Hasil untuk "Lexicography"

Orest Semotiuk

This paper explores the strategic use of multimodal genres of humorous discourse (memes and cartoons) as “visual testimony” and tools of “imagefare” during recent armed conflicts, focusing on the Russian–Ukrainian War. It analyses how social media has transformed communication, democratised humour, and blurred the lines between content creators. The study outlines the interconnected concepts of visual propaganda, imagefare, and memetic warfare, emphasizing their unique features and hierarchical influence on public perceptions. It also examines the dual role of images as both visual testimony and “weaponised humour” in conflicts. Using Multimodal Discourse Analysis (MDA) and drawing from the Epistemology of Testimony, the paper studies Ukrainian memes and cartoons featuring General Valeriy Zaluzhnyi, former Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The analysis highlights how these visual artifacts use specific joke techniques and multimodal interactions to shape narratives, mock opponents, and build collective identity, especially regarding Zaluzhnyi's tactical skills and Russian losses.  

Madis Jürviste

A comparative view on early Estonian lexicography The earliest Estonian dictionaries, published in the 17th and 18th centuries, have typically been studied in a narrow context, with a focus on individual sources or the authors in isolation. However, this period merits a comparative cross-source analysis, describing the lexicographical landscape from a broader perspective. This constitutes the main objective of this article. It provides a concise review of the existing literature on this period in Estonian lexicography, followed by a comparative analysis of the macrostructure and microstructure of these dictionaries. The sources analyzed in this study range from Heinrich Stahl’s Vocabula (1637), the first known printed Estonian-German dictionary, up to August Wilhelm Hupel’s Wörterbuch (1780, 2nd ed. 1818). In addition, the article covers Johannes Gutslaff’s Nomenclator (1648), Heinrich Göseken’s Farrago vocabulorum (1660), Salomo Heinrich Vestring’s Lexicon (first half of the 18th century, originally unpublished in print), and Anton Thor Helle’s Vocabularium (1732). The analysis reveals an evolution from a rather non-systematic presentation of linguistic information in the 17th-century sources to the much stricter approach of the 18th-century dictionaries. Most of these dictionaries were preceded by grammars within the same volumes, with the dictionary entries (primary word forms, declensions) more or less linked to these grammatical descriptions, which were heavily influenced by the German language. The content of these early dictionaries still warrants further extensive research: recent studies utilizing large language models indicate that this new technology can play a crucial role in analyzing the content of historical dictionaries (Jürviste et al., in review). In-depth research in this field is essential for a better understanding of the historical development of Estonian lexical strata.

A. V. Gurkova, L. G. Popova, L. M. Shatilova

This study explores the semantics of the temporal mitigation indicator, specifically the adjective ‘sudden,’ as a form of litotes in English-language fantasy prose from the 20th to 21st centuries. The aim of this research is to identify English phrases containing the adjective ‘sudden’ that serve as litotes in the representation of time, which are frequently employed in the specified texts. The methods utilized include semantic analysis, contextual analysis, and comparative analysis. The findings reveal a list of phrases actively used by various authors within the realm of 20th and 21st-century English-language fantasy prose that reflect a high degree of temporal mitigation within this genre. An analysis of selected fantasy texts indicates the presence of collocations featuring ‘sudden’ that are not documented in collocation dictionaries. A ranked list of these phrases, along with their respective authors, has been compiled. The examination of collocations expressing temporal mitigation shows that some are utilized by multiple authors, such as “the sudden darkness,” “sudden anxiety,” and “a sudden thought.” This suggests their stability, indicating that they could enhance existing collocation dictionaries of the English language. The practical significance of this study lies in its potential application in teaching courses on lexicology and lexicography of the English language at the university level.

Hülya Çelik

The manuscript Vienna, Cod. A. F. 26, Luġat-i Emīr Ḥüseyin al-Ayāsī is what we today would call a draft copy of a Persian-Turkish-Latin dictionary. The Viennese court librarian Sebastian Tengnagel (d. 1636) had access to a Turkish captive named Dervīş İbrāhīm and let him copy what was sent to Tengnagel by the Leiden librarian Daniel Heinsius (d. 1655), today part of the University Library of Leiden, Cod. Or. 227 and formerly in the possession of Joseph Justus Scaliger (d. 1609) but entitled Luġat-i Niʿmetullāh. In my article, I will take Tengnagel’s dictionary project as a case study to show how the combination of the tradition of Ottoman lexicography, together with the language skills of an Ottoman Turkish captive near Vienna, influenced further known lexicographical works of early modern European scholars.

Jasmina Lukec

The article explores the influence and significance of Countess Eleonora Patačić, the last member of her family, in Croatian cultural history. As the daughter of Katarina Patačić, known in Croatian literary historiography for commissioning and editing the collection Pesme horvatske (1781), the first published secular work in Croatian literature featuring an editor with a female name and the most important collection of secular poetry in the Kajkavian literary tradition of the 18th century, and as the wife of Bartol Patačić, a figure of high political importance who enjoyed »universal respect and love« among the people, Eleonora dedicated her life to philanthropic endeavours. Drawing upon available literature and archival research, including material from the personal archive of Josip Matasović and mostly anonymous manuscript poems of occasional nature dedicated to Eleonora, her husband Bartol, and her identically named mother-in-law, the article highlights Eleonora’s philanthropic work. This includes monetary contributions towards the construction of religious buildings, the erection of tombstones for family members, and the donation of an inherited family library to today’s National and University Library in Zagreb on two occasions. Furthermore, her charitable role is exemplified by the establishment of the oldest Croatian charitable association in Varaždin in 1828, and her will stipulated the allocation of monetary funds to the needy on numerous family estates. Following her husband Bartol’s death in 1817, she also fulfilled his vision of establishing a foundation to aid serfs, leaving them estates in Vidovec, Guščerovec, Kalnik, and Martijanec. Recognised as a philanthropist and a lover of the national language, works were dedicated to her by Josip Vračan (1823), Filip Smolec (1823), and Dragutin Rakovac (1831 and 1832). The article presents transcribed excerpts from these works as well as several anonymous occasional poems addressed to Eleonora and her family members on the occasion of their name days and birthdays.

Ewa Stala

The aim of the current article is to present the history of the Spanish lexeme perro ‘dog’ in Spanish lexicography. We will begin with an overview of the discussion of the etymology of the word itself and information about its earliest attestations. Subsequently, we will trace both the presence and the content of the dictionary entries for this lexeme from the beginnings of Spanish lexicography. The final part of the article considers contemporary lexicography, and thus we will address the rich phraseology associated with the lexeme perro, which may serve as a basis for further language and culture-related research. The article contributes to the field of cultural linguistics, but due to the examined corpus, it also includes observations of a lexicographic nature.

Elena N. Baryshnikova, Manetu Ndyay, Dmitrii V. Kazhuro

The research discusses key issues of the dictionary description of formally coinciding and semantically similar/dissimilar units of the vocabulary of the French and Russian languages. The relevance of the study is dictated by the absence of a dictionary of French-Russian lexical parallels in Russian lexicography and the significance of such a dictionary for the translation and linguo-didactical sphere of activity in the conditions of the spread of artificial bilingualism in modern globalized world. The novelty of the research lies in the representation of the dictionary description of French-Russian lexical parallels, different from the lexicographic experience of V.L. Muravyev. The purpose of the article is to analyze the existing interlexical semantic relations of dialexemes of the Russian and French languages and selectively present the results of their systematic lexicographic description in a number of so-called ‘new generation dictionaries’. The research material was associatively correlated lexemes of the Russian and French languages, identified and selected by bilingual and explanatory dictionaries, as well as national text corpora of the languages under consideration. The methodology of the study consisted of the methods of continuous and selective sampling; quantitative, contrastive, comparative analysis; description; as well as the distributive method. The research focuses on the selection of a word-list, on the specifics of its organization and representation in dictionary entries. The work on the format and content of the dictionary is based on the standard model of the dictionary of lexical parallels for two synchronously compared languages, developed and implemented by V.V. Dubichinsky. The article presents a brief-course into the history of the description of lexical parallels, including false friends of the translator, lexical internationalisms of French origin and gallicisms in the Russian language and identifies the main points of V.V. Dubichinsky’s theory of lexical parallels. The authors comment on the issue of the terminological apparatus of the phenomenon described and analyze the typology of French-Russian lexical parallels and the principles of their lexicographying. Each of the existing types of French-Russian lexical parallels is considered separately. In order to internationalize Russian as a second language in the global communicative space and to facilitate the study of the Russian language by French-speaking students, we propose a modern model of the dictionary description of full, partial and false lexical parallels, as well as interlingual homonyms and interlingual paronyms of Russian and French.

O. V. Felde

Linguaculture is a heterogeneous linguacognitive phenomenon that depends on the local area, values, and community, as well as on national and ethno-specifics cultural codes and subcodes of mythology, theology, anthropomorphism, biomorphism, household, commerce, etc. The article introduces the linguacultural corpus of the Northern Angara Region that unites oral and multimedia (polycode) texts of traditional regional linguaculture. The corpus is being developed at the Siberian Federal University and includes empirical material of complex folklore, dialectological, and ethnographic expeditions to Kezhemskiy, Boguchany and Motygino areas. The article describes the basic principles of the corpus, i.e. representativeness, synchronism, and regionality, as well as the thematic, genre, functional, and semantic diversity of oral and polycode texts. Culturally marked oral texts are included in the corpus based on their linguistic and cultural informativeness. The corpus is divided into dialect, folklore, and multimedia subcorpuses of valuable information, which can solve various issues of Russian studies, as well as practical issues of linguacultural ecology. The information search process depends on several parameters: speech and folklore genre, topic, basic concept, and word. The article also contains a comparative analysis with other specialized corpora of oral speech, which revealed prospects for further development and application. The linguacultural corpus of the Northern Angara Region contributes to regional lexicography and other branches of Russian studies, e.g. Siberian linguaculture, language and culture, language and mentality, etc.

Annette Klosa-Kückelhaus, Ilan Kernerman

Kristian Lewis

U ovome radu analizira se suodnos internacionalizama i domaćih riječi u traduktološkome nazivlju hrvatskoga i ruskoga jezika. S obzirom na to da je u sklopu projekta Hrvatsko jezikoslovno nazivlje (JENA) obrađeno, među ostalim, i traduktološko nazivlje te da su doneseni nazivi na hrvatskome s definicijama i njihove ruske istovrijednice, zanimao nas je odnos tih dvaju jezika prema internacionalizmima i domaćim riječima, odnosno kako su se u njima terminologizirali traduktološki nazivi. Na korpusu od 150 naziva provedena je poredbena analiza kojom ćemo pokazati postoje li među tim dvama jezicima sličnosti i razlike pri stvaranju naziva te daje li se prednost uporabi internacionalizama ili domaćih riječi. Istraživački interes usmjerili smo i na sustavnost uporabe te utvrdili koliko se i u kojim segmentima razlikuje hrvatska i ruska terminološka praksa.

Leon Cvrtila

Vincent Hugou, Vincent Renner

Yvonne Treis

Review

Maciej Piasecki, Tomasz Walkowiak, Ewa Rudnicka et al.

Lexical platform – the first step towards user-centred integration of lexical resources Lexical platform – the first step towards user-centred integration of lexical resources The paper describes the Lexical Platform - a means for lightweight integration of independent lexical resources. Lexical resources (LRs) are represented as web components that implement a minimal set of predefined programming interfaces. These provide functionality for querying and generate a simple, common presentation format. Therefore, a common data format is not needed and the identity of component LRs is preserved. Users can search, browse and navigate via resources on the basis of a limited set of anchor elements such as base form, word form and synset id.   Platforma leksykalna – pierwszy krok w kierunku integracji zasobów leksykalnych zorientowanej na użytkowników Artykuł opisuje Platformę Leksykalną – sposób na lekką integrację niezależnych zasobów leksykalnych. Zasoby leksykalne są na niej reprezentowane jako komponenty webowe, które implementują minimalny zestaw predefiniowanych interfejsów programistycznych. Interfejsy te dostarczają funkcjonalność do przeszukiwania oraz generują prosty, jednolity format prezentacji zasobów. W związku z tym wspólny format danych nie jest konieczny i tożsamość składowych zasobów leksykalnych jest zachowana. Użytkownicy mogą przeszukiwać zasoby na podstawie ograniczonego zbioru odwołań takich jak forma podstawowa, forma wyrazowa i identyfikator synsetu.

Henning Bergenholtz, Rufus H. Gouws

In linguistics, more specifically in the field of lexical semantics, a lot of attention has been given to polysemy and homonymy. The identification of and distinction between polysemy and homonymy should not be regarded as unproblematic. The lexicographic practice has traditional ways of presenting and treating polysemy and homonymy. This paper focuses on approaches in both linguistics and lexicography to polysemy and homonymy. Examples from the lexicographic practice are given. It is then shown that that the traditional lexicographic presentation and treatment of homonymy and polysemy in dictionaries with a text reception function, does not really assist the users adequately in their search to find the appropriate meaning of an unfamiliar linguistic expression. It is shown that different dictionaries often have the same lemma selection but not the same selection of polysemes. It is important that a dictionary should correctly coordinate a meaning and a specific linguistic expression. Consequently, a new approach is suggested for the presentation and treatment of homonymy and polysemy. Negotiating criticism expressed in both linguistics and lexicography, it is proposed that the lexicographic practice, in the case of dictionaries for text reception, should abolish the traditional distinction between homonyms as well as the presentation of the different senses of a polysemous word in a single article. Each meaning, whether the only meaning of a lexical item or one of any number of different senses, should be the only item giving the meaning in an article.

Nick Thieberger

R. Baalbaki

L. Schulman, V. Vazirani

We present a simple and natural non-pricing mechanism for allocating divisible goods among strategic agents having lexicographic preferences. Our mechanism has favorable properties of strategy-proofness (incentive compatibility). In addition (and even when extended to the case of Leontief bundles) it enjoys Pareto efficiency, envy-freeness, and time efficiency.

Ngo Semzara Kabuta

&lt;p&gt;The present study examines loanwords in Cilubà from both a phonological and a morphological point of view. Two large categories of loanwords can be distinguished: on the one hand those which are entirely integrated and on the other hand more recent loanwords which retain a large number of their original phonological features. On the phonological level, loanwords (1) introduce new phonemes such as [R] and [g], (2) increase the proportion of low tones, and (3) introduce new combinations of phonemes (e.g. in the sequence C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;V, in which consonants C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; and C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; are respectively a nasal and a semivowel, loanwords allow the presence of any consonant). On the morphological level, one notices the appearance not only of forms whose plural is no longer predictable, but also of forms whose plural can be realized in different classes. This phenomenon has important implications in lexicography. As a matter of fact, it is no longer possible to mention in a Lubà dictionary only the singular form and let the reader infer the plural. For nouns the concept of "gender" must therefore be introduced. Gender is defined as a pair of classes whose left and right poles which generally represent the singular and the plural respectively, are chosen in relation to the syntactic concords for the different class affixes (nominal, pronominal, verbal and object prefixes; enclitics), the possessive and the demonstratives, and no longer only in relation to the nominal prefix. Thus, the gender of a noun appears to play a fundamental role in the macrostructure of a noun lemma. Finally, the study of the processes which are intuitively applied by the speakers to integrate foreign words will be a useful source of stimulation for the coinage of neologisms.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;<br>&lt;p&gt;Laprésente étude examine les mots d'emprunt en cilubà du double point de vue phonologique et morphologique. On reconnaît deux grandes catégories d'emprunts: d'une part ceux qui sont entièrement intégrés et, d'autre part, ceux qui, plus récents, retiennent un grand nombre de leurs traits phonologiques originels. Sur le plan phonologique, l'emprunt (1) introduit des phonèmes nouveaux tels que [R] et [g], (2) augmente la proportion des tons bas, et (3) introduit de nouvelles combinaisons de phonèmes (par exemple, dans la syllabe de type C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;V, où les consonnes C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; et C&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; doivent être respectivement une nasale et une semi-voyelle, les emprunts permettent la présence de consonnes quelconques). Sur le plan morphologique, on observe non seulement l'apparition de formes dont le pluriel n'est plus prévisible, mais aussi de formes qui peuvent former leur pluriel dans différentes classes. Ce phénomène a des implications importantes sur le plan lexicographique. En effet, il ne suffira plus désormais de mentionner dans un dictionnaire lubà la seule forme du singulier et de laisser au lecteur le soin d'en deviner la forme du pluriel. On est ainsi amené à développer pour les substantifs la notion de "genre". Celui-ci est défini comme une paire de classes dont les pôles gauche et droit, qui représentent généralement le singulier et le pluriel, sont choisis en fonction de leurs accords syntaxiques pour les différents affixes de classe (préfixes nominal, pronominal, verbal et objet; enclitiques), le possessif et les démonstratifs, et non plus seulement en fonction de la forme du préfixe nominal. Ainsi le genre d'un substantif s'avère être une donnée fondamentale dans la macrostructure d'un lemme substantival. Enfin, l'étude des procédés appliqués intuitivement par les locuteurs pour l'intégration de mots étrangers sera une source d'inspiration utile pour la création de néologismes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

Juliane Klein

&lt;p&gt;Abstract: During the last 15 years, the lexicographic scene in South Africa changed drastically as many new dictionaries for the African languages were compiled. The different dictionary types and publication modes discussed in this article are: general dictionaries, restricted dictionaries, printed dictionaries, electronic dictionaries, online and cell phone dictionaries. Although there are different dictionary types, they all have three major uses for the speech communities. Dictionaries are useful tools for language documentation and standardization, as they try to cover and document the general vocabulary (general dictionaries) or the spe-cialized vocabulary (technical dictionaries). They empower the language users because they help to improve communication by providing users with the necessary vocabulary they need. In addition, dictionaries have a high symbolic value for a language. Having dictionaries, and especially technical, online or cell phone dic-tionaries, is the visible proof that a language is standardized and modern, and can be used in all domains of life.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Keywords: LEXICOGRAPHY, GENERAL DICTIONARIES, RESTRICTED DICTIONARIES, ONLINE DICTIONARIES, CELL PHONE DICTIONARIES, LANGUAGE DOCUMENTATION, LANGUAGE STANDARDIZATION, EMPOWERMENT, COMMUNICATION, PSYCHOLOGI-CAL FACTOR, SOCIOLINGUISTICS, LANGUAGE PLANNING&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Opsomming: Suid-Afrika se nuwe Afrikataalwoordeboeke en hul gebruik vir die Afrikataalgemeenskappe. Gedurende die afgelope 15 jaar het die leksikografiese toneel in Suid-Afrika ingrypend verander deurdat baie nuwe woordeboeke vir die Afrikatale saamgestel is. Die verskillende woordeboeksoorte en publikasievorme wat in hierdie artikel bespreek word, is: algemene woordeboeke, beperkte woordeboeke, gedrukte woordeboeke, aan-lyn- en selfoonwoordeboeke. Alhoewel daar verskillende woordeboeksoorte is, het hulle almal drie hoofgebruike vir die taalgemeenskappe. Woordeboeke is nuttige werktuie vir taaldokumentasie en -standaardisering deurdat hulle probeer om die algemene woordeskat (algemene woordeboeke) en die gespesialiseerde woordeskat (tegniese woordeboeke) te dek en te dokumenteer. Hulle bemagtig die taalgebruikers omdat hulle kommunikasie verbeter deur die gebruikers van die nodige woordeskat wat hulle benodig, te voorsien. Daarbenewens het woordeboeke 'n hoë simboliese waarde vir 'n taal. Om woordeboeke te besit, en veral tegniese, aanlyn- en selfoonwoordeboeke, is 'n sig-bare bewys dat 'n taal gestandaardiseer en modern is, en op alle terreine van die lewe gebruik word.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sleutelwoorde: LEKSIKOGRAFIE, ALGEMENE WOORDEBOEKE, BEPERKTE WOOR-DEBOEKE, AANLYNWOORDEBOEKE, SELFOONWOORDEBOEKE, TAALDOKUMENTASIE, TAALSTANDAARDISERING, BEMAGTIGING, KOMMUNIKASIE, SIELKUNDIGE FAKTOR, SOSIOLINGUISTIEK, TAALBEPLANNING&lt;/p&gt;