of two LAMP kits were assessed head-to-head, compared to highly sensitive quantitative real time PCR (qPCR), in a non-endemic setting. Methods In this retrospective validation study two LAMP kits; Alethia® Illumigene Malaria kit and HumaTurb Loopamp™ Malaria Pan Detection (PDT) kit, were evaluated head-to-head for detection of Plasmodium-DNA in 133 biobanked blood samples from suspected malaria cases at the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory of Region Skåne, Sweden to determine their diagnostic performance compared to qPCR. Results Of the 133 samples tested, qPCR detected Plasmodium DNA in 41 samples (defined as true positives), and the two LAMP methods detected 41 and 37 of those, respectively. The results from the HumaTurb Loopamp™ Malaria PDT kit were in complete congruence with the qPCR, with a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI 91.40–100%) and specificity of 100% (95% CI 96.07–100%). The Alethia® Illumigene Malaria kit had a sensitivity of 90.24% (95% CI 76.87–97.28) and a specificity of 95.65% (95% CI 89.24–98.80) as compared to qPCR. Conclusions This head-to-head comparison showed higher performance indicators of the HumaTurb Loopamp™ Malaria PDT kit compared to the Alethia® illumigene Malaria kit for detection of malaria.

Chenye Qiao, Zongjian Liu, Shuyan Qie

Stroke causes varying degrees of neurological deficits, leading to corresponding dysfunctions. There are different therapeutic principles for each stage of pathological development. Neuroprotection is the main treatment in the acute phase, and functional recovery becomes primary in the subacute and chronic phases. Neuroplasticity is considered the basis of functional restoration and neurological rehabilitation after stroke, including the remodeling of dendrites and dendritic spines, axonal sprouting, myelin regeneration, synapse shaping, and neurogenesis. Spatiotemporal development affects the spontaneous rewiring of neural circuits and brain networks. Microglia are resident immune cells in the brain that contribute to homeostasis under physiological conditions. Microglia are activated immediately after stroke, and phenotypic polarization changes and phagocytic function are crucial for regulating focal and global brain inflammation and neurological recovery. We have previously shown that the development of neuroplasticity is spatiotemporally consistent with microglial activation, suggesting that microglia may have a profound impact on neuroplasticity after stroke and may be a key therapeutic target for post-stroke rehabilitation. In this review, we explore the impact of neuroplasticity on post-stroke restoration as well as the functions and mechanisms of microglial activation, polarization, and phagocytosis. This is followed by a summary of microglia-targeted rehabilitative interventions that influence neuroplasticity and promote stroke recovery.

Nesrin Gareayaghi, Bekir Kocazeybek

Reports have indicated an increasing prevalence of clarithromycin resistance in children relative to adults. Thus, it is important to investigate primary clarithromycin resistance before therapy to avoid treatment failure. A2142G, A2143G, and A2142C point mutations in the peptidyltransferase region of the 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> (<i>H. pylori</i>) strains isolated from children with gastrointestinal symptoms and asymptomatic children were evaluated via real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using fecal DNA samples. The presence of <i>H. pylori</i> was determined using a fecal <i>H. pylori</i> antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit from the stools of children (<i>n</i> = 543). A2143G, A2142C, and A2142G point mutations were detected via RT-PCR and confirmed by sequencing the 23S rDNA. Fecal <i>H. pylori</i> antigen testing was positive in 101 symptomatic (49) and asymptomatic (52) children. A significant difference was found between the 0–5- and 5–18-year-old groups in terms of the A2143G and A2142G point mutations (<i>p</i> = 0.001). The A2142C mutation was not detected. There was a significant difference in the A2143G mutation between the symptomatic and asymptomatic 5–18-year-old children (<i>p</i> = 0.019). Macrolides are frequently used to treat upper respiratory tract infections in children due to their selective pressure effect. We suggest that <i>H. pylori</i> strains carrying mutations in the 23S RNA subunit conferring clarithromycin resistance may lead to an intense inflammatory response in the gastric epithelial cells, allowing them to proliferate more rapidly and causing possible diarrhea, halitosis, or abdominal pain in children.

Alan J. Weaver, Timothy R. Borgogna, Galen O’Shea-Stone et al.

The rise in bacterial resistance to common antibiotics has raised an increased need for alternative treatment strategies. The natural antibacterial product, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GRA) has shown efficacy against community-associated methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA), although its interactions against planktonic and biofilm modes of growth remain poorly understood. This investigation utilized biochemical and metabolic approaches to further elucidate the effects of GRA on MRSA. Prolonged exposure of planktonic MRSA cell cultures to GRA resulted in increased production of staphyloxanthin, a pigment known to exhibit antioxidant and membrane-stabilizing functions. Then, 1D ¹H NMR analyses of intracellular metabolite extracts from MRSA treated with GRA revealed significant changes in intracellular polar metabolite profiles, including increased levels of succinate and citrate, and significant reductions in several amino acids, including branch chain amino acids. These changes reflect the MRSA response to GRA exposure, including potentially altering its membrane composition, which consumes branched chain amino acids and leads to significant energy expenditure. Although GRA itself had no significant effect of biofilm viability, it seems to be an effective biofilm disruptor. This may be related to interference with cell–cell aggregation, as treatment of planktonic MRSA cultures with GRA leads to a significant reduction in micro-aggregation. The dispersive nature of GRA on MRSA biofilms may prove valuable for treatment of such infections and could be used to increase susceptibility to complementary antibiotic therapeutics.

Benjamin U. Bauer, Michael R. Knittler, T. Louise Herms et al.

A Q fever outbreak on a dairy goat and cattle farm was investigated with regard to the One Health concept. Serum samples and vaginal swabs from goats with different reproductive statuses were collected. Cows, cats, and a dog were investigated with the same sample matrix. The farmer’s family was examined by serum samples. Ruminant sera were analyzed with two phase-specific enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISAs). Dominant immunoglobulin G (IgG) phase II levels reflected current infections in goats. The cows had high IgG phase I and II levels indicating ongoing infections. Feline, canine, and human sera tested positive by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Animal vaginal swabs were analyzed by qPCR to detect <i>C. burnetii</i>, and almost all tested positive. A new cattle-associated <i>C. burnetii</i> genotype C16 was identified by the Multiple-Locus Variable-number tandem repeat Analysis (MLVA/VNTR) from ruminant samples. Additionally, a possible influence of 17ß-estradiol on <i>C. burnetii</i> antibody response was evaluated in goat sera. Goats in early/mid-pregnancy had significantly lower levels of phase-specific IgGs and 17ß-estradiol than goats in late pregnancy. We conclude that the cattle herd may have transmitted <i>C. burnetii</i> to the pregnant goat herd, resulting in a Q fever outbreak with one acute human case. The influence of placentation and maternal pregnancy hormones during pregnancy on the immune response is discussed.

Punyabhorn Rattanacheeworn, Stephen J Kerr, Wonngarm Kittanamongkolchai et al.

Background: Ageing and chronic kidney disease (CKD) affect pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters. Since mechanisms are related and remain unclear, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A and drug transporter activities were investigated in the elderly with or without CKD and compared to healthy adults using a microdose cocktail.Methods: Healthy young participants (n = 20), healthy elderly participants (n = 16) and elderly patients with CKD (n = 17) received, in study period 1, a single dose of microdose cocktail probe containing 30 µg midazolam, 750 µg dabigatran etexilate, 100 µg atorvastatin, 10 µg pitavastatin, and 50 µg rosuvastatin. After a 14-day wash-out period, healthy young participants continued to study period 2 with the microdose cocktail plus rifampicin. PK parameters including area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), maximum plasma drug concentration (Cmax), and half-life were estimated before making pairwise comparisons of geometric mean ratios (GMR) between groups.Results: AUC and Cmax GMR (95% confidence interval; CI) of midazolam, a CYP3A probe substrate, were increased 2.30 (1.70–3.09) and 2.90 (2.16–3.88) fold in healthy elderly and elderly patients with CKD, respectively, together with a prolonged half-life. AUC and Cmax GMR (95%CI) of atorvastatin, another CYP3A substrate, was increased 2.14 (1.52–3.02) fold in healthy elderly and 4.15 (2.98–5.79) fold in elderly patients with CKD, indicating decreased CYP3A activity related to ageing. Associated AUC changes in the probe drug whose activity could be modified by intestinal P-glycoprotein (P-gp) activity, dabigatran etexilate, were observed in patients with CKD. However, whether the activity of pitavastatin and rosuvastatin is modified by organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B (OATP1B) and of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), respectively, in elderly participants with or without CKD was inconclusive.Conclusions: CYP3A activity is reduced in ageing. Intestinal P-gp function might be affected by CKD, but further confirmation appears warranted.Clinical Trial Registration:http://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/ (TCTR 20180312002 registered on March 07, 2018)

Catherine Hyams, O. Martin Williams, Philip Williams

Microbiological confirmation of pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae remains challenging as culture from blood or pleural fluid is positive in only 15–30% cases. It was hoped that a commercially available urine antigen test would improve diagnosis and consequently patient care, with improved antimicrobial stewardship. Urine antigen testing for pneumococcal pneumonia is recommended in current British Thoracic Society guidelines, whilst the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence and The American Thoracic Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines consider its usage. Urine antigen testing is therefore widely used in hospital medicine. The assay is noninvasive, simple and culture-independent, producing a result within 15 min. Whilst initial evidence suggested urine antigen testing had a high sensitivity, recently data have suggested the actual sensitivity is lower than expected, at approximately 60–65%. Evidence has also emerged indicating that clinicians infrequently rationalise antibiotics following positive urine antigen testing, with multiple publications evaluating the role of urine antigen testing in clinical care. Furthermore, urine antigen testing does not appear to lead to any cost saving or reduction in length of hospital stay. We therefore conclude that the pneumococcal urinary antigen test does not alter patient management and leads to no cost saving, and has a lower than expected accuracy. Therefore, it may be time to make its use uncommon in clinical practice.

Sudarman Subhi, Catur Septiawan

Background: OHSAS 18001:2007 is management system of occupational health and safety international standard which includes the structure of the organization, the planning activities, responsibility, procedure, the process and resources to manage K3 .OHSAS have a purpose for protection against the workers from unwanted things arising from work environment, or activity work itself, it have an impact on safety and health workers, and so as not to cause much loss for from accidents work have image bad a company that can lower image company. Purpose: This study aimed to understand the effectiveness of the occupational health and safety assessment series (OHSAS) 18001:2007 in PT. Surya Besindo Sakti. Methods: The research used descriptive qualitative research type and design. Test the validity of data using technique triagulation method. Result: PT. Surya Besindo Sakti still meets the minimum requirements of the application of Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series (OHSAS) 18001: 2007. With findings of minor incompatibilities 6 and 1 OFI (Opportunity For Improvement) findings. Conclusion: The company is expected to continue to commit to run the Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series (OHSAS) 18001: 2007 for corporate vision and mission to be achieved, objective must be monitored its achievement every month by each department and ensure all procedures used in the company reviewed and implemented consistently.

Seth M. Schneider, Suzanne M. Pritchard, George A. Wudiri et al.

ABSTRACT Viruses commandeer host cell 26S proteasome activity to promote viral entry, gene expression, replication, assembly, and egress. Proteasomal degradation activity is critical for herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (also known as Velcade and PS-341) is a clinically effective antineoplastic drug that is FDA approved for treatment of hematologic malignancies such as multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. Low nanomolar concentrations of bortezomib inhibited infection by HSV-1, HSV-2, and acyclovir-resistant strains. Inhibition coincided with minimal cytotoxicity. Bortezomib did not affect attachment of HSV to cells or inactivate the virus directly. Bortezomib acted early in HSV infection by perturbing two distinct proteasome-dependent steps that occur within the initial hours of infection: the transport of incoming viral nucleocapsids to the nucleus and the virus-induced disruption of host nuclear domain 10 (ND10) structures. The combination of bortezomib with acyclovir demonstrated synergistic inhibitory effects on HSV infection. Thus, bortezomib is a novel potential therapeutic for HSV with a defined mechanism of action. IMPORTANCE Viruses usurp host cell functions to advance their replicative agenda. HSV relies on cellular proteasome activity for successful infection. Proteasome inhibitors, such as MG132, block HSV infection at multiple stages of the infectious cycle. Targeting host cell processes for antiviral intervention is an unconventional approach that might limit antiviral resistance. Here we demonstrated that the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, which is a clinically effective cancer drug, has the in vitro features of a promising anti-HSV therapeutic. Bortezomib inhibited HSV infection during the first hours of infection at nanomolar concentrations that were minimally cytotoxic. The mechanism of bortezomib’s inhibition of early HSV infection was to halt nucleocapsid transport to the nucleus and to stabilize the ND10 cellular defense complex. Bortezomib and acyclovir acted synergistically to inhibit HSV infection. Overall, we present evidence for the repurposing of bortezomib as a novel antiherpesviral agent and describe specific mechanisms of action.

Hue Thi Bach Nguyen, David Romero A., Fabian Amman et al.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pae) is an opportunistic human pathogen, able to resist host defense mechanisms and antibiotic treatment. In Pae, the master regulator of stress responses RpoS (σS) is involved in the regulation of quorum sensing and several virulence genes. Here, we report that the sRNA ReaL translationally silences rpoS mRNA, which results in a decrease of the RpoS levels. Our studies indicated that ReaL base-pairs with the Shine-Dalgarno region of rpoS mRNA. These studies are underlined by a highly similar transcription profile of a rpoS deletion mutant and a reaL over-expressing strain.

B. Gardiner, Alex Tai, D. Kotsanas et al.

A. James, C. Austin, Diana S. Cox et al.

I. Nachamkin, M. Blaser, L. Tompkins

Joep Schothort, Griet Van Zeebroeck, Johan M. Thevelein

Multiple types of nutrient transceptors, membrane proteins that combine a transporter and receptor function, have now been established in a variety of organisms. However, so far all established transceptors utilize one of the macronutrients, glucose, amino acids, ammonium, nitrate, phosphate or sulfate, as substrate. This is also true for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae transceptors mediating activation of the PKA pathway upon re-addition of a macronutrient to glucose-repressed cells starved for that nutrient, re-establishing a fermentable growth medium. We now show that the yeast high-affinity iron transporter Ftr1 and high-affinity zinc transporter Zrt1 function as transceptors for the micronutrients iron and zinc. We show that replenishment of iron to iron-starved cells or zinc to zinc-starved cells triggers within 1-2 minutes a rapid surge in trehalase activity, a well-established PKA target. The activation with iron is dependent on Ftr1 and with zinc on Zrt1, and we show that it is independent of intracellular iron and zinc levels. Similar to the transceptors for macronutrients, Ftr1 and Zrt1 are strongly induced upon iron and zinc starvation, respectively, and they are rapidly downregulated by substrate-induced endocytosis. Our results suggest that transceptor-mediated signaling to the PKA pathway may occur in all cases where glucose-repressed yeast cells have been starved first for an essential nutrient, causing arrest of growth and low activity of the PKA pathway, and subsequently replenished with the lacking nutrient to re-establish a fermentable growth medium. The broadness of the phenomenon also makes it likely that nutrient transceptors use a common mechanism for signaling to the PKA pathway.

Swapnil V. Shewale, Amanda L. Brown, Xin Bi et al.

G protein-coupled receptor (GPR)120/FFA receptor (FFAR)4 (GPR120/FFAR4) activation by n-3 PUFAs attenuates inflammation, but its impact on atherosclerosis is unknown. We determined whether in vivo activation of leukocyte GPR120/FFAR4 by n-3 versus n-6 PUFAs is atheroprotective. Leukocyte GPR120/FFAR4 WT or KO mice in the LDL receptor KO background were generated by bone marrow transplantation. Mice were fed one of the four atherogenic diets containing 0.2% cholesterol and 10% calories as palm oil (PO) + 10% calories as: 1) PO, 2) fish oil (FO; 20:5 n-3 and 22:6 n-3 enriched), 3) echium oil (EO; 18:4 n-3 enriched), or 4) borage oil (BO; 18:3 n-6 enriched) for 16 weeks. Compared with PO, mice fed BO, EO, and FO had significantly reduced plasma cholesterol, TG, VLDL cholesterol, hepatic neutral lipid, and atherosclerosis that were equivalent for WT and KO mice. In BO-, EO-, and FO-fed mice, but not PO-fed mice, lack of leukocyte GPR120/FFAR4 resulted in neutrophilia, pro-inflammatory Ly6Chi monocytosis, increased aortic root monocyte recruitment, and increased hepatic inflammatory gene expression. In conclusion, leukocyte GPR120 expression has minimal effects on dietary PUFA-induced plasma lipid/lipoprotein reduction and atheroprotection, and there is no distinction between n-3 versus n-6 PUFAs in activating anti-inflammatory effects of leukocyte GPR120/FFAR4 in vivo.

C. H. Collins, C. H. Collins, Patrícia et al.